   . -  19041905 . - 
  


 
            .        .          .   19041905.           .          .                     .





 

   . -  19041905. - 



  , 2014

    , 2014







   100- - ,  110-       .     .   ,      .  2014            . ,    -  ,     .     -        , ,      ,    , , .

  ,      19141918.,   ,    ,    ,    19041905.   .    - ,      ,   ,                 .

  ,        ,  .        ,       ,          .  ,         (      1895.)     .                 10  1904.:         ,         ,   ,         [1 - - .        . .1908. .1. .4.].       .          .        - .            [2 - ..   .   .//  .  --.( ). 1906. 9. .169.].

  ,            .      ,    ,    .                [3 -  .   19411945. .1973. .22.].   ,  1911.         .       .        -,           ,     [4 - .,  .   . .1958. .3940.].     18941895. 19041905.       1945 . ,  1905.   ,      .

    19041905.         .          .   1811  .. ,       [5 - ..      . .1991. .22.].    ,  ..,    II      .   III          ,       .  ,      .       ,               ..[6 - ..     -    . .2010. .292293.].

1880-       ,   [7 - ..   :  1921-   1891 .//  :    XIXXX. -: ..,  , ..,  ,   ( ). . 2004. .1. .237.].  13 ,     ..,  1881  1894 ,  ,    .         ,     [8 - ..      . Newtonville. 1983. .83.]. , ,  .   ,        XX  ..    80-  XIX ,     .   ,     60- ,   ,         .       .   I         ,    [9 - ..       :  . . 1936. .1. .15.].

   ,   , ,    .       ,             .    ,      ,    1882.   .., , ,      [10 -   ..   ... 18821884.// . 1909. 1. .10.].   ,   ,    . ,       ,   ,   ,       .      ,        .   80-        78  ,    [11 - .....  . .1998. .190.].

  90- .         .  1891.   ,    ,  .    .                  [12 - . ,    . .1904. .5.]. ,         ,     [13 - ..  XIX . .1993. .413.].           ,     .  ,  ..,    ,    .     [14 - ..  .    22 . . 1984.  17.  . .160.].

    72. ,     ,   60,    .      .             ..[15 - .. 18911892. -.1934. .201; 203; 212.].     ,   ,            [16 - ... . .234235; 239.].       ..:     ,    [17 -  . ..   .// . 1894. 1. .423.].    ,  ,    ,         .   - ,           [18 - ... . .281.].

 , ,   80- ,  ,            [19 - ..   : . ., 1993. .17.]. 1891 ,  ..,      .   ,    ,     [20 - ... .1991. .120.].           .    :        ,        [21 - ..   .    22 . . 1984. . 17.  . .191.].     ,      .       80- .,            ..,       ,    [22 -  .// . . 18 (1 ) 1902. 1. .4.]. -    .          90-.

   .. :  ,         1891 :    ,        ,     ,     ,  ,  ,  ,         . 1891          . ,             , , ,  ,        .      ,      :    ,        .  1891            ,       ,  ,    ,         ,          . 1891                [23 - .. // . . 2004. .1. .237.].

             .      ,      .               .   ,  II    .    1905    .    ,    ,    .   - ,           ,               .

        18921893.     ,        1894.,     - ,      [24 -  .// . 1894. 3. .393.].            . 2      ,        ,               ,   [25 -  .// . 1894. 5. .369.].          III[26 - ..     :    II 17  1895 .//    . . 4, . 2011. 2(20). .38.]. ,      , ,  ,   ,     II[27 - col1_0.     .   .// . . 1949. 1. .27.].

20 (1 ) 1894.        .       , ..      ,           [28 -       1649.( ).  . .1898. .14.1894.  .11014. .626.].  ,   ,       .       [29 - ..  II.  1939. .1. .48.].   1894.,           ,    (        )       .    8(20) . 1894.  ,       ..[30 - .. .84.].

             .     :  ,           ,    ,    ,  ,      ,         .   ,           .  , ,           ,  ,              ,    .  , ,                 .  ,         ,     ,                 [31 - ....// . . 1949. 1. .30.].     .     : ,     ,    ,  ,    II. II  ![32 - .. .86.]

      ,         [33 - .. .83.].          . 7(20)        ,         .         [34 -  .// . 15  1895. 3. .7374.]. 13(26)             50.  ,   ,      [35 -    .// . 22  1895. 4. .106.].        [36 -  .// . 1895. 2. .861862.].      [37 - .. .87.].     .          ,       ,   , ,               [38 - ... . .296297.].   1881.     credo      ,     ,   ,  ,  [39 - ..   ( 8  1881    ).//   ( ). . 1907. .5. . 103104.]. -         .        ..,         [40 - .. //    . . 4, . 2011. 2(20). .39; 41.].        ,     II,      [41 - .. .87.].

17(29)  1895.        , ,     .  20    2 ,     .  :      ,     .    ,   .   ,           ,           .   ,  ,     ,         ,      [42 -       ,    ,     .//  . 18(30)  1895. 14. .1.].        : 17(29)  1895:      ,     ,    ,    ,    [43 -  II. 18941918. .2011.  1. 18941904. .182.].

       ,     II     ,         [44 -  .// . 1895. 2. .861.]. ,      ,       (   ,     ),     [45 - .. 18941896. .1991. .126.].  ,      [46 - .. .88.].   ,    :  !   [47 -       ,    ,     .//  . 18(30)  1895. 14. .1.]. ,  ,    ,    .    :    [48 - ... . .121.]. -    .       .    ,  ..,        II 17  1895.     [49 - ....// . . 1949. 1. .31.].

       ,   [50 - ..   .       II   . . 2000. .35.].  ,     19(31)      ..,      ;     [51 - .. 18941896. .1991. .126.].          II, :    ,       ,    .        ;       ,       씻[52 - ....// . . 1949. 1. .32.].   :    ,      [53 - ....// . . 1949. 1. .34.].    ,        [54 - .. .88.].      [55 - ....// . . 1949. 1. C.3132.].                      - .

                  .       .         .                    .   18711875.   4. .(10% ),    XX    55. .(177% )[56 - .      .// . 1902. 3. .322; 325.].  1902.       .     4       54 ,      [57 - ... . .138.].      .    [58 - ... .  1939. .1. .180.]. 2(15)  1902.            ...

     ,      . 7(20)        ..    .   ,   ,   . 10(23)    [59 -      .//  . 8(21)  1902. 101. .23.;      .//  . 11(24)  1902. 104. .23.].        ,      800. .   .      ,         ,      .       1902[60 -  .     .//  . 14(27)  1902. 106. .1.].       [61 - 1 (14 ) 1902.// . . 2(15 ) 1902. 2. .19.].      ,  ,    ,   .      .

 - 1902       .       1900 ,       . ,  ,   .        154 , 76   1 , 348 [62 -       1900 . // . 1900. 487. .164.].            ,       ,     . 25 (7 )       . . ..[63 -   187-   26 (8 ) 1902 . .1.]. 28 (10 )        (  ), 29 (11 ) [64 -     .//  . 1(14)  1902. 191. .1.].

   II     .    ,        .     ,         ,  ,       .    ,        [65 -     .//  . 1(14)  1902. 191. .1.].       ..  ,         [66 - ... . .278279.]. 1(14)    ,    III.            [67 -  II. 18941918. .2011.  1. 18941904. .680.].          , , , ,    .      ,            ,      III,        :         [68 -     .//  . 3(16)  1902. 192. .1.].

  ,       .         ,      .  ,        ,         ,       88,5 , 49   , 46 (216 ).     , ,     ,         [69 -            1902 .  . . 1903. .3738; 45.].          ,            77,75 , 36,5   , 198 .        ,       [70 -            1902 .  . .1903. .23; 34.].        .        ,         ,         ,    79 , 40   1 , 180 ,      .    ,    ,       ,    .                    .             ,        [71 -       1900 . // . 1900. 487. .164.].      .

    ,           ,  .       :    29    20   ,  9   11  [72 - .  -  3-       . ; 9-   .//   ( ). 1903. 67. .943945.].  ,         .         [73 -            1902 .  . . 1903. .341342; 350353;            1902 .  . .1903. .230233.].   , ,  ,        . 6-  10,5-       3    3  4  .          .    ,          [74 - .      1902.( ). //- . . 1911. 34. .31; 35.; . -.    25- 2-  .// . 1902. 1112. .14351436.].     ,               [75 -            1902 .  . . 1903. .153154.].

      ,         ,      ,     ,    ,      .     ,       -     ,     . , ,    ,               [76 - .. .// - . . 1911. 34. .31.].  ,     ,    -   ,         .     ,   ,         ,     ,   , ,   [77 - .. .    . . 1937. .18.].

       ,       :    ,   ,         .     ,          [78 - .. . -. 1959. .60.].         .                 ,  ,       . 3(16)  1902.     .      ,        ,         [79 -            1902 .  . . 1903. .122123.].      64    100- .   ,   ,   VIII  X .         , , . ,   ,     .    ,   [80 -            1902 .  . . 1903. .154.].

         :   ,    ,   , ,        ,     ,         ,     ,   .     ,      20 ,       ,            [81 - .. .     6-   . . 1910. .288.].             ,           [82 - .. .     6-   . . 1910. .288289.].  .  ,            ,     ,  ,            .  .    ,   ,   ,   ,    .    ,        2,53      ,      [83 - .. .// - . . 1911. 34. .3536.].   .     ,    [84 -            1902 .  . . 1903. .154.].

      :         (.. .., . ..)  , ,     ,    ,            . ,  ,         ,  .   ,   ,     ,         ,   ,   [85 - ..[] .    - . .1906. .3.].      , , ,         .            .               .           ,       [86 - ...//- . . 1911. 34. .36.].       .     ,       3(16) ,        [87 -  II. 18941918. .2011.  1. 18941904. .681.].

,    1902             . 6-  12-           .         ,     ,             .        .      .[]   ,   ,     ,   : ,  ,   ,  ,   ,   ,     ,   ,    .       ,  [88 - .  .//   ( ). 1903. 11. .220; 231.]. ,        ,    ,    ,   .

       .  ..     ,  ,        ( , ,       . ..,       . .. )      .  ,      ,            [89 - ... . .287288.].        .     , ,   .             :  ,   ,    ,       ,      ,    ,   ,    [90 - ..[]  .3.].

         ,    [91 -            1902 .  . . 1903. .159161.;            1902 .  . .1903. .138139.]. 5(18)       163,25 , 85,5   , 408 .    90 , 552   3388 -, 89121  .         .        [92 -     .//  . 7(20)  1902. 196. .1.].       [93 -  II. 18941918. .2011.  1. 18941904. .681.].        .       :                         [94 -  .  .//  . 8(21)  1902. 197. .1.].                ,       .

