    ?    .    
 


             ,          .  ,      ,            .         :     ,     ,        .               (  )  19341938.,        .       ,     ,  ,      .





 

    ?    .    



Burton W. FOLSOM, Jr

NEW DEAL or RAW DEAL?

How FDRs Economic Legacy Has Damaged America



 2008 by Burton Folsom

 , 2012



* * *






  (. 1947)   ,       ,        XIX .   .        -        .

      ,    2008 .,            ,          .  ,      ,            .         :     ,     ,        .

              (  )  1934  1938 .,        .       ,     ,  ,      .

 2011 .       . : FDR Goes to War: How Expanded Executive Power, Spiraling National Debt, and Restricted Civil Liberties Shaped Wartime America.




 


         .              .       ,       .

      ,              .     .  ,               .  ,                 ,       .      ,          ,     ,   .     ,     ,              .            ,      ,           .                     .                  .

    ,   -.          WPA   .              1930- .  ,   ,     ,      ,        .        ,  ,   .      .

       ,  ,       .  ,                   .

             ,  ,     ,  . -.     .         :  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .

 . ,     ,                .          .  ,    ,       .  ,    ,     30 .     ;               C-SPAN.

         .    .      /        .     .  . -.   (  )       .        ,    .  ,    ,      ,        .

      .   ,  ,       ,    .                 ,    .               .          ,  1930- .



 -., 29  2008.







     XX     ,          .      ,  [1 -   ,           ,       XVIIIXIX.      ,         ,  .      , ,                       . . .: Ronald D. Rotunda, The Politics of Language: Liberalism as Word and Symbol (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1986) [   .  http://libertynews.ru/node/982]. . .]         ,           ,      .

  ,             ,     ,    ,        .

13  2008.   -     :         ,   ,       ,      ,        .      ,     .       ,     . ,   2007.      3  .     90.        ,      .

         ,      1930- .               ,    ,        ,       .

   ,             100       .           12%.  1930-           .         1929.   1940- .

         ,            .  ,   ,    ,          .   ,  ,    60  :             .   , , ,       ,  ,  .

      ,           :        .       .

 1930-         .          1929.,          .   1930. (   ),        , ,       ,      XX .,  ,  ,      (WPA),    (NRA)      (AAA).         80%,    90%,      ,  ,      .

 ,       ,      ,  .              ,   .       ,  Pay as you go[2 -                         ,                 . . .]   ,               :        .            [3 - .:  .,  .    : ,         . .:   , 2005. . .].           ,       ,      .

  ,        ,          ,        .         ,    ,     .

       ,                     52%,     300 .     ,   ,       .        ,      .          ,    .

 ,        ,  ,        . -     ,     : 27  1942.    ,         25 000 .     100%.           90%,        ,      ,   20%-       500 .  ! ,          1920- .              ,         ,   .

    ,   ,          ,      ,      XX .     .

     :      .  ,  ,  ,       ,          ,  .



 ,
  ,
  - ,
   




 1

  :    



9 1939.  -.,         ,   .       ,       .      , , ,    .

    ,   .     , ,      .      ,   ,            .    ,          ,  .   -  ,       ,      ,   ,     .            ,   ,        .      ,     ,   ,  ,  .      To Henry from one of two of a kind [    ][4 - John M. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Yers of Crisis, 19281938 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959), 3034.  ,     ,     .].

   1939.   .              ,   . ,    20%- .    ,  ,         1930- ;          ;  -        .   ,    ,    .            ,         ,    -     :    .   ,  -,    .    ,      -    .  ,    .  ,     .  ,      .               ,        ,          ![5 -  , 9  1939.,    ,  RPL.    . : Richard K. Vedder and Lowell E. Gallaway, Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1993), 77.]

      ,     .   ,       1939.  ,   1931.,    ,        .  17,2% ,  9 480 000 ,     1939.,  ,   1931.,   16,3%,  8 020 000 .     : 1939.  ,  1932-  1933-,     ,    ,  1931-,            .            .

 ,      1931.         ,       -    .   ,  1939.,      ,        ,   -,  ,  ,  , , ,  .              [6 - U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975), I, 126.].

         ,       ?         ?          .      ,      ,     .          .  ,           .     1940.       . ,   12-   :   ,  ,           .    ,      .   : ,   ,   :   ,    .       . ,  ,    ,   1934.:  ,  ,  .   .   .  .         ,  .  . ,  ,   1935.   :      ,             셻        ,    . -,  ,   :      ,        -   .      ? ,     [7 - Studs Terkel, Hard Times (New York: Avon, 1970), 488; Robert S. McElvaine, ed., Down and Out in the Great Depression (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983), 117, 159, 161, 170171. , ,      ,   . .: Richard J. Jensen, The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 19 (Spring 1989), 553583.].

        ,   1930-  .    ,    ,   .  ,    1930- ,    .  1937  1939.        .            1939.  ,          1920- .  1937  1939.   ;      1939.  ,      1920-.   ,      1930- ,  1939.   ,        [8 - Historical Statistics, II, 651, 716, 012, 958959, 1007.].

    1930-     .  1930  1931.    ,           .  1931.    16 .;         ,  40 .  ,       1930-         ,     150-  .  1776  1931.                     ,    1930- .    , ,       ,     ,    100 .    ,      ,   1939.               ,     1930- .  ,      100 .  (  1930- )      ,      450 ,      ,       [9 - Ibid., 1105, 1117.].

                 1934  1940.             , ,     , ,   ,    -        .  1870  1970.       1888.     [10 - Ibid., 884.].

     .   1930-    . ,      ,          7%.  ,    1920-     ,       16%[11 - Historical Statistics, I, 10, 15.].

      1930-    .     ,  [  1934. ]         . -,     ,     1929  1930.          1930- .       ,                ,  ,   .                   [12 - Ibid., 58; McElvaine, ed., Down and Out in the Great Depression, 103104.].

           1930- .  1933.,     ,        63,3 .  1900.     16            XX .   1940.,        ,      62,9 . ,               .        1900  1933.  1940.           [13 - Historical Statistics, I, 55.].

          .  1933.        54,7 ,   1940.     53,1 .                ,   1933  1940.  .    ,           [14 - Ibid., 55.].

   1930- , -  : , ,    1930-  .       ,           ? ,    ?  ,        ,      .  ,         1930-    , ,    .        ? :           ,    ,     ,   .       ,  [15 - World Economic Survey: Eighth Year, 1938/39 (Geneva: League of Nations, 1939), 128.].

   ,   1930- ,     .     ,         ,  ,           ,  ,   ,    ?          .  1930-     .  10 000          1900  1960.,        1930- .       : 1932.     300 000,     ,     1939.  600 000.    ,    1930-,      ,           [16 - Historical Statistics, I, 64, 77, 414, 415.].

         1930- .         ,      (   ).       컠       ,      .     , . .   -   ,            ,       .     ,     1933  1936.             [17 - David A. Shannon, ed., The Great Depression (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1960), 5861.].




  


 ,   ,       ,     ?     .             ,          .          ,      ,             .

           XX .,      .            ,    , , ,    .               .                .          :

    1920-    ;        .   ,  ,                铅

     :    ;  ,   ,             ;        ;      .  !     ;          ;    ,         ;  ,  ,   ,         .     ,     ,        [18 -      . ,  , : William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, 19321940 (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), IXX.      : Neil Jumonville, Henry Steele Commager: Midcentury Liberalism and the History of the Present (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999).].

              ,        70 : -, 1920-     ; -,      1920-       ; -,  (  )   ; -,       .

      ,       .        -.  ,             .        , ,     .              .               .        .                    New American Nation.         ,            .      , ,       ,   [19 -       .    The FDR Years: On Roosevelt and His Legacy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995)  ,      ,            .          ,        . . : Jumonville, Henry Steele Commager, 3136, 132133.].       ,   , , ,    .

 .     ,     1920-    ;        .  , 1920-     ,    ,          ,      .

   ,  ,     ,      ,          1920- ,     .  ,   [ 1920- ]      ,             .       .               ,    .   ,  ,      ,    ,          .     :     ,     ,      ,   ,      1920- ⅻ[20 - Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Crisis of the Old Order, 19191933 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), 159160, 167; John A. Garraty, Interpreting American History; Conversations with Historians (London: Macmillan, 1970), 171.]

 :        .    ,  ,  , .        : 1933.,     ,    25%,            ,   1937.,   15%. ,          ,      .   :       ,  ,     , ,   ,  ,      - .         :     ,    ,    [21 -   deal    . . .],        .      .    :           ⅻ[22 - Leuchtenburg, Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, 347; Samuel Eliot Morison, The Oxford History of the American People (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 953; Joseph R. Conlin, The American Past, 6th ed. (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 2001), 833.        : A Concise History of the American Republic, 7th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977),     .]

 .      .                523  8   ,         .              .    ,  ,        ,        .  :   []    ,     . , ,    ,       ,        . ,  ,        ,      .      .        1934.         ,   ,     1902  1998.    .  1936.       ,      150 [23 - Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Coming of the New Deal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958), 572; Conlin, The American Past, 818; Leuchtenburg, Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, 90.].

 .       . ,    , ,       ,   ,      .     ,        ,              .   ,     ,       ,     ,       .  ,           ,  ,         ,     .  ,      .    ,    12        ,       ,   ,     []  ,          . ,    ,          [24 - Morison, The Oxford History of the American People, 986; Leuchtenburg, Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, 327328, 346; Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny (Boston: Little, Brown, 1990). 94.].

         ,              .       (1996.),           .        .   ,   ,  ...     ,       ,    ,    ,    .      :               .  :   ,       ,    , ,     [25 - Conlin, The American Past, 818; Leuchtenburg, The FDR Years, 34.          ,     ,        . .: Barton J. Bernstein, The New Deal: The Conservative Achievements of Liberal Reform, in Barton J. Bernstein, ed., Towards a New Past: Dissenting Essays in American History (New York: Vintage, 1968), 263288.].

,    ,  ,      ,  . ,      ,      ,   ,   .     ,    ,  ,        ,   .  ,     ,       ,     .   ,     1937.          ;     ,       ;         ;   ,  ,         .   ,      ,        .  ,      1980-, 1990-  2000-         , ,        ,        ,  ,   ,   [26 - Leuchtenburg, Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, 347; Thomas A. Bailey, David M. Kennedy, and Lizabeth Cohen, The American Pageant, 11th ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998), 823.].

        ,      .                         .

    .     ,            ,      .       ,       ,   .     ,         .  ,      ,  :           ,   ,        ,   . ,    ,   :         , ,             腻. ,    ,  :          ,       ,  .  ,                 ,   , ,  ,     .[27 - David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 19291945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), xi, 378; George McJimsey, The Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), 287288, 295.]

          -.,        .  1988.  ,       ,     .  1988.,  30    ,        , ,       , ,           .   ,    ,       ,   ,      ,     [28 - Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Politics of Upheaval (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1988 [1960]), x.].

    ,   1996.,     ,  -.            ,  ,      (  ).              ,  .  ,         ,        .     ,      :      [ ]     ,     ,  ,       [29 - Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton, Political Science Quarterly 112 (1997), 182; David E. Hamilton, ed., The New Deal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), 231.       ,    1948.  -.,       1962.    1996.  .                  .].

     .            ,      .               ,     :  , 19331940      ,    ,    .  -     ,   ,       :  ,        ,   [  ]       ,           .       .           .          ,    [30 - Anthony J. Badger, The New Deal: The Depression Years, 19331940 (New York: Hill & Wang, 1989), 314.].

 ,    .     ,     -    ,    .     ,               [31 - Ray A. Billington, American History after 1865 (Totowa, N.J.: Littlefield, Adams, 1968), 193.].   ,   ,     ,  ,    ,      .     :   ,  -,           酻

        1939.  20,7%,      .

 ,        ?




 2

   :  ,   


      -   .     ?      .     -,  -,        .       ,     .       ,         .    ,       ,               .       -          .               1914.      -     1920.  1921.        .           ,    ,     -      .     ,         [32 -     : Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendesvous with Destiny (Boston: Little, Brown, 1990); James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World, 1956); Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Crisis of the Old Order, 19191933 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), 273485; Ted Morgan, FDR: A Biography (New York: Simon & Schuster 1985); Conrad Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom (New York: Public Affairs, 2003). . : Paul Conkin, The New Deal (Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1992 [1967]), 121.].

     ,           .             ,    ,   ,   .   ,        .          -   ,        .      ; ,     ,  ,     .

, ,    ,        ,     .         ,   ,      ,     .       ,    ,    ,           .        [33 - Geoffrey C. Ward, Before the Trumpet: Young Franklin Roosevelt, 18821905 (New York: Harper & Row, 1985), 125126.].

, ,         ,    .  , ,     ,                .             .         ,     ,            ,       .          -,       ,    .    ,     ,     ,      ,    [34 - Ward, Before the Trumpet, 71.].

 1865  1910.        ,  ,     ,       ,        .  ,   ,    ,            ,    . ,  ,   -          ,      ,    -.   ,    ,          .  ,   - ,    ,     .    ,     , , ,       .         ,            :    ,       [35 - Ward, Before the Trumpet, 211; Kenneth S. Davis, FDR: The Beckoning of Destiny, 18821928 (New York: Random House, 1972), 2829.].

           ,  ,  ,  . ,  ,       ,      .           ,         [36 - Geoffrey C. Ward, A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), 139.].

   -,   ,     ,      ,    ,        .   ,      ,      .  ,     ,        .   ,   ,   .              .   ,     .       ;    ,     ,      - (BBBB, Bum Base Ball Boys),   ,   ,    .    .  ,   ,           .         [   ]:       .       [37 - Ward, Before the Trumpet, 180181, 185, 208.].

          .      ,      .     ,  ѻ  +.         ,       - ,    .       .      The Fly,        .    ,      ,   .               ,      .      ,              [38 - Ward, Before the Trumpet, 215, 236; Davis, FDR, 129167.]. ,     ,   ;     .

  ,              .       : - , - ,  -  .  ,      ,       . ,            ,   ,   ;  ,    ,                 .  ,    , ,     ,   ,    ,    : ,     ,         ,  ,   ,    ,   ,     ;        ,    - ,         .    ,     ,       [39 - Ward, Before the Trumpet, 204.].

 ,          .      .      ,  ,    (  ),                  ,      , ,  ,   .   ,     .    , ,  ,    .        ,     ,           -.         ,        ,      [40 - Ward, First-Class Temperament, 62].  ,    ,         .       .     ,     -   ,   .   ,  ,    ( )        .  , ,    .      ,         ,         ,  , ,      .     -.,       ,      .       ,     ,  ,         [41 - Ward, First-Class Temperament, 77; Davis, FDR, 209213.].

        .   ,           ,     .       .    25 ,        ,        .         ,    ,          .      ,       ,       :          ,     ,      -.              .   25            [42 - Nathan Miller, F.D.R.: An Intimate History (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1983), 6162.].

         -,       .            ,    ,      .      [43 -   -. (18411935)    ,     . . .],     ,   .        ,         ,    ,    .                 ,    .              [44 - Ward, First-Class Temperament, xv.].

 1910. ,  28        ,            -.  ,      ,          ,         .    ,     ,       -.  ,  ,             .                ,      -.             .      ,    ,     -   ,    ,     .          ,    - ,        .        ,    .            ,       .              [45 - Ward, First-Class Temperament, 112123. , -      .].

         ,         ,             ,   .    ,   39    ,    ,         , ,     .   ,    ,             -[46 - Hugh G. Gallagher, FDRs Splendid Deception (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1985).].

      -  .         ,  ,          ,  ,              .   ,         .     ,    , -            -.      .            ,   ,      .       ,  ,       (  )   .       ,     ,       .    ,        (       ).           ,       ,         -  -      [47 - Alfred B. Rollins, Jr., Roosevelt and Howe (New York: Knopf, 1962); Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 22.].

 ,  ,          ,    ,      -,    .    , , ,             -,     ,       .         ,      -    .      ,               .                 ,      .                         1924  1928.[48 - Davis, FDR, 749758, 819823.]

  -           .    ,     1920-     , ,          .       ,        ,  ,     -. ,  ,     ,   .    .    ,     .  ,     ,    , , ,    ,       ,    ,   ,   ,    - ,  - 养[49 - Ward, First-Class Temperament, 677.]

     ,    .         -        .        ,       .   ,     .      :   ,      ,           .   ,    ,    , ,        ,     .       ,      .           ,      25 .     ,        .  -      ,   ,   ,    ,   [50 - Ibid., 776777; Davis, FDR, 485495; Gallagher, Splendid Deception, 142.].    ,      ,   ,  .       ,     ,       ,       ,         .  ,     , :    ,                    .            .         ,     ,     .         . ,   ,     [51 - Ward, First-Class Temperament, 676677.].

1920-       .        ,   , , -,     .    ,      .    ,          ,           .           ,    ;   ,    26 000 .       . ,  - ,           ,          -  .   ,       Ⅰ  . ,    腻      .   ,    ,     .       ,         ,       .   1920-           -,  ,         [52 - Ibid., 658, 756, 768769, 793; Elliott Roosevelt and James Brough, An Untold Story: The Roosevelts of Hyde Park (New York: Dell, 1974), 252257.].

,    ,      .    ,      ,   :      ,   ,   .      ,    ,   ,   ,      .  ,   -   ,      ,     .       ,     ,   .    ,  ,   ,              [53 - Ward, First-Class Temperament, 215216, 659n.].

,       ,  ,         .    , ,     ,         ,         .        ,    .   ,  ,      , :     []  .    ,   .     ,    ,   :  ,           [54 - Ibid., 552n, 656.].

           .   ,    ,              .    ,      -      .        .   ,  ,  ,     [55 - Roosevelt and Brough, An Untold Story, 219220.].  ,  -,    ,  셻  ,     ,    ,       .   ,     ,    ,     .   ,  ,      , ,        ,     ,     ,      .   ,              ,    -        25 000 . [ ],         .   ,   -  1920- ,  ,      ,            1924  1928.[56 - Ibid., 220223; Ward, First-Class Temperament.]

            - 1928.,     1920.,       -   .       ,       ,   .            ,         ,     ,   .             ,        .

  .         ,    ,    ,          . -     :       []       .    -   ,    .   ,  ,   ,   ,    , , .  ,   ,    .            ,  ,    [57 - Ward, First-Class Temperament, 497, 529, 534.].

    ,     ,        . 18  [1920. ]  -,  ,            .  ,                  :  - ,  ,  , , -, ,         ,   ?           ꅻ     :         .  ,      , ,   ,    .      -    ,                [   ].        ,               -  (,    ,    )[58 - Ibid., 535.].      ,     (  )   ,  -     .       .       :  ,  -    ,       ,    .     ,    ,        ,  ,    ,    .            [59 - Ibid., 535536.].

  1920.        .        ?  1920-    .  1928.   ,    ,   .  ,        -,           ,        .    . ,     ,               -  -.  1912.,      ,      [60 - Oscar Handlin, Al Smith and His America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1958).].

  ,       .      ,     ,        .         ,     ,    ,    ,  ,  .      ,      ,      .      ,          [61 - Ward, First-Class Temperament, 126.].

    -         -,     . ,       ,  ,          .       ,       ,    ,         .         ,  ,    ,        .       [62 - Handlin, Al Smith and His America, 127143.]




  .


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notes








1


  ,           ,       XVIIIXIX.      ,         ,  .      , ,                       . . .: Ronald D. Rotunda, The Politics of Language: Liberalism as Word and Symbol (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1986) [   .  http://libertynews.ru/node/982]. . .




2


                        ,                 . . .




3


.:  .,  .    : ,         . .:   , 2005. . .




4


John M. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Yers of Crisis, 19281938 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959), 3034.  ,     ,     .




5


 , 9  1939.,    ,  RPL.    . : Richard K. Vedder and Lowell E. Gallaway, Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1993), 77.




6


U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975), I, 126.




7


Studs Terkel, Hard Times (New York: Avon, 1970), 488; Robert S. McElvaine, ed., Down and Out in the Great Depression (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983), 117, 159, 161, 170171. , ,      ,   . .: Richard J. Jensen, The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 19 (Spring 1989), 553583.




8


Historical Statistics, II, 651, 716, 012, 958959, 1007.




9


Ibid., 1105, 1117.




10


Ibid., 884.




11


Historical Statistics, I, 10, 15.




12


Ibid., 58; McElvaine, ed., Down and Out in the Great Depression, 103104.




13


Historical Statistics, I, 55.




14


Ibid., 55.




15


World Economic Survey: Eighth Year, 1938/39 (Geneva: League of Nations, 1939), 128.




16


Historical Statistics, I, 64, 77, 414, 415.




17


David A. Shannon, ed., The Great Depression (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1960), 5861.




18


     . ,  , : William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, 19321940 (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), IXX.      : Neil Jumonville, Henry Steele Commager: Midcentury Liberalism and the History of the Present (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999).




19


      .    The FDR Years: On Roosevelt and His Legacy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995)  ,      ,            .          ,        . . : Jumonville, Henry Steele Commager, 3136, 132133.




20


Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Crisis of the Old Order, 19191933 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), 159160, 167; John A. Garraty, Interpreting American History; Conversations with Historians (London: Macmillan, 1970), 171.




21


  deal    . . .




22


Leuchtenburg, Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, 347; Samuel Eliot Morison, The Oxford History of the American People (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 953; Joseph R. Conlin, The American Past, 6th ed. (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 2001), 833.        : A Concise History of the American Republic, 7th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977),     .




23


Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Coming of the New Deal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958), 572; