   
  


Pax Britannica
    , , ,      .             ,  , ,  .       ,       1850, 1889, 1978.             ,         ,  . ,  , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . . , . , . . . , . , . , . , . , . .        ,     ,           .             ,          .             .





 

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:

    ,   ,  . .  (-  )

   ,   ,  . .  (-   ()     )



Pax Britannica








  Pax Britannica:

. . , . . , . . , . ., . . , . . , . . ,.. , .. , . . 



E. N. Tonkov



STATUTORY INTERPRETATION IN ENGLAND

Monograph



Saint-Petersburg

ALETHEIA

2013







         ,        .         , , ,       ?         ,        (),     (),      (  ),      ()    ?

        .          ,    .                   .              ,      .        ,     .           ,      .               .

,           ,        .         :             ,          -    .  ,    ,       .     -          ,        .

     , ,  ,   , ,    .              ,          ,         .           :       (lex est aliquid rationis).

        .    ,        .              .             ,     ,   ,   ,   ,        ,    .   ,  ,          .            .

         ,   ,   ,   .    ,  ,     ,        -  .         ,        .

  ,                    .


* * *

           ,        ,       ,       .       , ,   -  ,     ,       2012.,            ..      .

-, 13.05.13.




 1

 


                .                  .    ,  ,    ,      .             .   , ,     ,  ,       [1 -  ..    : - . ., 1985. . 123.].        ,         ,  ,   ,       , , ,          [2 -  ..    .  :    .      . ., 2011. . 107.].   ,   , ,  () ,              . ,   ,        ,          ,             .      ,      ,   ,    ,           ,     ,         [3 -  . . 108.].

         ,  ,  ,     .   ,  , ,   ,    ,         .            , ,     ,      ,    [4 -  ..   : . . 2- . ., 2002. . 15.].           , ,  ,        ,           [5 - David R., Brierley J.E.C. Major Legal Systems in the World Today. London, 1985. P. 308.].

 ,              ,              ,              [6 -  .   . ., 1980. . 6.].        ,   -.   ,      18731875.         ,       [7 -  ..    //  :   - . ., 30  2006. . 274.].      ,           ;   ,                     [8 -  ...  . ., 2007. . 159.]. Equity follows the law,          ,    ,   ,   -   ,       - .                [9 -  .  . ., 2004. . 142.].

           .                ,      ,   () [10 -  ..  . ., 2007. . 609.]. ,           ,    .   ,   ,        ,         ,      .       (lex est aliquid rationis, .),            [11 -  .    . ., 1988. . 333.].

       ()     [12 -  . . . . 76.].          .    ,   ,    ,   ,   ,    ,          .               ,       . ,   ,        ,  ,   .               .   , ,      ,    ,  ,     -.           ,  .            ,      .         ;  ,  ,        ,    .

       ,               ,   , ,  ,  ,      .          , ,                ,  ,   ,     [13 -  .   . ., 2008. .115116.].                  .        ,       , ,   ,  ,  ,     .      ,         ,   ,    .

        , ..   ,   ,      ,   ,     -     ,       [14 - :    /  . .. . ., 1998. . 3.].               ,          ,            [15 -  .].

    ,              ,     .     (lex citationis)       , , , , .  -  -       :   (    ),  (    ),  ( ),  (),  ( ),  ( ),  ( ),  ( ),  (   )    .

         ,        .        ,       ,      ,    [16 - .: David G. Antonio. Scots Law. London, 1968.].               .

       ,         , ,   ,       .           ,    ,   ,      ,          .               .  ,      ,     ,   ,     ,        ,          [17 -  . . . . 25.].

      ,     .              .      ,         ,         [18 -  .    : - . ., 2009. .2526.].

   ,     1850.[19 - An Act for shortening the Language used in Acts of Parliament [10th June 1850]. A Collection of Public General Acts passed in the 13th and 14th year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria: Being the Third Session of the Fifteenth Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. London., 1850. .225227.]             .               (),        .     ,       : ,      ,  , ,           ,     [20 -    ,     1850.    ,             1850.      1850. (. ).].    1889.[21 - An Act for consolidating enactments relating to the Construction of Acts of Parliament and for further shortening the Language used in Acts of Parliament [30th August 1889]. The Public General Acts passed in the 52nd and 53rd years of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria; being the Fourth Session of the Twenty-Fourth Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with an Index. London., 1889. .516.]       ,           1978.[22 - An Act to consolidate the Interpretation Act 1889 and certain other enactments relating to the construction and operation of Acts of Parliament and other instruments, with amendments to give effect to recommendations of the Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission [20th July 1978]. The Public General Acts and General Synod Measures, Part I. London., 1978. .691705.].  1889.      ,           .