         , ,   - ,            [95 - ..   . . 1969. .1. .164; 170.].    ,    ,     ,     ,      .         ,   ,         .    ,    , , .   ..,   ,         ,      . ,          1812 [96 - ..   . . 1969. .1. .164.].   .

                    . 67(1920)  1903.   ,    . 45   , 71    350   . 700   600   [97 - ... . .299300.].    , ,  ,   . ..   , ,  ,        ..[98 - ... .1994. .2. .203.]      [99 - ..   (   . ..). .-.1923. .1415.]. , ,  , ,    [100 - .  ..  .// . 1911. 7. .265.].  ,  ..     ,               [101 -   .// . . 19 (1 ) 1903. 19. .340.].                   [102 - 7 (20 ) 1902.// . . 8(21 ) 1903. 22. .4.].

18  1903. Times             .-. .. , ,  ,    ,     :   .  . 25-  1903 , 341,  .   .    ,        ,   ,      .       ,   ,  ,             ,    () ,   ,             ,   , ,  [103 - The Anti-Semitic outrages at Kishineff.// The Times. 18 May 1902. P.10.;       . 13(26)  1903. 107. .2.].      Times  ,       , :       , ,      ,        . [104 -   .// . . 8(21 ) 1903. 22. .379.].

    ,   ,       ,      [105 - ... . .300.].           [106 - ... . .15.]       .   [107 - ... . .300.].       [108 - ... . .16.], , -,        .            ,     ,        .   ,              ,    ,    .      ,      ,  [109 - ... . .301302.].          (, ,        ,      )[110 - ... . .16.].

 ,              Times, Daily News, Munchener Neuste Nachrichten  :   :          ,            [111 -  . 13(26)  1903. 107. .2.].      ,         [112 - ... . .301.].  Times        [113 -  .// . 1903. 7. .377.].      ,      [114 -   .// . . 19 (1 ) 1903. 23. .424.],      ..[115 -   .// . . 2(15 ) 1903. 24. .442.]

,    ,       .        20- XIX .  1889  1898.      418600 -.  ,       ,   77   55  27 .     ,    [116 - ..   - .     18641913. .1998. .24; 30.].      ,          ,      ,       . ,   ʻ..       ,            [117 - MillerEd.S.Japans other victory: overseas financing of the Russo-Japanese war.// The Russo-Japanese war in global perspective. World War Zero. Edited by JohnW.Steinberg, BruceW.Menning, David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David Wolf, Shinji Yokote. Leiden-Boston. 2005. Vol.1. PP.471472.].            ,    ,              ,               .

       1895.  10 . ,            ,  ,       . 28  1904.   .        .     ,    1894.   .  , , , ,   . ,  ,         ;       [118 -  . .// . . 19 (1 ) 1904. 52. .33.].                     , ,    ..      ,      -[119 - .. . -   . . 1906. .30.].         ,        .   -,   ,    1904.  ,    ,   .    ,   [120 -  .// . . 2(15 ) 1904. 53. .50.].

20  1904.(2  1905.)           -. 21  1904.(3  1905.) II    :         -            !   ,   ,   ,    .        ,    [121 -  II. 18941918. .2011.  1. 18941904. .]. 1(14)  1905.         .   :    ,                          [122 -    .//  . 1(14)  1905. 1. .1.].   .

           ,    1905.:  -    [123 - .. -.   . .1967. .9.  1904   1905. .158.]. ..        , ,       :   ,   , , ,  -,         [124 - .. ,  !  . .1954. .1.19011907. .74.].  ,   ,        [125 - ..    .// Patriotica. . . . . 2000. .79.].   1905.           [126 -     .// . . 20 (7 ) 1905. 63. .220.].             .  .  .      .        [127 - .. -.   . .1967. .9.  1904   1905. .159.].

        :     ,        ,         .           ,         ,     ,        [128 -  .// . 1905. 2. .839.].          .     .  3(16)     . 6(19)                .   ,         ,       [129 - ... . .404406.].                .  ,     .        - ,   [130 - .    . .1906. .137138.].

  ,    . 9(22)  1905.       .        ,         ,   .     .   9(22)   76   233 ,    96   333 [131 -  .//  . 11(24)  1905. 7. .1.].      .     .   ,     11(24)      -   [132 -     .//  . 13(25)  1905. 8. .1.].      ,       .-. ..[133 -  .//  . 14(27)  1905. 10. .1.]. 14(27)               [134 -  .//  . 16(29)  1905. 12. .1.].

19 (1 )            .       ,   ,    .    :       ,                     .             ,      [135 -  . 20 (2 ) 1905. 15. .1.].           II.         [136 -  .//  . 20 (2 ) 1905. 15. .3.].           .      :    .  .   ,            [137 - ..  .// . . 9(27 ) 1905. 65. .241.].

4(17)  1905.      [138 -  . 5(18)  1905. 28. .1.].  1891.     -,  1(14)  1905.            [139 -  .//  . 1(14)  1905. 1. .1.].    .  -      ,          . 10(23)      [140 -  . 10(23)  1905. 32. .1.].           - ...    ,  .    ,     ,  :           ,    ,  , ,   . ,        [141 -   3-  .//  . 10(23)  1905. 32. .3.]. 18 (3 ) 1905                 ,        [142 - .  . .1908. .25.1905.  .25852. .132133.].       .

