   .     
 


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         ,          ,    ,          (,   )      .   ,   , :  ,   ,        .          ,  -      ,    ,    .      ,     ,         ,   ,        ,         .      ,   . ,      .





 

   

    



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  ,  ,  .        ,       - ,    [1 -  . . . .: , 2008;  .   . .: , , 2010.].  ,     , ,   ,        ,    .          ,           ,             .

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 2011.







     ,     ,       .

   ,               1998.      .   ,     ,    ,     ,     .    ,       ?  ,    ,   .

    ,   .           ,    ,        ,   ?   .        ,  ,       .    ,        ,     ,      ,   .

       .      ,  ,     ,        .     .          ,    ,  ,  ,  ,  , . . ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .

      ,      ,          :  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,       Princeton University Press.       Kaiser Family Foundation  ,            ,  ,  ,          , ,       ,        ,        .  ,   ,                    .

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   :  ,     !    :  .   .

Scott Simon, Music Cues: Adlai Stevenson[2 - Simon (2000).]

       ,   .        ,    :      ?   :      ,       [  ].        .   ,         . ,      ,      .

,      .    ,       ?     [3 -        . : Wintrobe (1998).].            .  ,        ? ,   (   ,  ),  .

      .     ,     .     .           ,      .           ,     ,   ,           ,     . ,     ,   ,     .            ,        [4 -   ,       . : Friedman (2002), Krugman (1998), Olson (1996)  Blinder (1987).   Irwin (1996)        .].

     ?       ,        .          ,     ,         ,   .  ,   ,   ,       .    ,   ,    ,   .             ,      [5 - Grossman and Helpman (2001, 1996, 1994), Rowley, Tollison and Tullock (1998)  Brennan and Buchanan (1998)       . Somin (2004), Magee, Brock and Young (1989), Weingast, Shepsle, and Johnson (1981)  Downs (1957)            .].

        ,        .    ,   ,   ,      ,    ..   ,    :           .  ,                       .    ,    ,      ,    .       ,        ,    ,   .

      ,   [6 - . : Wittman (1985, 1989)  Stigler (1986).].        ,      ,    ,   .  ,    ,            .    ,      ,      .

       .     ,     , ,  ,      .        ,       [7 -           . : Sheffrin (1996), Kahneman, Slovic and Tversky (1982)  Nisbett and Ross (1980).        ,       ,  ,  ,         .].     ,          .    ,     .       ,      ,        .       ,       .

       ,      .       ,  ,   , .          .      ,         ,      [8 -       . : Tetlock (2003).].   ,        (response)  ,      .   ,        ?      :         (reaction),        ?

      . ?,         . ?,        ,         . ?,          .

        ,     ,   .     ,   ,      .    ,   ,    ,   .    ,     .       .     ,            .           (..   ),       ?        ,       .

  ,      .         ,      .        .         [9 - ., : Applebaum (2003), Courtois et al. (1999), Becker (1996), Payne (1995), Dreze and Sen (1990)  Conquest (1986).].   ,        ,      ,          ,    .        .   ,      [10 -     . : Dahl (1989).].

              :      ,    ,    [11 - Eigen and Siegel (1993: 109).].      ,        ,    .          ,  .

    [12 - ., : MacEwan (1999), Soros (1998), Kuttner (1997, 1991, 1984)  Greider (1997, 1992).].      ,     ,      ,        .         ,        ,   .    ,           .    ,           ,    ,        .

      .         ,       .         ,    ,    ,  ,    [13 - ., : Caplan (2002(a)), Alston, Kearl and Vaughn (1992), Blinder (1987)  Schultze (1977).  1].  ,     :      ,    .        ,    ,         .




 1

   



     ,     .

H. L. Mencken, A Second Mencken Chrestomathy[14 - Mencken (1975: 375).]

,    ,      .     ,  ,           ,   ,         .          ,        ;     ,       [15 - Olson (1971)  Downs (1957)  ,          .    ,     , .: Edlin, Gelman, and Kaplan (forthcoming), Gelman, Katz, and Bafumi (2004), Mulligan and Hunter (2003), Gelamn, King, and Boscardin (1998)  Meehl (1977).].

 ,     ,      ,   .  ,      .     ,       .         .   ,  ,      ,        .         :         ,            ,              ,    ,   ,    ?  ,          ,      [16 - Kuttner (1996: xi).].

     ,         .        ,     .  ,    ,     ,             .

           .               [17 - ., : Kelman (1998)  Rhoads (1985).].       ,            ,   .      ,        ,     ?    :   ,  ,       . ,     ,      .      ,      ,      ,     .

        ,    ,   ,    [18 -    ,     . ,        ,    . ,    ,          .         (Green and Shapiro (1994)).].  60?   .      ,             .  70?   .     ,      [19 - . Quirk (1990, 1988).].

      ,     ,    .

      ,         .      .




 


,  ,       ,       .    ,  ,     .             ,         ,     .       .         .  ,        .

James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds[20 - Surowiecki (2004: 11).]

   ,     ,       .   ,    ,   ,   ,      .  ,  ,     ,     . ,      ,   ,     .

         ,       ,           .  ? ,      .    ,   .      X  Y,     ,          [21 -     ., : Surowiecki (2004), Austen?Smith and Banks (1996), Wittman (1985, 1989), Page and Shapiro (1993, 1992), Levy (1989)  Muth (1961).].

  ?   100% ,    .        ,   .      ,      .         ;   ,   .        .  100%    .    99%     ?

  ,   .     .    99%         ,      [22 -      : Hoffman (1998).]. ? ?,    , 100%   .   ?  : ,      .     ,   1%   .  99%   ,    .     ? ,   ,       ,    ,  .      ,           .       49,5%.     .            100,   .   ? ,        .  ,     ,       :           ,      ,        ,   ,      ,        [23 - Page and Shapiro (1993: 41).].

,                .             :      ,     ,   .        .    ,    ,  ,      :        .

       [24 - Converse (1990: 83).].     :  99    1        ,    .        ,     ,     !

       ,    . . ,           [25 - Brainy Quote (2005b).].         .     ,      ?      [26 - Surowiecki (2004).].         ,   787         .                 91% .  ,      ,      .               [27 - Surowiecki (2004: xi  xiii, 34, 711, 1115, 1722).].     ,           :        .                .          [28 - Page and Shapiro (1993: 41)].

       ,   ,        .     : )     , : )       ,  .         .   ,    [29 -     : Somin (2004, 2000, 1999, 1998), Delli Carpini and Keeter (1996), Dye and Zeigler (1996), Bennett (1996), Smith (1989), Neuman (1986)  Converse (1964).].     ,       ,         .  70%   ,     ,  60%     [30 - Delli Carpini and Keeter (1996: 117).].        ,  40%        .          [31 - Dye and Zeigler (1992: 206).].  ,           ,    ,         [32 - Delli Carpini and Keeter (1996: 116122, 8992).].

, , ,     . ,          .         .       .         ,   .

      ,      .        .       .   ,     ,    .     .  ?       ,         .     ,                     ,     ,     .




  


  ,      ,           [33 - Lecky (1981: 22).].

William Lecky, Liberty and Democracy

  ,          .       ,     ,     .                  .

     ,     .  ,    ,      .    , ,           ,         [34 -   . : Althaus (2003, 1998, 1996), Bartels (2004, 1996), Gilens (2001), Wolfers (2001)  Delli Carpini and Keeter (1996).] :     ?