            ,                  ,     [23 -  ..   :  . ., 2001. . 511.].  ,         ,     ()          ,         [24 -  ..,  ..   : . ., 2005. .294295.].                ;       ,       , .. ,   , ,   , ,   , ,   [25 - .:  .    :    . ., 2000. . 89.].   ()    ()       ,        .               [26 -     (  ).  . ... ., 2000. . 124.].

  , , , -           .           ,         ,  ,    .           ,         [27 -  .    : - . ., 2009. . 10.].         .

     ,   - :         [28 - .:  ..   . ., 2002.;  ..   -   . , 1977.].                 1066.,                [29 - .:  .     ( ). ., 1967;  .  :  . . .  .  . ., 1947.].                 .      ,  ,      ,          [30 -  ..   . ., 2002. .616617.].             ,     ,        . -      ,       ,       .                  ,             .

     (Common Law System)     ,       ,    ,   (         ),  (        ),    .              .           XIX.            18731875.         ,  ,  , - ,  ,  ,        .      ,      [31 -  . . . . 283.],        [32 -  .. . . . 83.],  -           .    -      ,           .              ,       .   (English Law)          [33 - Geldart W. Elements of English Law. 4


 ed. Oxford, 1950. P. 1.]       ,                 ,    .

      ,   [34 -  ..    :     . ., 2008. . 29].           55  54.  ..,        43. ..   .               V.      ,    ,  ,          .       ,     ,   ,    .  IIIIV.        .           :       ( )    ,         (, ).   VI. ,   -      , , , ,   - .          VII.     ,  - : , , , , ,   , [35 -  . .3040.].   ,           ,   .  -       ,     ,     ,    .

 ,        ,     .       ,     ,    ,   ,      ,     .       XII.,           ,   II    XII.    ,               .   1166. (Assize of Clarendon, 1166)             trial,  ,         :   12    ,   24 ,   .            ,        .            ,     , ,      .         ,          [36 -  .  . .1113.].

         :      (1066);    1066.     (1485)    ,   ,    ;    1485  1832.        ;     1832.   [37 -  .    . ., 1988. . 259].

,   ,          XV.;      XV.    XIX. (   ,     );    ,   1832.          [38 -  . . . .928.].

          ,   ,    ,    .      ,           [39 -  ..     : , , . ., 1996. . 154.].          .     [40 -  .],          .       ,      .  1978.       (Scotland Act, 1978),             .        1998ㅻ (Scotland Act, 1998),      .

     ,          .            ,        . ..       - ,  ,  ,        ,            ,  - [41 -  ..   :      :  . , 2004. . 667.].          ,           . ,      ,          .

      ,          ,        .         (dogma),  (maxim),  (canon),  (principle)[42 - Oxford Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms. Oxford, 2007. P. 132].         ,     (a rule or principle of law developed through court decisions)[43 - Law Dictionary. Chicago, 1997. P. 91.].         (a general principle of law)[44 - Dictionary of Law. London, 2005. P. 98.],   (body of teaching),    ,  ,   (beliefs and teachings of a church, political party, school of scientists)[45 - Oxford advanced learner's dictionary of current English. Oxford, 1988. P. 256.],      (a set of religious or political beliefs)[46 - Macmillan Essential Dictionary for Learners of English. London., 2007. P. 202.]  ..

          (,    ),    ,   , ,      .          .     .. ,      ,         ,  ()  [47 -  ..,  ..  .  . , 2008. . 264.].        ,     .  ,              ,   .   , .. ,      ,     ,    ,                        : -  -[48 -  ..  . . ., 1980. . 409.].   ,   ,   ,  ,     ,             .

  ..           ,     - [49 - ., .:  ..  :      . ., 2003. . 11;  ..     XXI :      //     .      . 2001. 4. . 193;  ..    :    (). - :   ,  2001. //     .      . 2001. 4. . 179.].         (   )  () ,     ,    .       [50 - ., .:     , .   09.09.2000. -1895;     21.04.2000. 706      ;     04.10.2000. 751       .].        ,   .  , ,  , , ,  ,        ,             ,       .