    ,      [143 -             ,        .//  . 18 (3 ) 1905. 39. .1.].  .       ,    ,    .     ..        , 18 (3 ) 1905 ,     [144 -    .//  . 19 (4 ) 1905. 40. .1.].              .      21 (6 ):             ,        ,       ,           [145 -   .   . . 21 . 1905. 198. .1.].

    ,  ,  .              [146 - ..  .// . . 18 (5 ) 1905. 67. .280.].   ,        ,    .                    (       ),   ,     ,     ,         .    ,         .     ,     .       .         1905,   1917 ,         . ,   ,        ,               , ,   .   .

   ,   1905                    .        ,  ,  . ,  ..  1905.       ,    13 ,   1918.    .        1905.  .      ,         .      .

II       .       ,      . 17(30)  1905.       ,     [147 - .  . .1908. .25.1905.  .26803. .754755.]. ,        ,       . - ,     - .         72   .

   .  ,       ,       .      :     ,             ,           ,   ,    ,            .      ,            ,     ,     ,     ,        [148 - RosenR.R.Forty years of diplomacy. Lnd. 1922. Vol.2. P.12.].   , ,    .

 ,   100 ,     .             ,       . ,     ..  ... ,            ,    ,       .       1917.     .

 ,     ...    . , , ,   ,        ,        .  ,     ..,      [149 - .....  .// Patriotica. . . . . 2000. .183.].   ,      ,          - .      ,      ,  ,      .      ,         [150 - ... . .49.].        ,      .

    ..,     ,     :  ,  ,   .          [151 - ... . .4.].   ,   . ..,       : ,    ,  ,      ,    ,      ,       ,      [152 - ..  . . .1992. .1. .89.].

   ,        .           .      :  ,   ,   ,    (. . .  ) ,  ,   (  ,   ..),      [153 - .          ...//  ( ). 1922. 57. .304.]. ,          ,               .

,  - ,   ,  .       ,  ..,     .            [154 - ... . .49.]. ,     ,      ,     1951 :     ,    ,          ;          ( . ..):     ,    ,     ,   .           ,    , .  ,        ,     [155 - ...//  .  . .1999. .51.].

,      ,     ,   ,                             .        , ,       - ,          .    ,         . ,    .

    .     (     )    19041905.              ,    .. ,       .         .     . ,                 ,        ,          .

  ,        .                    [156 - .        ...// . . 1907. .4. .572575.].             .   , ,    ,    60-  XIX .         1895  1904 .   10           ,   .      ,      , ,     .                    [157 - ..       XIX   XX .// . .2009. .6. .7690.].                 .  , ,    , ,   .      3     [158 -  .// . 1896. 1. .407408.].

   .   XIX  XX              .            I,        .            ,      .    .   ,     .        ,       .       :

		    
		   ,
		   
		     .
		  - 
		    
		 ,  ,
		    [159 - ...    6 . .1966. .1. . . . .  . .30.].

  I       II,         .     18631864.                . 18(30)  1867.          (   )[160 - ..    .   . 1867. .       - .//  ( ). 1886.  4950. .2. .557560.].           ,  ,         6. ,   [161 - .- .(   -       . .).// . 1864. 2..33.].   50- .    10. .,    600700   (  200   -)[162 - . -   1856 .// . 1858. 2. .2627.; .. -   1857 .// .1859. 1. .20.; .. -   1858 .// . 1960. 1. .12.;  [..]      .// .1862. 1. .2938.].   60- . XIX.      17800.,   ,       800.[163 - ..    // . 1886.  4950. .2. .555.].         50. .,        [164 - .- // . 1864. 2..35.].

  1519. . .  7,2.  [165 -    .   XIX . . 1997. .145.].      -.         ,     [166 - .. 18651867. .2005. .430.]. 7(19)  1867.          [167 - ..    // . 1886.  4950. .2. .551552.].           1867.   ,      (    )     [168 - ... . .100.].

           III.    1882.              [169 - ..     . . 1923. .1. 18961923. .5.].   -                 .  1886.,              ,       .             1891[170 - ..     . . 1923. .1. 18961923. .6.].

           ,       ,                .              .  III              .  ,                   -.   ,     ,        - .

              ,           .  ,           .             .      ,         . ,    .            ,           ,       ,    .

  . -      .      2  1894.        . ..   : ,   ,    [171 - ..     .         - .// -  19041905.   .     . ..( ). .2004. .154.].             ?             -        .   -   .        -  .  ,        .  1899.                       ,          [172 - ..  (18991906.):  .// - . 2014. 7. .1517.].

         .   ,    ,          ,     (7    6 ; 4   8 )[173 - -  19041905.          19041905.    . .1912. .1.             -. .24.].         30,5 , 5 , 9  , 33 (30506.)  74   1894.  108 , 8  , 66    ( 100. .), 168 , 24   12  [174 - -  19041905.  -    - . .1910. .1.    ,       . .284; 364; 379.].  1898       ,           .  1898.     ,         [175 - ..             .// -        .          .. . 1906. .1. .5.].

  ,            , - ,    [176 - The Russo-Japanese war. Complied by the General Staff, War office. Lnd.1906. Part 1. P.31.].                     ( 10(23)  1905.     455470. 1129 )[177 - -  19041905 .1910. .6.  . .15.].      1889.   92250.             18961900.  33 .,  6  7. .           3750000.,  800  470. . [178 - -  19041905 .1910. .1.    ,       . .282; 295.]. ,   ,        .