    . ,   ,        .       ,        [35 -     : Rabin (1998), Thaler (1992), Quattrone and Tversky (1988, 1984), Simon (1985), Kahneman, Slovic, and Tversky (1982)  Nisbett and Ross (1980).].      ,      .

      .           .         ,         [36 - ., : Smith (2003, 1991), Cosmides and Tooby (1996), Barkow, Cosmides and Tooby (1992)  Cosmides (1989).].     ,     .     :       ,      ?








.1.1.   :  

    : , .        ,           [37 -        . : Caplan (2002a, 2002b, 2001d).].    ,            .       .   ,     ,         .       (antimarket bias).       .        (antiforeign bias).      ,   .         (make?work bias).  ,    ,        .      (pessimistic bias).

       ,          ,  ,    .                 , , ,      .     ,  : ,           ,     .           ,   ,     ,    .     ,    ,    [38 -   ,     ,         (Cooter (2000: 3235)).].      :          .






.1.2.   .  



     ,      .        .          . ,        ,       .     ?   ,     ,   ,     ,    ,    .   ,     .    ,     ,   .       ,     ,    .

        [39 -   . : Sowell (2004a, 2004b).]. ,      ,          ,           ,        ,    [40 - ., : Krugman (1998) Siebert (1997)].     ,             .        ,     .




    


          .

Donald MacCloskey, The Rhetoric of Economics[41 - McCloskey (1985:5).]

          30  [42 - ., : Sheffrin (1996).].        .          Quarterly Journal of Economics  1893.:    ,       ,    ,    ,      ,      [43 - Newcomb (1893: 375).].

    ,          .                   :          ,       [] ,     ,  .       , ,   ,            ; ,    ?    ,    ,         [44 - Smith (1981: 488489);  (2007, 471).].

   ,      :     ,         .         ,     ,      . , , ,    ,     ,    ,       [45 - Smith (1981: 493);  (2007: 476).].

  ,          [46 - Smith (1981: 796);  (2007: 735).],      ,   .

  XIX                .        ,       :     ,           ,     ,      [47 - Bastiat (1964a: 123);  (2010: 168).].       ,            .     ,         ,   , ,        ,     !

       .          :  ,   ,     ,     ,  .       ,     ,      ,     ,     [48 - Knight (1960: 19).].

           .        ,                [49 - ., : Drazen (2000), Persson and Tabellini (2000)  Rodrik (1996).       . : Romer (2003).].            :   ,       ? ,     ,   . ,           ,       ,    ,   ,    ,   [50 - Stigler (1986: 309).        (Stigler 1959)     (Stigler 1959).].

               ,     ,     ,      .      :   ,            ,        [51 - Skousen (1997: 150).].  (      ),       .

    !           ;    ,      . , ,     ,       ,    ,          .    ,     ,    ,    [..   ].    .

 ,              .            ,      .    ,     ,      .        .  1:  ,   ,     .       ,           .  2: ,     ,      .         .  ,          ,  ;   ,      ,  .  ,     ,            . ,     ,      .




   


             ,   ,       .

    ,      :                    .

Paul Krugman, Pop Internationalism[52 - Krugman (1996: 5).]

        : ?             .            .       (folly), ,   , .

?  :       ,     !      ,          .                     .      [53 -      : Caplan (2003b).].     ,   ,  ,     .         ,     .

             ,           .      ?         .           .

    ,   (beliefs)      ,      .       ,    .  ,                 [54 - Shermer (2002: 82).].   ,     .             [55 - ,    ,   (Caplan 2001a),  (Akerlof 1989)   (Dickens 1982).].           .        ,     ,   ,  ,   [56 - Rand (1957: 944). 


 XVII.  enthusiasm  () ,  enthusiast   . . .].

     ,       ,   .           ,  [57 -  XVII.  enthusiasm  () ,  enthusiast   . . .].         :       (  )        ,           , ,       ?  ,      [58 - Locke (1977: 570;  . . .);  (1985: 177).].

      .    .  ,   ,      ,     .     .   ,  ,   .   ,       ,    : , , ,          ,       ,     ,    [59 - Locke (1977: 571);  (1985: 179, 190).].

,     ,     .    :    ,                        ,    ,               [60 - Locke (1977: 571);  (1985: 179).].

   ,        .   ,        , ,     ,    .              .   ,    : , , .  ,  ,    ,  .      ,           ,        .    ,    ,    [61 - Nietzsche (1954: 635).].

  ,         ,       .        ,          ()   :                 ,     ,           [62 - Le Bon (1960: 73);  (2010: 236).].              The True Believer,   ,           [interchangeable]:          ;         ,          [63 - Hoffer (1951: 27).].

 ,    ,   ,        ,  .    / .     ,             [64 -        ,         (Converse 1964).].     ,         [65 -       Arendt (1973)  Friedrich and Brzezinsky (1965).].   ,       .           .        .     , ,    [66 - Hoffer (1951: 27).].   ,   ,               ,         ,          ,      [67 - Crossman (1949: 203).].   1984   ,     ,    ,     ,    [68 - Orwell (1983).].           ?.

  ,      .               ,        [69 -      ,   ,       .            .    ,       ?   (Hoffer 1951: 14).]. ,       ,       .            ,           .        ,     ,     ,         .

    ,        ,    [70 -  (Shermer 2002)   .].       ,        ,    .




 


  :      ,   ,   ,      .

 ,  [71 - Bastiat (1964a: 84);  (2010: 114).]

        ,           .  ? ,      ,    .   ,  ,         :       .  ,        ?

           .     ,  ,   ,       ,    .            .         ,       .     ?  ( ,   )   .      ,  ,    ,     .

     ,       [72 -   . : Spence (1977).].     ?     ,     ,      . ,      ,     ,    .    ,       .     ,               .         ,               .                .

        ,     ,   .      ,                ,      .     ,    .   ,    ,      .  ,      ,     .   ,     ,     .        ,     ?         ,      ,    ,      .             1000 .,   ,     ,  0,1%,  ,       ,  1 .      .

           :         [73 -   ,        (Akerlof 1989).].   ,         , ..   ,     .     .  ,    ,    ,         ,   .    ,    :   ;   ,    :  ,    ,      !

           . ,          1 .       ,     1000 .           1 000 000 .      501 .    .

         ,                .     ,   ,         ,     .       ,           ,         .     ,       ,     ,        .




  


   ,     ,  ,       .

. . [74 - Andrews (1993: 229).]

          ,     .     .    ,      .          ,         . ,     ,            .    ,  ,     [75 -         . : Mansbridge (1990), Sears and Funk (1990), Citrin and Green (1990)  Sears et al. (1980).       .: Gelman et al. (2005), Luttbeg and Martinez (1990)  Kamieniecki (1985).       .: Ponza et al. (1988).         .: Shapiro and Mahajan (1986).].

        ,   ?     , ,    ,     .           .       .       ,     :           ?    ,      .

     ?         ,       ,   .      ,        ,    , ,   ,    .           ,      .       ,     ,        [76 - Blinder (1987: 89).].  ?     ,    .         :      ;       ,   ,      .      ,     ;     ,     [77 - Le Bon (1960: 110);  (2010: 275276).].

  ,          ,    .            .        . /       ,       ,   ,      ,     .     ,      ,    ;    ,      ,     .

        (shirking), ..   [78 - ., : Jacobs and Shapiro (2000)  Bender and Lott (1996).].   ,       . Merriam?Websters Collegiate Dictionary    ,               [79 - Merriam?Websters Collegiate Dictionary (2003: 330).].  ,     .    .            ,    .  ,      ,    .            ,        ,    [80 - .: Fremling and Lott (1996, 1989).].