        ,     .         ,     .    / ,         .     ,   /       ,    ,           (,   ,   ).             ,   ,   .      ,   ,    ,       .

   ,      ,  ,        .        , ,    ,       ,   .        ,   .          .     ,     .  ,     .     ,          ,         [51 -  .       //   . 2005. 4. . 175.].

        ( )       ,    ,    ,  ,        () .          ,              ,  -.

         ,       .                  ,      .          ,  , ,     ,       .

        ,       .        .   ,        .  ,         [52 -  . - . ., 2008. . 68.].         ,    ,        .     ,    ,  ,              .     ,    ,      ,     .   ,          ,  ,   ,  ,    .        ,    . .  ,         ,   ,        .         ,   .      ,       ,      [53 -  . . . . 172.].




 2

  


         ,  ,        .         ,          , ,       ,   ,      ,   [54 - Twining W., Miers D. How To Do Things With Rules. A Primer of Interpretation. London, 1996. P. 321.].        ,           ,   .    ,   , ,   ,      .    -    ,        .

       .      / ,    .       ,   ,  ,  , : law, legislation, constitution, rules, regulations, statute, act, bill, decree, edict, rule, ruling, dictum, command, order, directive, ordinance, principle, convention, instruction, commandment, maxim, doctrine, canon[55 - Oxford dictionary of synonyms and antonyms. Oxford, 2007. P.249.].  ,   (Act of Parliament),  (statute),   (parlamentary statute)       .            (statute),             [56 - Oxford dictionary of law. Oxford, 2009. P. 12.].         ,     .       ,   (act)       - ,        .

          .      ,     ,      ,   .              [57 -  ..    . ., 1987. .10.].      ,   ,         .     ,    ,    , ,     [58 - .:  ..    . ., 1987. . 1120; Bennion F. Statutory Interpretation  A Code. London, 2002. P.439541;  ..        :    // Lex Russica. 2005. 1. . 189;  ..     //   . 1998. 45. . 230.].              ,           .

     ,                    ,    [59 - McLeod I. Legal Method. London, 2009. P. 251.].            1215. (Magna Carta Libertatum),        ,   ,  [60 - Geldart W. Elements of English Law. London, 1950. P. 2.].     ,   ,    ( ),                  (),    25 ,            ,  .

       : , ,   [61 -  . . . . 115.].          1235. (Statute of Merton)[62 - Gifford D.J., Gifford K.H. How to Understand an Act of Parliament. Sydney, 1991. P. 1.],     III       ,        .        ,     ,        :

1.   ,          ,       .

2.      ,   ,         .

3.     ,        [63 - Metcalfe O.K. General principles of English Law. London, 1974. P. 16.].

              ,            ,   [64 -  ., - .    . ., 1997. . 260.].                .  ,            [65 -  . . . . 81.].          ,      ,             [66 -  .. . . . 86.].

       ,           . ,         ,     ,         .      ,         [67 - .:  ..         // . 2005. 6. .8190;  . :  ,     //   . 2007. 3. .3136.].            ,        .   ,                        ,       .      ,         [68 - Cheney v Conn, CD [1968], 1 All ER 779.].         ,  ,  ,    ,   [69 - Vauxhall Estates v Liverpool Corporation, [1932] 1 KB 733.]. ,        ,    ,             .

                        [70 -  . . . . 116.].         ,             [71 - McLeod I. Ibid. P. 67.]. ,    , ,   ,     ,      ,     -[72 - Gifford D.J., Gifford K.H. Ibid. P. 1.].

     , , ,    ,         .      ,         ,  ,       .     ,         (intra vires).         ,     (ultra vires)[73 -  . . . . 118.].

      XX.   ,    ,            ,       [74 -  ..      : -  //   . 2006. 10. . 61.].           ,     (statutory instruments).     1946.,   . ,     ,      [75 -  .    . ., 1907. .6162.].         ,     ,       ,   ,        ,   ,         ,     ,    ,    [76 -  ..  .].       ,  ,         ,            .       ,    ,    .            (provisional procedural order). , ,      1969.    ,     ,                [77 - .:    .  :   . .,1990. . 9.].           1945.[78 -  ..    . ., 1987. .11.]. . 11    1978. ,        ,      .          , ,     ,    ,  .