  ,               , ,       .,  .   , ,         ,   -,  . ,     . ,   .    ,   ,     -    ,        ,           .      .     , ,        .       -                  ,          -[179 - ..   19041905.     . . 1909. .3.].        . 26 (8 ) 1904 ,    ,       , II   :        ;    [180 -  II. 18941918. .2011.  1. 18941904. .787.].

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, ,            ,      [182 -  .// . 1904. 1. .379.].      .        .     .      .       ,              .    ,     . ,  ,   ,  .     .           ,    1908.:  ,      ,           ,      ,   ,           .    ,              ,        [183 - -      .     . 1908/9  . .1909. .2.].

   XIX           ,        .             .          .   XX     ,               .           ,  ,        ,    ,      .            ,      . ,    .

             ,         .   !




 1.  





 1.         XIX 


   1689.,                  ,            .      XIX .    .

 1839.     ..  ,         ,       .    ,     (             ,    ),   [184 - .       .// .1883. 11. .111115.;  .// .1883. 12. .5987.;  .// .1884. 1. .6392.;  .// .1884. 2. .134.]. 29  1842.     ,         ()(.3),           6.  (.4),    12.  (.6),      3.       5    (), , ,    (),     (.6).          ,     [185 - .    // . 1884. 2. .3439.].

       ,        ,    .         .        ,    .   1856      -         .     ,   1856.     .  1857.   .                    ,   1857   [186 - .    // . 1884. 3. .528.].

          ,     .      ,  ,    ,   ,        .                .           . 1846. -   . ..[187 - .       (18471855.).// . 1898. 5. .23.].  1846.  -          .           ..,        .   ,         ,     .  I  :  ;   ,   , [188 - .       (18471855.).// . 1898. 5. .4.].       1848. -     . 1-  ...   1849     [189 - .       (18471855.).// . 1898. 5. .45.].

 1850.               .  ,      ,      ,        [190 - -.    ,    .// . 1909. 10. .164167.]. I    :     ,     [191 - .    .// . 1890. 1. .25.].           .   1853.            [192 - .     . //  ( ). .-.1927. .2.(21). .184.].           ,         .

-      .-. ..   1853.  I ,          .        1854., :       [193 - . // . 1890. 1. .38.]. 7(19)  1853    I 73   3      .       ,          [194 - .    ...   1-   -        , 16  1853 ,     .// . 1899. 12. .5870.].   1854.                   .       .           [195 - ..    18541855.    ...// . 1891.  71. .8. .351353.]. 11(23)  1854.      ,   XVII      [196 - . // . 1890. 1. .38.].

 18551856.     .       ,                 1855. -    ,               ,       .  ,               -  ...                 [197 - . // . .-.1927. .2.(21). .186.].          XVIII ,  I       ,      [198 - .      .// . 1860. 10. .78; 8084.].  1821.      ,  ,         ,   ,          [199 - .       ,  XVIII   XIX .// . 1869. 1. .71.].              1852.,          .    ,        5   [200 - .     . 18161856.// . 1869. 8. .99.].

       ..,        [201 -     .// .1854. 8. .393397.].   1854. ,    .   .                    ,    ,      ..       ,    [202 -     -.// .1896. 2. .168.].         ,       ,      ,          ,          ,       ,          ,  ,         .        ,       ,      ,             ,      ,     [203 -   -  .          . 18521855 .// . 1856. 10. .43.].

     [204 -           .// . 1855. 3. .23.].    ,                     [205 - ..   .// . . 1892. .5. .146147.].  ,  -       [206 -     -.// .1896. 6. .191192.].   7  1855.     -   .         .         ,       ,         ,     ,          .      ,         [207 - .[.]       . .1869. .276279.].

 1858.             .        .       ,       ,    50- .         [208 - -.    ,    .// . 1909. 10. .180181.]. 19  1858.      (. ),             ,          .   5%     ,       ,  , , ,    [209 - .[.] . . .279285.].       (35%).       ,      ,       ,    2035%[210 -    .   XIX . . 1997. .158159.].         .              .

      ,   ,   ,   1858.    . 20  1858.    ,         . 26  -     ,  4          .        ,     [211 - .    // . 1884. 4. .5790.].            ,   - .   ,    I.      [212 - .  // . .-.1927. .2.(21). .187; 190.].    ,          ,     ,           [213 - -.    ,    .// . 1909. 12. .192197.].

16(28)  1858. .      . ..   -   - .            .         . .      ,        .  ,          .           ,  ,     ,        [214 - .[.] . . .251253.].     ,            [215 - . .  .// . 1864. 1..7475.].        ,     [216 -    .// . . 1895. .3. .378379.]. 1(13)  1858.  ,             ,      ,      [217 - .[.] . . .253259.].

       ,         13-  14-  ,           .               -      (980 )  .   450     [218 - ..   , 18571858.// . 1879.  24. .1. .9193; 98.]. -,         ,              3 ,      [219 - ..  .// . 1861. 10. .209; 215.].        , ,       2       ,         10. .  10           30. ,       [220 - .    .// .1863. 11. .2829; 4142.].