      ,     .      [81 -          . : Matsusaka (2005), Persson and Tabellini (2004, 2000), Gerber and Lewis (2004), Besley and Case (2003), Persson (2002), Besley and Coate (2000)  Levitt (1996).].      .     ?      ?   ,    .   ?  ? ,    ,     .          .   ,      (,  )                 ,          .

       ,   ,  ,   ,        .

,   ,  ,           , .        ,     ?    ?       .     ,     .          [82 -  ,  , ,     ? ,       .       .].     ,         ,       .        ,      .

 ,      ,        .

     ,   .                    .      ,         .   ,   ,    ,    ,    ,    [83 -   Sutter (2006)         .           . : Wittman (2005b);     : Mullainathan and Shleifer (2005). 


    ,     (       ).       ,       (   )      . .  , . 54, 83, 130, 142, 177, 206, 208, 212, 213, 243, 245, 252, 253, 312  . .].

,  ,    ,    .           .        [84 -     ,     (       ).       ,       (   )      . .  , . 54, 83, 130, 142, 177, 206, 208, 212, 213, 243, 245, 252, 253, 312  . .]      ,            .                ,    . ,            (        ),          .    ,          ,     ,     .

,        .     (     )  ,    .    ,     , ,    ,   . ,   ,      ,       .            ,    :       .      ,       .       ,       ,      .  ,   ,   .         ,   ,     . ,     ,    .        ,        ,   .







   ,              .   ,         .  ,  ,        ,  ,           .

       ,         .  , ,          ,          .                    .  ,      ,    ,     ,   ,            1972  2000.[85 - Abramson, Aldrich, and Rohde (2002: 131).  2]  ,            .          ,    ,   .    , ?        ,       ,    .

          .           ?        :               .              ,     .    ,      ,  ,   .        ,      ,  .            .




 2

     



 ,        ,    ,       ,    ,     ,      .

 ,  [86 - Le Bon (1960: 114);  (2010: 280).]

           ,     .         ,        ,     .    ,    :   ,         ,     ,      .       ,         ,      ,    .      [dead weight loss]        ,      [87 - Becker (1976b: 246).].

       ,          :       . ,       ,    [outed][88 - , ? (Austen?Smith 1991)   Magee et al. (1989).].     Journal of Political Economy        ,          ,                 [89 - Coate and Morris (1995: 1212).].     :     ,     ,         [90 - Rodrik (1996: 38).].       ,    ?           ,    .




        


 ?    ,  ,         .           .  ,      ,   ,    [91 - ., : Kruger and Dunning (1999), Camerer (1995), Taylor (1989), Hogarth and Reder (1987), Gigerenzer and Murray (1987), Kahneman, Slovic and Tversky (1982), Tversky and Kahneman (1982a), Lichtenstein, Fischhoff, and Phillips (1982)  Nisbett and Ross (1980).]. ,     ,  ,  .   ,    50%           [92 -    ,   .: Tversky and Kahneman (1982b)  Slovic, Fischhoff, and Lichtenstein.      .: Kruger and Dunning (1999)  Gilovich (1991).].     ,     (Psychology and Economics)[93 - ., : Sunstein (2000), Rabin (1998), Babcock and Loewenstein (1997)  Thaler (1992).].

   ,    ,       ,       .             [94 - Harrison and List (2004)  List (2003).].    ,            .      ,          ,  ,      ,      [95 -      ,         ,  , ,         (Thaler 1992: 107121).].       ,              .      ,           [96 - ., : Smith (2003), Goldstein and Gigerenzer (2002), Gigerenzer (2001, 2000)  Cosmides and Tooby (1996).]. ,         ,       .        ,           .

   ,    ,     ,    .        ?          ,   ,   .     ,   ,            .      ,          ,           ,      ,      .

,        ,   ,         ,      .      ,       .  ,        [97 - .: Bartels (2004, 1996), Althaus (2003, 1998, 1996), Gilens (2001), Duch, Palmer, and Anderson (2000), Kuklinski et al. (2000), Krause and Granato (1998), Krause (1997), Krause (1997)  Delli Carpini and Keeter (1996).      . : Lau and Redlawsk (1997).].    ,      ,         .

           ,      ,            .     ,         .                    [98 - Kaiser Family Foundation and Harvard University (1995).].     ,                           .

      ,          . ,  ,          .                 (Statistical Abstract of the United States)[99 - Economics and Statistics Administration (2004).].        .     , .. ,     ,       ,   ,   [100 -           Bartels (2004, 1996), Althaus (2003, 1998, 1996), Gilens (2001)  Delli Carpini and Keeter (1996).].      :

1.           .

2.          ( ,  ,   ..)      .

3.,     ,             .

,           :      ,      ,       .      .       I.Q.     ,      ,     ,       ..

  I.Q. ,           ,        ,      .   ,        I.Q.                I.Q.



 2.1

    






  ,   ,      ,        ,   I.Q.    .        I.Q.     ,   ,           ?   ,   ?

 ,   ,       ,   ,      ,   I.Q.    . ,    ,  ,          ,       .

    , ,      (  )     (  ),     .          25%.               0  10,  0     ,  10   .       4,5.

        ,                     .          (3)   .          (4)   .    (3,5)       .

           ,                .        ,  .

            :            .   ,              ,     [101 - Althaus (2003: 60).].           :

1.?,             ,  ,    ,            [102 - Althaus (2003: 128130).].           ,     .    ,          .        :      ,        .

2. ,         ? ,   ,              ,     ,     [103 - Althaus (2003: 130).]. ,                    .

3. ,        ? ,   ,         ,       .  ,         ,       ,          ,                        . ,      1996.    ,      : ,    ,           ,  ,    ,          [104 - Althaus (2003: 131, 111).].        .            :     ,        .

   ,      ,      .            .       .     ,          ,     ,    ?       .     ,       ,                .  ,   ,                   .






.2.1.         . : Althaus (2003: 111)



, ,  ,   ,   . ,    62%     ; 38%   .       15    ;    62  38  47  53.                (69%  31%    52%  48% )      (54%  46%    56%  44% )[105 - Althaus (2003: 115, 109).].




      


 ,    ,  ,   .            ,       ,       ,     ,         .      ,   .

       ,    ,      .     ,       ,       ,      ,      .                .   ,      .

   ,        . ,     ,       .           ,            , ,   ,       ,       [106 - Krugman (1996: 118).         .].

           .    ,       . ,    ,     ,       ,      .      ,       .         ,         ,      ? .  ,            .       ,        ,    .

,   .       ,     .      ,     .        ,         ,    ,       .

       ,       . ,     .     ,       .               ,          ?     .

   .       ,        [107 -         .: Blaug (2001).].  ,             .  ,    ,         ,           .        .

,          ?   ,             [108 - ,     ,          .].         (antimarket bias),    (antiforeign bias),      (make?work bias)    (pessimistic bias).      , ,  , .         ,       ,    ,   ,   ,    .        .




 


     .

 [109 - Herman (1997: 48).]


               .      .   ,              ,   ,     .        ,     .      ,      .          ?  ?        ,    ,      ,      ,   .

          , ..      [110 - ., : Sowell (2004a, 2004b), Caplan and Cowen (2004), Mueller (1999), Klein (1999), Shleifer (1998), Cowen (1998), Mises (1998, 1996, 1966), Shiller (1997), Sachs and Warner (1995), Blinder (1987), Henderson (1986), Rhoads (1985), Smith (1981)/  (2007)  Schultze (1977).].       ,              .         ,    .   ,             ,          .