      ,      ,         .             (statutory powers),    [79 -  ..   (   ): . ., 2007. . 341.].      ,  ,   ,  , ,              [80 - Hewitt D.J. Control of Delegated Legislation. Sydney, 1953. P.1.].

.      :   ,  ,   [81 -  . . . . 117.].        , , ,    ,         [82 -  .].  ,      ,   ,      ,    [83 -  ..   //   :  - . . I. , 1980. . 144.].

  ..  ,     ,     ,   ,   [84 -  .. . . . 136.]. , ,    , ,    ,              .  ,     ,   ,       ,          ,     [85 - Allen C.K. Law in the Making. Oxford, 1997. P. 540.].  , ,     ,  ,     ,    [86 -  .  . . 118.].  1944.                    ,            ,              .  ,   .. ,   ,       [87 -  ..  .      -? //     :      . 2004. 1. . 146.].

  . ,        (lawyers law)    (law of administration)[88 -  ., - . . . . 261.].       , , .  ,             [89 -  . . . . 46.].    . ,      ,     ,   ,    [90 - .:  . . ., 1967. . 256;  ..  :   . . . ., 1962. . 13;  ..    :   . . . ., 2003. . 3.].    ,              [91 - .:  ..  . . 137;  ..        :    // Lex Russica. 2005. 1. . 188.].                     .  ,     ,   ,    ,       .

       ,           ,     ,         [92 -  ..  . . 137.].      ,       , .                    ,     ,     .                 (   ),     [93 - .:  ..    . ., 2002. .197198;  ..  .      -? //     :      . 2004. 1. . 145.].               ,        ,       .

 ,           [94 - .:  ..    .  . . . , 1980. . 14.].        ,      ,          .  ,             [95 -  . . . . 118.]. ,  ,    ,       [96 -  ..      : -  //   . 2006. 10. . 63.].               ,             [97 -  ..  . . 106.]. ,   . IV    1701.[98 - .:    //       XVIIXIX. ., 1957.],          ,     ,  ,   ,        1727.   [99 - .:  ..        //   .      :    - . ., 1981. .123143.].         ,          .

           (by-laws, bylaws)[100 -  .. . . . 63.],             .   ,       ,   [101 -  . . . . 301.],         .   ,      ,   -   ,     [102 - Local Authority Bylaws in England: A discussion paper, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, April 2006 // URL-: http://www.communities.gov.uk/archived/ (http://www.communities.gov.uk/archived/) publications/localgovernment/localauthoritybylaws. P. 6.].          ,    ,      ,   -   [103 -  . . . . 302.].

       ( XX.)       [104 - .:  ..    .  . . . , 1980. . 15.]. . 235      1972.       , ,   ,    ,  ,     (     ),   .          ,          ,         [105 -  . . . . 302.].        ,     ,     [106 - Local Authority Bylaws in England: A discussion paper, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, April 2006 // URL-: http://www.communities.gov.uk/archived/ (http://www.communities.gov.uk/archived/) publications/localgovernment/localauthoritybylaws. P. 4.].            ,    ,                . ,         [107 - .:  ..   //     :    . ., 2007. 1. . 18;  ..   //   . 1998. 8. .144152.].

    ,   , ,   ( ,  ).   ,     ,  ,   [108 -  .. . . . 63.].         ,    - .   ,   ,  ,  ,    ..       ,     ,    ,      .    - ,    ,  ,    ,    .        ,  ,    ,   [109 -  ..         //     . 2010. 6. . 25.].

         ,             ,     .       .    .      ,     ,  ,   ,  ,     .      ,    ,   ,   ,         [110 -  . . . . 119.].

        . ,       ,        (      1978.,       1889.)   (remedial) ,        (      )[111 -  ..    . ., 1987. . 73.].

..     ,  :

1)  ;

2) ;

3) ;

4)   ;

5) [112 -  .. . . . 130.].

          XX.,            ,          .      ,          .  ,   .. ,          [113 -  ..  . ., 1993. . 102.].                ,         ,      [114 -  . . 98.].          ,           [115 -  ..   :      :  . ., 2004. C. 684.].        ,      ,    ,           .                      .                 .