       .   ,               18501859.  ,          .   ,     ,   ;  ,   ,    ,        ,       ,   ,  ,    ,   ,  ,    .      ,       [221 -     1858.//    ( ). . 1912. 2. .275.].   ,      ,           [222 -     1858.//    ( ). . 1912. 2. .275.].            10000  , 60      [223 -  ,       1861  - ..           1860 . . 1895. .306.].     - [224 - .  // . .-.1927. .2.(21). .198.],               1860 [225 -  ,     .306307.].  -      1137                  [226 - ..   // . 1879.  24. .2. .280.].

4  1858      ,    1859.         . 25  -    .              [227 - .    // . 1884. 5. .151153.].    .   . 8090 , 4200 , 7650         ,  ,  , ,  23  1860. .     , 21        . 6        --. 24  1860.    [228 - , .  ,      1840-42, 18561858, 1859  1860.//  ,      .  -   . .1884. . VIII. .214216; 310313.; .    // . 1884. 6. .91161.;  .//.1884. 7. .128131.].      .            - .        ,    26      ,     13 .        ,  13  .   -     -- (      ),          [229 -  ,     .194; 211212.].

   ,      .       ,    .         -  ..    [230 -  ,     .234.].        1859.   .                   .  ,    : ,          ; ,  ,    ,            .    ,               [231 - .  // . .-.1927. .2.(21). .199.].

        ,   ,    ,            .                ,   ,      ,   .   ,    ,        ,       [232 -  ,     .89; 12; 99100; 226227; 234.].         ,  2425      ,    .         (.1),           (.2),   8. [1 -   ,  ,  1 .      , 31,25 .]   2.        6.    (.3),  ,           200.    300.  [233 - , .  //  ,      .  -   . .1884. . VIII. .320322.; .    // . 1884. 7. .147149.]. 2(14)  1860.     ,           [234 - .[.] . . .259269.].      .




 2.      


                   .             .  18771878.      ,    1857.   1877.,   ,    -[235 - HopkirkP.The Great Game. The struggle for Empire in Central Asia. NY.-Tokyo-Lnd. 1992. PP.387388.].           - .

 ,    - 1871.    렖  . . ..             ,          . [236 - ..   . . 1906. .2. .5052.].                ,        .    1871.          .            ,        .      - (.. )   .             ,      .         .                   [237 - ... . . 1906. .2. .5657; .. 1868   1873. .2006. .434.].   1872.            ,          .  ,           ,       ,    [238 - ..     .//   .       . . .., .., .. .2008. .82.].

    1878.           .         , ,        ..      10       1881. 2265400 [239 - ... . . 1906. .3. .254.]. 4(16)  1879.     ..     .   ,   ,         ,     ,   ,      ,           ,            -,            [240 - .. 18781880. .1950. .3. .124.].

       ,  2  1879.     ..,     ..     .    ,          ,     -.        5.       .             ,     ,         .   1880.  , -  -           [241 - .. 18781880. .1950. .3. .233.].

    .        1880.    11550.  32 [242 - .. . . 2004. .129.],            .                ,  ,           .      15, 40   100. .[243 - .  1       1880 .// . 1895. 6. .243244.].

-     .    1880.         ..               .  ,     ,        :    ,   ,      ,           , []     [244 - Russia in the East 18761880. The Russo-Turkish war and the Kuldja crisis as seen through the letters of A.G.Jomini to N.K.Giers. Edited by Chrales and Barbara Jelavich. Leiden. 1959. P.99.].    ,                  .

  ,         , , ,     .   1880.       ..          .       .         23 ,          .      200300. [245 - ..   80-  XIX . . 2006. .5657.].

          493 ,    8,8. .,    3,9.   .      ,     ,       .         2. . ,  ,   .    .  1878.       1,756. .,         104521.[246 - .  .// . 1880. 12. .26; 29.].    ,      ,    , ,       .       ,          ,         .    1880.         - ..  2  , 3   8 ,        [247 - .., .., .. : , , , . . 2013. .1.    18601905. .40.].

         .              ,    1881. 2  .   1881.     (    12-    150- )    [248 -  .   Ting-Yuen.// . 1882. 2. .2729.].   1883       ,          .      - .  1883.      4 .  1884.        ( ),     8,27    5,97- .           [249 -    .   Ting-Yuen.// . 1883. 2. .37.;    .    .// .1883. 7. .30.;    .    Tsi-Yuen.// .1884. 1. 27.].     1878.    ,            .   1880.        ,  ,            [250 - .. 18781880. .1950. .3. .285286.].            .

    -, 12(24)  1881.  ,       - ,   .      ,        3        (.5),         (.2),       (.7).    9.              ,      ,  [251 - -  16891916.  . .1958. .5460.].             .      2            ,   1431664  2 [252 - -  16891916.  . .1958. .60.]. 7(19)  1881.   [253 - -  16891916.  . .1958. .6667.].    1881.       .         ,   [254 - .  1       1880 .// . 1895. 6. .248.]. 13(25)        [255 - ... . . 1906. .3. .261.].

          .       .         .    1882  III        :              [256 - ..  . 1923. .1. 18961923. .5.].   1881.          .      -              .        .    ,    .  1855.   40-  ,   1860. 20-    32 .        ,    ,    .    ,         300  5 [257 - -. . 18811885.// . 1904. 9. .8587.].          ,    ..    ,     1882.    [258 - TcharykowN.V.Glimpses of high politics. Through war and peace 18551929. Lnd. 1931. P.161.].   ,  ,     ., ,  ,      ,       .   [259 - ..     . . 1880. .63.].

1(13)  1884      ,        . 31 (12 )        [260 - ..   . .1960. .147; 151.].         .-,      ,         .    [261 - -. // . 1904. 9. .113116; 118.]. 2(14)  1884 ,    ,    ,         . ...    .    700   , ,  ,      [262 - ... . .163.].      .    :    ,    [263 - . .   .// .1900. 8. .397.].

         .      . ,      ,       [264 - DearubaixE. LAngleterre et la Russie en Orient.// Brochures militaires. Bruxelles et Leipzig. 1885. 27. P.39.].     ,         [265 - HopkirkP.The Great Game PP.418421.].   ,     ,  III  ,          [266 - MarvinCh.The Russian annexation of Merv. What it means and it must lead to. Lnd. 1884. P.6.].      ,        240 ,      514,         [267 - MarvinCh.The Russian annexation of Merv. What it means and it must lead to. Lnd. 1884. P.8.].

   1880.    .   1882.      -     1126 .     1888 [268 -     ,  1880  1889 , .(        ). . 1890. .40.].        . 217 ,       -, ,    ,       [269 - MarvinCh.The Russian railway to Herat and India. Lnd. 1883. P.1012.].

    ,  , .           ,        ,   ,   ,    ,     ,        ,   .       ,  -.            ,       [270 - ... . . 1906. .3. .245246.].        1884.   .     ,    .   ,     [271 - -. // . 1904. 10. .473.].    1885.    [272 -  .      18721885. .1886. 62. .187189.].   1885. ,   ,       .           [273 - ... . .171.]. .    [274 - .      (1885.). .1901. .7980.].  ,            [275 -   .  . 1885. 3313.//  . . 1885. .390. .23.].      .    ,        .     .    [276 - .. . .8182.].

18(30)     2600   1900       .    ,  18(30)  . ..    [277 - ... . .171.].         .     .   122021 ,   8595  [278 - ..  .// . 1907. 5. .34.].         .         [279 - .. . .8283.; -. // . 1904. 10. .485486.].  ,     4   2    2   [280 - ..  .// . 1907. 5. .28; 33.].               ,  ,   ,       .            [281 -    -// . 1905. 1. .64.; .    .// .1910. 3. .217.].            [282 - . .// .1910. 5. .34.].

        .       .    .   [283 - .. . .100.].     1   10    3   29 [284 - -. // . 1904. 10. .489.].    1,5-    4        [285 -   . .. .:   115. .287305.]. ,     ,   ,    .           [286 - . .// .1910. 5. .37.].      -          .[287 - Afganistan. Marche des Russes dans lAsie Centrale.// Revue militaire. Paris. 1885. 4. P.243.]      .     .                        1. [288 - HopkirkP.The Great Game PP.428429.]. 27        11. [289 -    .        .// . 1885. 5. .1.]. -     ,         ,    -   .

 ,   1884.     . .-  ,            . -                      , ,   ,  [290 - - [.]  .  1.//  ,      .  -   . . 1891. . XLIII. .146; 149.].       [291 - - [.]  .  1.//  ,      .  -   . . 1891. . XLIII. .167168.],      .  :           [292 - - [.]  .  1.//  ,      .  -   . . 1891. . XLIII. .176.]. -     ,              [293 - - [.]  .  2.//  ,      .  -   . . 1891. . XLIV. .100101.].       ,    ,        - ,         [294 - - [.]  .  2.//  ,      .  -   . . 1891. . XLIV. .115.].     ,          .

     - ,      11. .,  ,  ,  70. 414 ,      12. .,    128636.[295 - Roberts of KandaharF.S. 41 years in India. Lnd.1900. P.503.].   -      220400., 33%    .            . 1/3     ,     .  -     : ,    .      , ,  ,    ,    ,         .  1885.,     ,            (25.   31. )   (6.   13,5. )   [296 - .-   .// . 1887. 2. .282; 285286; 295297; 302303.].

  -        .   1885.   29 : 1, 5 , 23 ,   6    ,      , 2     ,            .    3   12  ,    2     , 12    .      ,            ,    . 14  1885.           : , , ,   -        -         .       ,   - ,          (,          )[297 - Public Rerords Office(PRO). ADM(Admiralty). 1/8869. General outline of possible Naval operations against Russia, Admiralty, ForeignIntelligence Committee, 14 March 1885. PP.24.].

,                ,        ,        .            ,       - .    1885.                   .           ,                ,     (         ),                     1230,    523,   180,   141,  , , , ,      2000[298 - ..   .188198.].

   , -    ,            ,          [299 - WardA.W., GoochG.P.The Cambridge history of British foreign policy. Cambr. 1923. PP.188189.].   9-31      -   -[300 - ... . . 1906. .3. .249.].      -,           .         [301 - ..   ((    ).//  ( ). 1885.  20 .5. .419420.].

  -,     ,   ,    텻[302 -  -,  . .1901. .1. .325.]    ,          ,      .     ,  :         [303 - Roberts of KandaharF.S.Op.cit. P.508.]      ,              [304 -  - .1901. .1. .328.].      , , ,          ,    20. , 20. , 4  , 2 ,  ,         .            (   1886.)[305 - Roberts of KandaharF.S.Op.cit. PP.504506.].

    16        1885[306 -    .        .// . 1885. 6. .2.].   -                 ,  ,      .   ,  ,   ,     ,   ,        -            . ,  1885.     ,    -   .   1882.       ( ).  ,          ,       [307 - ..  .    .// . 1883. 11. .173196.].

               2   1  2- , 2  [308 -    .    .// . 1883. 9. .612.].        . 25  1883.         (   )       [309 -   .     ,   Triomphante.// . 1886. 1. .144.].     .      ,      [310 -   .// . 1886. 2. .154.],    [311 -   // . 1886. 3. .101.].      4 , 5  1-  2- , 16   6 [312 -    .      .// . 1883. 11. .29.].   1883.    ( ,  ,  )     4  15. .  88 .            ,    [313 - .  .    .// . 1884. 7. .96118.;    .    .// . 1884. 1. .2427.;  .//.1884. 3. .2122.]. 11  1884.     -          (.2),           (.3)          (.1).[314 -    .    .// . 1884. 6. .1011.]          .

        5. .,    6.   6.   , 26  , 18  , 10 .      ,    .        . . ,     ,        .   1884.   ,       .          .  4  , 7  2-  3  3- , 10     9    (    ), 2    12  . 23  1884.    [315 -    .  - .// . 1884. 9. .2125;    .     .// . 1884. 10. .2148.].

  1884.       ,         (. )[316 -    .     .// . 1884. 11. .110.;    .     .// .1884.12. .133.].   1884.      .     ,   [317 -    .     .// . 1885. 2. .15.].      . 15           [318 -    .     .// . 1885. 3. .35.].          [319 -    .     .// . 1885. 4. .16.]. 2728  1885.      ,      [320 -    .     .// . 1885. 4. .3334.; .  .    .// . 1885. 5. .86103.].              30 [321 - ...     18481918. .1958. .316.; .. - . .1975. .184185.].

  ,              .     4  1885. III       II               ,       .   ,  ,         ,           .   ,        ,   ,  ,   , ,      ; ,         ![322 -     III.// . . 1923. .2. .127.]     .

           .  ,   ,      ,     [323 -   18701918. .1940. .76.].        . 27  1885.,   I,  :   ,        ,     . ,        ,             .          ,        ,         ,                       .               ,             ,    ,     [324 -   18701918. .1940. .77.].

       .  19 (1 )     III           [325 - ..   ... .1966. .1. 18831886. .315.]. 30 (12 ) 1885.   ,   ,    ,    [326 - ... . .1966. .2. 18871892. .135.].   ,  1885      .    1878.    1882.       -,   - ,              .             ,     .  ,     , -,     ,         .        - ,    [327 - .... . .318.].

16  1885.                      ,            .   (2 , 4  , 4  , 12  , 2 )               [328 - PRO. ADM. 1/8869. Dardanelles and Bosphorus. Passage of and occupation of waterway in the event of Turkish opposition. Admiralty, ForeignIntelligence Committee, 16 April 1885. PP.16.].     ,        .   ,          ,           1878. .   ,                      ,   , ,  (. , ), ,    (.   , )[329 - PRO. ADM. 1/8869. General outline of possible Naval operations against Russia, Admiralty, ForeignIntelligence Committee, 14 March 1885. PP.4; 1314; 16.].

       ,        ,  .          ,        [330 - SmithC.L.The Embassy of Sir William White at Constaninople 18661891. Oxford University press. 1957. P.12.].      ,  . 29 (10 ) 1885.     ,        ,   ,       [331 - . [.]    ,     . . 1898. .12.    18321895. .447451.]. 10(22)  1887   -     -   -[332 - . [.]    ,     . . 1898. .12.    18321895. .464475.].           ,      -   1895.,         ,        ,           [333 - . [.]    ,     . . 1898. .12.    18321895. .498504.].              .     .




 3.            


 90- . XIX         .   1886.    ,        1891.         ( 7. )[334 - ..  . 1923. .1. 18961923. .6.].  1891.   .             .   1895.           30. .   70- . XIX ,                 .                 1878.,   - .    .    ,              ,                ,      .

             ,           .    1861.        (..  )   ,    .        .       ,    ,    .      ,          ,      [335 - .. - . XVIIXIX . . 1999. . 197.]. ,        1871.,   4   [336 - .  .// . 1880. 12. .58.].  ,     ,          ,                 ,    [337 -    - (  ). . 410. . 2. . 4183, . 3-29, 153, 155, 169180.].      ,         ,          .

     1875.         .        ,      ,         . ,           .  1877. 4            12  ,     [338 - RosenR.R.Op.cit. Lnd. 1922. Lnd. 1922. Vol.1. P.35.]




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14


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... . .234235; 239.




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18


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19


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21


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col1_0.     .   .// . . 1949. 1. .27.




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      1649.( ).  . .1898. .14.1894.  .11014. .626.




29


..  II.  1939. .1. .48.




30


.. .84.




31


....// . . 1949. 1. .30.




32


.. .86.




33


.. .83.




34


 .// . 15  1895. 3. .7374.




35


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36


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37


.. .87.




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39


..   ( 8  1881    ).//   ( ). . 1907. .5. . 103104.




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.. 18941896. .1991. .126.




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51


.. 18941896. .1991. .126.




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53


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76


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102


7 (20 ) 1902.// . . 8(21 ) 1903. 22. .4.




103


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105


... . .300.




106


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107


... . .300.




108


... . .16.




109


... . .301302.




110


... . .16.




111


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112


... . .301.




113


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