           :    ,         .    ,      ;  ,     ,     [111 - Schumpeter (1950: 144);  (2007: 526).].

, , ,    ,        ,    ,    ,   [112 - Schumpeter (1954: 234);  (2001: 300).].    ,     .         .      ,      [113 -  (Rubin 2003)     .].

      .        .         :           , ,    .         .   [   ]     ,       ;        [114 - Schultze (1977: 18, 47).].

          .   :   ,    .            .       ,    .    ,        ? ,    ,  ,    ,   :    .       [115 - Mises (1981a: 325).].       ,      :

              ,    ,      .   ,             .       ;   .

   ,        ,        [116 - Mises (1966: 854);  (2005: 801).].

        ,   .     ,       ,     ,     [117 -    ,    (Sowell 2004a: 413)   , ..                 .]. (              ?    .)  ,    , ,   ,  ,         ,    .          ?,     .          ,  ,        .

             .    ,    :     ,      ?,    .     ,    ,             .         :         :          ,    .       ,     .         ,   , , ,      ,    [118 - Smith (1981: 454);  (2007, 441).].

        ,       .         ,     ?       ?              . ,    ,    .   ,    ,       :    ,        ,  ,     .      ,      ,   ,       [119 - Smith (1981: 456);  (2007, 443).].    ,    ;  ,  ,   ,        .

        .             ,           ,  [120 -   .: Houkes (2004)  B?hm?Bawerk (1959); ? (2009).].        :      ,    .         ? ,        :   ,  ,       , ,  ,         ,         .                  [121 - Bohm?Bawerk (1959: 10); ? (2009: 276).].

      ,        :    ,    ,    .       [122 - Kuran (2004: 39).].

      ,           :      ,       .       .           ,        .    1979.            5 ,   1992.         .         [123 - Kuran (2004: 57).].

             ?   ,    ,    :         . ,      ,     ,     ,       .

              [124 - Blinder (1987: 136159).].       ,        ?      ,          . ,        ,  ,            .           .     ,  ,    ;           .  ,    ,     ,    .     63    ,     .              [125 - Blinder (1987: 135);   . Kelman (1981: 9899).].

        . , ,   .        [126 - ., : Knight (1960: 9899).].   ,       .                    . , , ,       [127 - ., : Scherer and Ross (1990: 20820).].        ,         .

,         .     :   ,  ,        .            :     , , , ,   ,     ,        ,              . <>     :   ,  ,           [128 - Bastiat (1964b: 19, 20);  (2006: 30, 31).].

       ?     . ,        ,      ,        .      ,     .   ,     ,   ,    ,  ,      .

,          ,        [129 - ., : Stiglitz (2002b)].

  ,      ,    ,   :   ,        .                .         .   ,    ,       .        ,         [130 - ,        ,      .  ,     ,      ,     ,   .         ,                .          ,                (Smith (1981: 84);  (2007: 119120)).],    ,                .

    ?       ,    .        ,      ,         . :             ?  ,      ,           :      ,     [131 - ., : Krugman (1998).     ,             ,          .].

   ,  ,        ,           .   , ,  ,         .        ;        .     :       .    ,        :     , ,   ,        [132 - Mueller (1999: 5).]. ,        :

		    ,
		  ,
		      !
		  ,
		  ,
		   
		  !
		     ,
		   .
		   ,
		    , !
		,    ![133 - Boubilil, Kretzmer, and Natel (1990: 36).]

   ,        . ,        .

    ?   ,  ,   .   :   ,      .      :         ,    .     :  ,    ,       [134 - Mueller (1999).].   ,          .     , ,   ,     .

,         ,  ,      [135 - Krugman (2003); Stiglitz (2003).].     ,  ,    .   ,           .        ,       .




  


          , ,      ,         .                    ,   ,        .

William Greider, Who Will Tell the People?[136 - Greider (1992: 395).]

   ,  ,  ,          :

1.    .

2.      .

     ,     ,        .     eBay. ,    ,     ,        [137 - ., : Hainmueller and Hiscox (forthcoming, 2005a), Poole (2004), Bhagwati (2002), Roberts (2001), Krugman (1996), Irwin (1996), Phelps (1993), Blinder (1987), Henderson (1986)  Taussig (1905).].      ,   : ?   ,        ?

         ,   ,        . ,   ,   .      ,       .   ,  ,          ,             ,        ;  ,      ,     ,               [138 - Newcomb (1893: 379).].

       .        :     ,    ,     .          .               ,     .   ,      [139 - Blinder (1987: 111).].

 , ,    ,        .           : ,         ,        .  ?      ?     ,       ,              ,    ,      [140 - Smith (1981: 457);  (2007: 444).].

   ,    .          Quarterly Journal of Economics,         ,           ,        [141 - Newcomb (1893: 377).].       [142 - . Irwin (1996).],         .   ,   ,         ,         :           .     . ,    ,     .  ,    ,       ,        ,        [143 - Krugman (1996: 124125).].

         ,   ,   ,       .   ,    ,       .       ? ,          ,              ,    .         ,     .    ,    :       .    ,     ,     ,      .    ,       .    ,    ,    .     ,   .    ,            .           [144 - Landsburg (1993: 197).  (Landsburg 1993: 197)     .  (Krugman 1996: 11920)      (Ingram 1983).].

       .   ,       , ,       ,         [145 - ., : Bhagwati (2002)  Irwin (1996).]. ,     10   5  ,       2  .        ,      .       ,       ,          .

 ?     ?       XVIIIXIX.          :  ,    ,  ,    ,                  [146 - Smith (1981: 429);  (2007: 420).].    ,        ,                   .

      , ,   .  ,    ,     .            ,     , ,   ?           .           ,      .     ?           Tower Records.         ,        [147 -            .         ()  ,        .     (Stiglitz 2002a: 173174),       , ,       ,     ,       .].

       .    ,      ,     .  ,      .        .       ,       ,      .

        .       ?   ,  ,   ,    .            :    ,        .                .         ,        ,     [148 - .: William J. Clinton Foundation (2005).].  ,  ,        ,       .     ,         .    .

  .     ,     ,  , ,   ,   ,  .    1983  1987. 28%        ,    ,   8%        3%   [149 -   GSS  JAPAN, ENGLAND CANADA.].  ,          .   ,      ,      ,    .         ,      .                           1985?  2004?[150 - U.S. Census Bureau (2005a, 2005b).        ,        .].     1980?             50%[151 - Bureau of Economic Analysis (2005).]. ,       ?,     .

              .          .     . ,       .                 ,        .       :        ,           [152 - Krugman (1996: 84).].




    


  ,              .  :     . <>       . <>    ,      ;     ,   ,                  .

 ,  [153 - Bastiat (1964a: 2627);  (2010: 3334).]

   ,         ,       ,   .      . ?     ,          .           ;   ,  100 000       100 000      .    ,            ,    ,  .

     ,      ,     .      ,    ,  .  , ..         ?,      ,   .        , ..      [154 - ., : Cox and Alm (1999), Krugman (1998), Davis, Haltiwanger, and Schuh (1996), Henderson (1986)  Bastiat (1964a, 1964b)/ (2006, 2010).]. ,      ,             .   :   :  ,    ?    ,  .                . ,    ,      ,       .      ,      .            .        ,     ,    [155 - Blinder (1987: 17).].

     .    ,     , ..    ,  ? .

        .          ,    ,   ,        .       ,      ,   .          .             [156 - Bastiat (1964a: 20);  (2010: 24).].

          ,     .  ,    ,        [157 - Bastiat (1964a: 20);  (2010: 24).].

  Quarterly Journal of Economics  1893.   :                .         ,       ,       ,       ,     ,      ,         [158 - Newcomb (1893: 380).].

     .  XIX  ,     ,    ,   .            .                   QJE.               .         ,         ,      ,  ?   .

   .             .    ,     .         , ,      ,    .   , ,    ,  .       ,     ,     : ,   ,     ,          ,                ,        [159 - Schlesinger (1957: 462).].

     ,      ,    ,   .      ;              .          ,     ,  ,      .       ,    ,   ,    ?   .

   ,            .      ,          .        :       ,    ,   ,     [160 - Cox and Alm (1999: 116).        (Schaumpeter 1950: 8186).].           :      :  1800.  100  95 ,   .  1900      40.    3 ,       ,      ,  , , , , ,   ,  ,   ,  ,              ,    ,        ,             [161 - Cox and Alm (1999: 128).].

   ,        :   ,    .                     .              [162 - Blinder (1987: 124).     ,   ,       ,   .].      .      ,        .

     ,           .         ,       :    .       ?  ,    ,        ,   ,     .

       ,    ,      ,         .      :    ,             ,  ,       . ,   ,  ?    ,       [163 - Cox and Alm (1999: 133).].

     ,        [164 - Cox and Alm (1999: 111).].      ,     ,        .       .   ,            :                  ,  ,           . <>   ,     [165 - Bastiat (1964a: 10);  (2010: 11).].

            .

     .  ,    ,   ,   .       ,       ,  [166 - Bastiat (1964a: 10);  (2010: 11).].

      ,  ;          .   ,   ,      ,     .          .




 


         .    ,     ,    .

 , 1898[167 - Herman (1997: 173). 


 (    )     . ?      .      .       .]

         .    ,      .  ,              .  ,         ,       ,       .             ,         .   ,      ,     .

        .   ,    .    ,  ,          [168 -  (    )     . ?      .      .       .].      ,          ?,         .

         .       .  ,  ,     ,     .    ,      ;       ,      .      , ..        () ,     [169 - ., : Kling (2004), Easterbrook (2003), Lomborg (2001), Cox and Alm (1999), Mueller (1999), Whittman (1998), Simon (1996, 1995b), Samuelson (1995)  McCloskey (1993).].

        :         [170 - Rae (1965: 343).].   ,     ,   ,     .           .      ,    ,    ,        .

 ,       .    ,    .   ,      .      100   ,   ,     .         ,  ,      .

       .     ,           .          ,        ,        .       .           ,   [171 - ., : Krugman (1998, 1996)  Blinder (1987).].       ,        ,    ,      [172 - ., : Johnson (2000), Fogel (1999)  Lucas (1993).].

                   .   The Ideas of Decline in Western History   ,     ,   ,  ,    ,      ,   :       ?[173 - Herman (1997: 13).]   Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity        ,       :    ,   ,     ,        ,     ,       .  ,  (          )                            ,         [174 - Lovejoy and Boas (1965: 7).        ,        ,    .       ,      ,         ,         .].

        ,   ,         .      ;       .           ,      .        ,  ,    :    ,             ,                 .       ,          ,     [175 - Smith (1981: 343;  . . .);  (2007: 350).].

,    ,    ,     :        ? ,       ,       .       ,         ,     ,       ,         ,     ,     [176 - Smith (1981: 343344;  . . .);  (2007: 351).].

,              ,        :                    [177 - Hume (1987: 464).].          : ,   ,  , , ,          ,   ,      [178 - Hume (1987: 7374);  (1996: 519).].

    ,  XIX.     .        .  XIX.,    , ?       .         ,     .            [179 - ., : Mises (1971b).].

   XIX.     .          [180 - Herman (1997: 65).].   ,      ,      [181 - Spencer (1981: 3).].   ,     ,   ,  ,     .     ,     ,        .

          ,  ,     ,      ,      ,      ,       .          ,     ,            [182 - Spencer (1981: 6).].

   ,       .  ,         ,      ,    ,  .      ,    ,  ,    .  ,   ,      :             150 ,       ,        [183 - Herman (1987: 297, 1).].

          ?[184 -       . : Easterbrook (2003), Cox and Alm (1999), Mueller (1999)  Whitman (1998).]         ,         , , ,      [185 - ., : Pew Research Center (1997).].          :  ,         ,    ?   , ,    ,   , ,     ,      [186 - Easterbrook (2003: 119).].

   ,           :        .           :          ,    ,   ?       [187 - Cox and Alm (1999: 200, 44).].       : ?       .     ,       .  ,      :    .         ,  ,     ,    ,         ,      [188 - Cox and Alm (1999: 197).].

        .          ,   ,  ,       [189 - Krugman (1996: 48).].   ,                  .     1990?    [190 - .: Krueger and Solow (2001).].       ,            ,   .         :   ,   ![191 - Krugman (1996: 214).]

      ,     ,  ,        .        ,     ,  ,     [192 - ., : Starke (2004).    ,     ?     .      . : Whitman (1998).].   ,              .  1960?           ,         [193 - Erlich (1968).].     ,        ,     ,        ?.

   .        ,  ,       ,       ,      [194 - Simon (1996, 1995a).].        ,     ,     :            , ,   ,   ,         ,            ,    ,             ,   [195 - Simon (1995b: 642?43).].

    ,         ,     ,         ,   ,    [196 - ., : Dasgupta et al. (2002), Freeman (2002), Lomborg (2001)  Johnson (2000).   (Cole 2003)                   ,      .].       Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990,      ,         ,   [197 - Kremer (1993).       ,    (Diamond (1997); .: , 2010)           ,     .]. :           .  , ,     ,   ,      ,    [198 -    ) ,  ,    ,  ) ,  ,    ,        .    ,  ,  ?    .              ,   ,  ,    .        ,       .].   :       ,         ?  :       ?







     .      .  ,           .    ,       ,     ,    .  ?     ,       .  ,                [199 - Kirchgassner (2005).].

 ,   ,             .  ,   , ,   ,     . ,   ,    ,      .    ,    .     .       .      .        .

         :           ?   ,            ,  ,          .        ?      ,      ?




 3

       



 ,   ,           ,       ,    ,       ,                 ;              .      .

Paul Krugman, Pop Internationalism[200 - Krugman (1996: 78).]

  ,     ,      ,          .   ?     , ,   ,     .   ,     .   ,      ,    ,      )      )    ?.         ,  ?

   .      :         ?    .       ,     .       ,      .

       ,    [201 -    : Blinder and Krueger (2004), Chicago Council on Foreign Relations (2004), Fuller and Geide?Stevenson (2003), Chicago Council on Foreign Relations and the German Marshall Fund of the United States (2002a, 2002b, 2002c), Walstad and Rebeck (2002), Scheve and Slaughter (2001a, 2001b), Fuchs, Krueger and Poterba (1998), Walstad (1997, 1992), Frey and Eichenberger (1993, 1992), Walstad and Larsen (1992), Alsten, Kearl, and Vaughn (1992), Ricketts and Shoesmith (1990), Conover, Feldman and Knight (1986), Rhoads (1985), Pommerehne et al. (1984), McClosky and Zaller (1984), Chong, McClosky, and Zaller (1983)  Kearl et al. (1979).].          ,   ,  . , ,     .    ,  . .   ,     ,     ,     ,  ,    [202 - .: Fuller and Geide?Stevenson (2003), Alster, Kearl and Vaughn (1998)  Kearl et al. (1979).].  2000., 72,5%       20,1%   ,   6%    . ,    1970?    1990.          .