          .     1998.           ,           1950.[116 - Human Rights Act, 1998 // http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content (http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content).aspx?activeTextDocId=1851003.]




 3

  


       ,            .        ,                 .   .. ,       ,            [117 -  ..   :     //    . 1983. 5. . 127.].

     ,     ,  ,     ,       .           ;    ,       ,       .        ,   ,   ,       :        .     -          [118 -  ..           //     . 2001. 3. . 8.].               ,       .

..  ,        ,       [119 -  ..  :    . ., 1999. . 136.].     ,   ,    ,         ,    ,      .         . ..  ,            .  ,        .     ,        [120 -  . . 135.].

..  ,               .   ,           [121 -  ..  . ., 1982. . 182.].                  ,       ,      [122 -  ..      . ., 1966. . 15.].

..        ,    ,      .        ,    ()    ,         [123 -  ..     :    //  . 2010. 6. . 51.]. ..      :

1.    ,       .

2.         .

3.        .

4.     ,     .

      (             ).       ,          (,  ,    )    (     ,  )[124 -  .]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/evgeniy-tonkov-6166596/tolkovanie-zakona-v-anglii/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 ..    : - . ., 1985. . 123.




2


 ..    .  :    .      . ., 2011. . 107.




3


 . . 108.




4


 ..   : . . 2- . ., 2002. . 15.




5


David R., Brierley J.E.C. Major Legal Systems in the World Today. London, 1985. P. 308.




6


 .   . ., 1980. . 6.




7


 ..    //  :   - . ., 30  2006. . 274.




8


 ...  . ., 2007. . 159.




9


 .  . ., 2004. . 142.




10


 ..  . ., 2007. . 609.




11


 .    . ., 1988. . 333.




12


 . . . . 76.




13


 .   . ., 2008. .115116.




14


:    /  . .. . ., 1998. . 3.




15


 .




16


.: David G. Antonio. Scots Law. London, 1968.




17


 . . . . 25.




18


 .    : - . ., 2009. .2526.




19


An Act for shortening the Language used in Acts of Parliament [10th June 1850]. A Collection of Public General Acts passed in the 13th and 14th year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria: Being the Third Session of the Fifteenth Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. London., 1850. .225227.




20


   ,     1850.    ,             1850.      1850. (. ).




21


An Act for consolidating enactments relating to the Construction of Acts of Parliament and for further shortening the Language used in Acts of Parliament [30th August 1889]. The Public General Acts passed in the 52nd and 53rd years of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria; being the Fourth Session of the Twenty-Fourth Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with an Index. London., 1889. .516.




22


An Act to consolidate the Interpretation Act 1889 and certain other enactments relating to the construction and operation of Acts of Parliament and other instruments, with amendments to give effect to recommendations of the Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission [20th July 1978]. The Public General Acts and General Synod Measures, Part I. London., 1978. .691705.




23


 ..   :  . ., 2001. . 511.




24


 ..,  ..   : . ., 2005. .294295.




25


.:  .    :    . ., 2000. . 89.




26


    (  ).  . ... ., 2000. . 124.




27


 .    : - . ., 2009. . 10.




28


.:  ..   . ., 2002.;  ..   -   . , 1977.




29


.:  .     ( ). ., 1967;  .  :  . . .  .  . ., 1947.




30


 ..   . ., 2002. .616617.




31


 . . . . 283.




32


 .. . . . 83.




33


Geldart W. Elements of English Law. 4


 ed. Oxford, 1950. P. 1.




34


 ..    :     . ., 2008. . 29




35


 . .3040.




36


 .  . .1113.




37


 .    . ., 1988. . 259




38


 . . . .928.




39


 ..     : , , . ., 1996. . 154.




40


 .




41


 ..   :      :  . , 2004. . 667.




42


Oxford Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms. Oxford, 2007. P. 132




43


Law Dictionary. Chicago, 1997. P. 91.




44


Dictionary of Law. London, 2005. P. 98.




45


Oxford advanced learner's dictionary of current English. Oxford, 1988. P. 256.




46


Macmillan Essential Dictionary for Learners of English. London., 2007. P. 202.




47


 ..,  ..  .  . , 2008. . 264.




48


 ..  . . ., 1980. . 409.




49


., .:  ..  :      . ., 2003. . 11;  ..     XXI :      //     .      . 2001. 4. . 193;  ..    :    (). - :   ,  2001. //     .      . 2001. 4. . 179.




50


., .:     , .   09.09.2000. -1895;     21.04.2000. 706      ;     04.10.2000. 751       .




51


 .       //   . 2005. 4. . 175.




52


 . - . ., 2008. . 68.




53


 . . . . 172.




54


Twining W., Miers D. How To Do Things With Rules. A Primer of Interpretation. London, 1996. P. 321.




55


Oxford dictionary of synonyms and antonyms. Oxford, 2007. P.249.




56


Oxford dictionary of law. Oxford, 2009. P. 12.




57


 ..    . ., 1987. .10.




58


.:  ..    . ., 1987. . 1120; Bennion F. Statutory Interpretation  A Code. London, 2002. P.439541;  ..        :    // Lex Russica. 2005. 1. . 189;  ..     //   . 1998. 45. . 230.




59


McLeod I. Legal Method. London, 2009. P. 251.




60


Geldart W. Elements of English Law. London, 1950. P. 2.




61


 . . . . 115.




62


Gifford D.J., Gifford K.H. How to Understand an Act of Parliament. Sydney, 1991. P. 1.




63


Metcalfe O.K. General principles of English Law. London, 1974. P. 16.




64


 ., - .    . ., 1997. . 260.




65


 . . . . 81.




66


 .. . . . 86.




67


.:  ..         // . 2005. 6. .8190;  . :  ,     //   . 2007. 3. .3136.




68


Cheney v Conn, CD [1968], 1 All ER 779.




69


Vauxhall Estates v Liverpool Corporation, [1932] 1 KB 733.




70


 . . . . 116.




71


McLeod I. Ibid. P. 67.




72


Gifford D.J., Gifford K.H. Ibid. P. 1.




73


 . . . . 118.




74


 ..      : -  //   . 2006. 10. . 61.




75


 .    . ., 1907. .6162.




76


 ..  .




77


.:    .  :   . .,1990. . 9.




78


 ..    . ., 1987. .11.




79


 ..   (   ): . ., 2007. . 341.




80


Hewitt D.J. Control of Delegated Legislation. Sydney, 1953. P.1.




81


 . . . . 117.




82


 .




83


 ..   //   :  - . . I. , 1980. . 144.




84


 .. . . . 136.




85


Allen C.K. Law in the Making. Oxford, 1997. P. 540.




86


 .  . . 118.




87


 ..  .      -? //     :      . 2004. 1. . 146.




88


 ., - . . . . 261.




89


 . . . . 46.




90


.:  . . ., 1967. . 256;  ..  :   . . . ., 1962. . 13;  ..    :   . . . ., 2003. . 3.




91


.:  ..  . . 137;  ..        :    // Lex Russica. 2005. 1. . 188.




92


 ..  . . 137.




93


.:  ..    . ., 2002. .197198;  ..  .      -? //     :      . 2004. 1. . 145.




94


.:  ..    .  . . . , 1980. . 14.




95


 . . . . 118.




96


 ..      : -  //   . 2006. 10. . 63.




97


 ..  . . 106.




98


.:    //       XVIIXIX. ., 1957.




99


.:  ..        //   .      :    - . ., 1981. .123143.




100


 .. . . . 63.




101


 . . . . 301.




102


Local Authority Bylaws in England: A discussion paper, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, April 2006 // URL-: http://www.communities.gov.uk/archived/ (http://www.communities.gov.uk/archived/) publications/localgovernment/localauthoritybylaws. P. 6.




103


 . . . . 302.




104


.:  ..    .  . . . , 1980. . 15.




105


 . . . . 302.




106


Local Authority Bylaws in England: A discussion paper, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, April 2006 // URL-: http://www.communities.gov.uk/archived/ (http://www.communities.gov.uk/archived/) publications/localgovernment/localauthoritybylaws. P. 4.




107


.:  ..   //     :    . ., 2007. 1. . 18;  ..   //   . 1998. 8. .144152.




108


 .. . . . 63.




109


 ..         //     . 2010. 6. . 25.




110


 . . . . 119.




111


 ..    . ., 1987. . 73.




112


 .. . . . 130.




113


 ..  . ., 1993. . 102.




114


 . . 98.




115


 ..   :      :  . ., 2004. C. 684.




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