       ?      Worldviews[203 - Chicago Council on Foreign Relations and the German Marshall Fund of the United States (2002a).]        :   , ,            ,     .  ,                     . ,    : ,    ,  ,  ,   ?[204 -  765.]

      .        1977.,   18%      ,  66%   .         .  2002.          38%  50% ,     .   85%     ,            ,    ![205 -  575/8.  Chicago Council on Foreign Relations and the German Marshall Fund of the United States (2002b)      Worldviews 2002. Hiscox (2006),          ,       ,   .   770      :      ,           .  75%    .    ,      .                  .  ,        ,   .  ,                     .   ,     (93%) ,        ,            ( 775).           . : Hiscox (2006).]

         .         ,    .   .   1970?    .   ,            [206 - Kearl et al. (1979:30).].        .       (General Social Survey,   GSS) ,    ,        [207 -    GSS  PRICECON (General Social Survey 1998).].   ,     ,   ,   ,    2: 1,   3: 1.    .   ,  ,     .

          ,    ,  ,    .          Worldviews  GSS,    .  ,     .         1970? ,   GSS  19801990?.

 ,           .      .    ,                 ,          .        :     ,   ,      ,     ,  .




 :  ,    


 ,             .  1996.  Washington Post,  Kaiser Family Foundation    Harvard University Survey Project         (the Survey of Americans and Economists on the Economy;   )[208 - Washington Post, Kaiser Family Foundation, and Harvard University Survey Project (1996).]. ,       1510     250   ,   ,            [209 -       : Blendon et al. (1997).].     ,       .               .

        ,     .    37 ,   4 [210 -       37.       ,      .      ?  .].      ,     ,         ,      ,     .    18 .       ,        ? ,     .   7 .        .

       .      ,         :     .          .         .                  ?

     ,       ,  .         :             ,     ,   [211 - Kahneman and Tversky (1982: 493).].     ?   .

    ,    .    ,    ,  ,   ,    ?    . ,   , ,     ,   :        ,    ,        .  ?,  ,  ,            [212 - Greider (1992: 36).].               .      ,      .

                 ,       :         ,      [213 - Andrews (1993: 262).].         .  ,      .     ,    ,   ,   ,      ? ,      ,         ,  ,    ,    ѻ[214 - Kelman (1981: 7).].

       ,  ,       ,     .     ,          ,    :

    ,                 ? ,      ,   ?     .   ()             ,            ,      . <>      :         [215 - Kelman (1981: 7).].    ,    : ,     ,     .            .

  :   ,     ,   .   ,     .        .

:   (self?serving bias).  ,        ,  [216 - ., : Dahl and Ransom (1999)  Babcock and Loewenstein (1997).].        ,  ,  ,  ,    ,   .           . ,      ?, ?     XIX.[217 - Marx (1965: 609);  (1960: 623).]     ,     ,  ,   ,    ,   ,      ,     ,   , ?     [218 - Mises (1962: 86);  (2006: 133134).].   ,    Washington Post  , :              ,  ,  ,   ,    ,    20            ,       [219 - Brossard and Pearlstein (1996: A6).].           :   ,      ?

      ,   (ideological bias),    ,    [220 - ., : Soros (1998), Kuttner (1997, 1991, 1984), Greider (1997, 1992)  Lazonick (1991).].    ,                 ,   [221 - Kuttner (1997: 34).].      .      : ,        .

 ,     .     ,          .     ?         .     ?        .   ,        .      :  ,  ,    ,   .       .

   ,        ,    .      .     ,   :      ,        ?    :        ,             ?[222 -           .]

, ,        ,    , ,    .      ?             ,            [223 -       ,           .        ,           .  ,        .           .].    ,   ,         .    ,              ,         .       ,       .

          2.          ,    ,         ,         .  ,  ,  ,     ,               .     ,       ,             .

             ,       .        :

?,     ;

?,       .

?,    .

,                ,           .                 ,          .    ? ,        ?       .

        ,   ,      .        .    ,     , , ,    ,   ,          . ,  .         ,      .                .

  , , ,        ,   .           20%       .  80%     .    ,   ,     ,    ,   ,   ,   .

  ,       .     .  , ,    ,      .  ,    ,   ,   .   (    )    ,         ,    .

                ,      .  ,     ,    ,  ,   .             ,    ?,           .                  ,   .        .        ,   ,      .




 ,  I


 11     :            ,       ,     .

     , ,     ,   ,      ,   .     :      ,      .

   .3.1:        ,   .       ,     .     ,   .    ,             ,     , , ?,  ,    .

         .    ,    ;            .   ,       ,    ,   ,     .   ,          [224 -  ,           .       ,             ,     .      ,   ?, , .].






.3.1.  1:   .

0 =  ; 1 =  ; 2 =  



     ,      ,       .           (. .3.2).          .      ,          . ,       ;              .






.3.2.  2:     .

0 =  ; 1 =  ; 2 =  






.3.3.  3:      .

0 =  ; 1 =  ; 2 =  



      (.3.3)            .         .    ,      ,         .      ,  ,   ,  [225 - ., : Easterly (2001).]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/brayan-kaplan/mif-o-racionalnom-izbiratele-pochemu-demokratii-vybiraut-plo/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 . . . .: , 2008;  .   . .: , , 2010.




2


Simon (2000).




3


       . : Wintrobe (1998).




4


  ,       . : Friedman (2002), Krugman (1998), Olson (1996)  Blinder (1987).   Irwin (1996)        .




5


Grossman and Helpman (2001, 1996, 1994), Rowley, Tollison and Tullock (1998)  Brennan and Buchanan (1998)       . Somin (2004), Magee, Brock and Young (1989), Weingast, Shepsle, and Johnson (1981)  Downs (1957)            .




6


. : Wittman (1985, 1989)  Stigler (1986).




7


          . : Sheffrin (1996), Kahneman, Slovic and Tversky (1982)  Nisbett and Ross (1980).        ,       ,  ,  ,         .




8


      . : Tetlock (2003).




9


., : Applebaum (2003), Courtois et al. (1999), Becker (1996), Payne (1995), Dreze and Sen (1990)  Conquest (1986).




10


    . : Dahl (1989).




11


Eigen and Siegel (1993: 109).




12


., : MacEwan (1999), Soros (1998), Kuttner (1997, 1991, 1984)  Greider (1997, 1992).




13


., : Caplan (2002(a)), Alston, Kearl and Vaughn (1992), Blinder (1987)  Schultze (1977).  1




14


Mencken (1975: 375).




15


Olson (1971)  Downs (1957)  ,          .    ,     , .: Edlin, Gelman, and Kaplan (forthcoming), Gelman, Katz, and Bafumi (2004), Mulligan and Hunter (2003), Gelamn, King, and Boscardin (1998)  Meehl (1977).




16


Kuttner (1996: xi).




17


., : Kelman (1998)  Rhoads (1985).




18


   ,     . ,        ,    . ,    ,          .         (Green and Shapiro (1994)).




19


. Quirk (1990, 1988).




20


Surowiecki (2004: 11).




21


    ., : Surowiecki (2004), Austen?Smith and Banks (1996), Wittman (1985, 1989), Page and Shapiro (1993, 1992), Levy (1989)  Muth (1961).




22


     : Hoffman (1998).




23


Page and Shapiro (1993: 41).




24


Converse (1990: 83).




25


Brainy Quote (2005b).




26


Surowiecki (2004).




27


Surowiecki (2004: xi  xiii, 34, 711, 1115, 1722).




28


Page and Shapiro (1993: 41)




29


    : Somin (2004, 2000, 1999, 1998), Delli Carpini and Keeter (1996), Dye and Zeigler (1996), Bennett (1996), Smith (1989), Neuman (1986)  Converse (1964).




30


Delli Carpini and Keeter (1996: 117).




31


Dye and Zeigler (1992: 206).




32


Delli Carpini and Keeter (1996: 116122, 8992).




33


Lecky (1981: 22).




34


  . : Althaus (2003, 1998, 1996), Bartels (2004, 1996), Gilens (2001), Wolfers (2001)  Delli Carpini and Keeter (1996).




35


    : Rabin (1998), Thaler (1992), Quattrone and Tversky (1988, 1984), Simon (1985), Kahneman, Slovic, and Tversky (1982)  Nisbett and Ross (1980).




36


., : Smith (2003, 1991), Cosmides and Tooby (1996), Barkow, Cosmides and Tooby (1992)  Cosmides (1989).




37


       . : Caplan (2002a, 2002b, 2001d).




38


  ,     ,         (Cooter (2000: 3235)).




39


  . : Sowell (2004a, 2004b).




40


., : Krugman (1998) Siebert (1997)




41


McCloskey (1985:5).




42


., : Sheffrin (1996).




43


Newcomb (1893: 375).




44


Smith (1981: 488489);  (2007, 471).




45


Smith (1981: 493);  (2007: 476).




46


Smith (1981: 796);  (2007: 735).




47


Bastiat (1964a: 123);  (2010: 168).




48


Knight (1960: 19).




49


., : Drazen (2000), Persson and Tabellini (2000)  Rodrik (1996).       . : Romer (2003).




50


Stigler (1986: 309).        (Stigler 1959)     (Stigler 1959).




51


Skousen (1997: 150).




52


Krugman (1996: 5).




53


     : Caplan (2003b).




54


Shermer (2002: 82).




55


,    ,   (Caplan 2001a),  (Akerlof 1989)   (Dickens 1982).




56


Rand (1957: 944). 


 XVII.  enthusiasm  () ,  enthusiast   . . .




57


 XVII.  enthusiasm  () ,  enthusiast   . . .




58


Locke (1977: 570;  . . .);  (1985: 177).




59


Locke (1977: 571);  (1985: 179, 190).




60


Locke (1977: 571);  (1985: 179).




61


Nietzsche (1954: 635).




62


Le Bon (1960: 73);  (2010: 236).




63


Hoffer (1951: 27).




64


       ,         (Converse 1964).




65


      Arendt (1973)  Friedrich and Brzezinsky (1965).




66


Hoffer (1951: 27).




67


Crossman (1949: 203).




68


Orwell (1983).




69


     ,   ,       .            .    ,       ?   (Hoffer 1951: 14).




70


 (Shermer 2002)   .




71


Bastiat (1964a: 84);  (2010: 114).




72


  . : Spence (1977).




73


  ,        (Akerlof 1989).




74


Andrews (1993: 229).




75


        . : Mansbridge (1990), Sears and Funk (1990), Citrin and Green (1990)  Sears et al. (1980).       .: Gelman et al. (2005), Luttbeg and Martinez (1990)  Kamieniecki (1985).       .: Ponza et al. (1988).         .: Shapiro and Mahajan (1986).




76


Blinder (1987: 89).




77


Le Bon (1960: 110);  (2010: 275276).




78


., : Jacobs and Shapiro (2000)  Bender and Lott (1996).




79


Merriam?Websters Collegiate Dictionary (2003: 330).




80


.: Fremling and Lott (1996, 1989).




81


         . : Matsusaka (2005), Persson and Tabellini (2004, 2000), Gerber and Lewis (2004), Besley and Case (2003), Persson (2002), Besley and Coate (2000)  Levitt (1996).




82


 ,  , ,     ? ,       .       .




83


  Sutter (2006)         .           . : Wittman (2005b);     : Mullainathan and Shleifer (2005). 


    ,     (       ).       ,       (   )      . .  , . 54, 83, 130, 142, 177, 206, 208, 212, 213, 243, 245, 252, 253, 312  . .




84


    ,     (       ).       ,       (   )      . .  , . 54, 83, 130, 142, 177, 206, 208, 212, 213, 243, 245, 252, 253, 312  . .




85


Abramson, Aldrich, and Rohde (2002: 131).  2




86


Le Bon (1960: 114);  (2010: 280).




87


Becker (1976b: 246).




88


, ? (Austen?Smith 1991)   Magee et al. (1989).




89


Coate and Morris (1995: 1212).




90


Rodrik (1996: 38).




91


., : Kruger and Dunning (1999), Camerer (1995), Taylor (1989), Hogarth and Reder (1987), Gigerenzer and Murray (1987), Kahneman, Slovic and Tversky (1982), Tversky and Kahneman (1982a), Lichtenstein, Fischhoff, and Phillips (1982)  Nisbett and Ross (1980).




92


   ,   .: Tversky and Kahneman (1982b)  Slovic, Fischhoff, and Lichtenstein.      .: Kruger and Dunning (1999)  Gilovich (1991).




93


., : Sunstein (2000), Rabin (1998), Babcock and Loewenstein (1997)  Thaler (1992).




94


Harrison and List (2004)  List (2003).




95


     ,         ,  , ,         (Thaler 1992: 107121).




96


., : Smith (2003), Goldstein and Gigerenzer (2002), Gigerenzer (2001, 2000)  Cosmides and Tooby (1996).




97


.: Bartels (2004, 1996), Althaus (2003, 1998, 1996), Gilens (2001), Duch, Palmer, and Anderson (2000), Kuklinski et al. (2000), Krause and Granato (1998), Krause (1997), Krause (1997)  Delli Carpini and Keeter (1996).      . : Lau and Redlawsk (1997).




98


Kaiser Family Foundation and Harvard University (1995).




99


Economics and Statistics Administration (2004).




100


          Bartels (2004, 1996), Althaus (2003, 1998, 1996), Gilens (2001)  Delli Carpini and Keeter (1996).




101


Althaus (2003: 60).




102


Althaus (2003: 128130).




103


Althaus (2003: 130).




104


Althaus (2003: 131, 111).




105


Althaus (2003: 115, 109).




106


Krugman (1996: 118).         .




107


        .: Blaug (2001).




108


,     ,          .




109


Herman (1997: 48).




110


., : Sowell (2004a, 2004b), Caplan and Cowen (2004), Mueller (1999), Klein (1999), Shleifer (1998), Cowen (1998), Mises (1998, 1996, 1966), Shiller (1997), Sachs and Warner (1995), Blinder (1987), Henderson (1986), Rhoads (1985), Smith (1981)/  (2007)  Schultze (1977).




111


Schumpeter (1950: 144);  (2007: 526).




112


Schumpeter (1954: 234);  (2001: 300).




113


 (Rubin 2003)     .




114


Schultze (1977: 18, 47).




115


Mises (1981a: 325).




116


Mises (1966: 854);  (2005: 801).




117


   ,    (Sowell 2004a: 413)   , ..                 .




118


Smith (1981: 454);  (2007, 441).




119


Smith (1981: 456);  (2007, 443).




120


  .: Houkes (2004)  B?hm?Bawerk (1959); ? (2009).




121


Bohm?Bawerk (1959: 10); ? (2009: 276).




122


Kuran (2004: 39).




123


Kuran (2004: 57).




124


Blinder (1987: 136159).




125


Blinder (1987: 135);   . Kelman (1981: 9899).




126


., : Knight (1960: 9899).




127


., : Scherer and Ross (1990: 20820).




128


Bastiat (1964b: 19, 20);  (2006: 30, 31).




129


., : Stiglitz (2002b)




130


,        ,      .  ,     ,      ,     ,   .         ,                .          ,                (Smith (1981: 84);  (2007: 119120)).




131


., : Krugman (1998).     ,             ,          .




132


Mueller (1999: 5).




133


Boubilil, Kretzmer, and Natel (1990: 36).




134


Mueller (1999).




135


Krugman (2003); Stiglitz (2003).




136


Greider (1992: 395).




137


., : Hainmueller and Hiscox (forthcoming, 2005a), Poole (2004), Bhagwati (2002), Roberts (2001), Krugman (1996), Irwin (1996), Phelps (1993), Blinder (1987), Henderson (1986)  Taussig (1905).




138


Newcomb (1893: 379).




139


Blinder (1987: 111).




140


Smith (1981: 457);  (2007: 444).




141


Newcomb (1893: 377).




142


. Irwin (1996).




143


Krugman (1996: 124125).




144


Landsburg (1993: 197).  (Landsburg 1993: 197)     .  (Krugman 1996: 11920)      (Ingram 1983).




145


., : Bhagwati (2002)  Irwin (1996).




146


Smith (1981: 429);  (2007: 420).




147


           .         ()  ,        .     (Stiglitz 2002a: 173174),       , ,       ,     ,       .




148


.: William J. Clinton Foundation (2005).




149


  GSS  JAPAN, ENGLAND CANADA.




150


U.S. Census Bureau (2005a, 2005b).        ,        .




151


Bureau of Economic Analysis (2005).




152


Krugman (1996: 84).




153


Bastiat (1964a: 2627);  (2010: 3334).




154


., : Cox and Alm (1999), Krugman (1998), Davis, Haltiwanger, and Schuh (1996), Henderson (1986)  Bastiat (1964a, 1964b)/ (2006, 2010).




155


Blinder (1987: 17).




156


Bastiat (1964a: 20);  (2010: 24).




157


Bastiat (1964a: 20);  (2010: 24).




158


Newcomb (1893: 380).




159


Schlesinger (1957: 462).




160


Cox and Alm (1999: 116).        (Schaumpeter 1950: 8186).




161


Cox and Alm (1999: 128).




162


Blinder (1987: 124).     ,   ,       ,   .




163


Cox and Alm (1999: 133).




164


Cox and Alm (1999: 111).




165


Bastiat (1964a: 10);  (2010: 11).




166


Bastiat (1964a: 10);  (2010: 11).




167


Herman (1997: 173). 


 (    )     . ?      .      .       .




168


 (    )     . ?      .      .       .




169


., : Kling (2004), Easterbrook (2003), Lomborg (2001), Cox and Alm (1999), Mueller (1999), Whittman (1998), Simon (1996, 1995b), Samuelson (1995)  McCloskey (1993).




170


Rae (1965: 343).




171


., : Krugman (1998, 1996)  Blinder (1987).




172


., : Johnson (2000), Fogel (1999)  Lucas (1993).




173


Herman (1997: 13).




174


Lovejoy and Boas (1965: 7).        ,        ,    .       ,      ,         ,         .




175


Smith (1981: 343;  . . .);  (2007: 350).




176


Smith (1981: 343344;  . . .);  (2007: 351).




177


Hume (1987: 464).




178


Hume (1987: 7374);  (1996: 519).




179


., : Mises (1971b).




180


Herman (1997: 65).




181


Spencer (1981: 3).




182


Spencer (1981: 6).




183


Herman (1987: 297, 1).




184


      . : Easterbrook (2003), Cox and Alm (1999), Mueller (1999)  Whitman (1998).




185


., : Pew Research Center (1997).




186


Easterbrook (2003: 119).




187


Cox and Alm (1999: 200, 44).




188


Cox and Alm (1999: 197).




189


Krugman (1996: 48).




190


.: Krueger and Solow (2001).




191


Krugman (1996: 214).




192


., : Starke (2004).    ,     ?     .      . : Whitman (1998).




193


Erlich (1968).




194


Simon (1996, 1995a).




195


Simon (1995b: 642?43).




196


., : Dasgupta et al. (2002), Freeman (2002), Lomborg (2001)  Johnson (2000).   (Cole 2003)                   ,      .




197


Kremer (1993).       ,    (Diamond (1997); .: , 2010)           ,     .




198


   ) ,  ,    ,  ) ,  ,    ,        .    ,  ,  ?    .              ,   ,  ,    .        ,       .




199


Kirchgassner (2005).




200


Krugman (1996: 78).




201


   : Blinder and Krueger (2004), Chicago Council on Foreign Relations (2004), Fuller and Geide?Stevenson (2003), Chicago Council on Foreign Relations and the German Marshall Fund of the United States (2002a, 2002b, 2002c), Walstad and Rebeck (2002), Scheve and Slaughter (2001a, 2001b), Fuchs, Krueger and Poterba (1998), Walstad (1997, 1992), Frey and Eichenberger (1993, 1992), Walstad and Larsen (1992), Alsten, Kearl, and Vaughn (1992), Ricketts and Shoesmith (1990), Conover, Feldman and Knight (1986), Rhoads (1985), Pommerehne et al. (1984), McClosky and Zaller (1984), Chong, McClosky, and Zaller (1983)  Kearl et al. (1979).




202


.: Fuller and Geide?Stevenson (2003), Alster, Kearl and Vaughn (1998)  Kearl et al. (1979).




203


Chicago Council on Foreign Relations and the German Marshall Fund of the United States (2002a).




204


 765.




205


 575/8.  Chicago Council on Foreign Relations and the German Marshall Fund of the United States (2002b)      Worldviews 2002. Hiscox (2006),          ,       ,   .   770      :      ,           .  75%    .    ,      .                  .  ,        ,   .  ,                     .   ,     (93%) ,        ,            ( 775).           . : Hiscox (2006).




206


Kearl et al. (1979:30).




207


   GSS  PRICECON (General Social Survey 1998).




208


Washington Post, Kaiser Family Foundation, and Harvard University Survey Project (1996).




209


      : Blendon et al. (1997).




210


      37.       ,      .      ?  .




211


Kahneman and Tversky (1982: 493).




212


Greider (1992: 36).




213


Andrews (1993: 262).




214


Kelman (1981: 7).




215


Kelman (1981: 7).




216


., : Dahl and Ransom (1999)  Babcock and Loewenstein (1997).




217


Marx (1965: 609);  (1960: 623).




218


Mises (1962: 86);  (2006: 133134).




219


Brossard and Pearlstein (1996: A6).




220


., : Soros (1998), Kuttner (1997, 1991, 1984), Greider (1997, 1992)  Lazonick (1991).




221


Kuttner (1997: 34).




222


          .




223


      ,           .        ,           .  ,        .           .




224


 ,           .       ,             ,     .      ,   ?, , .




225


., : Easterly (2001).


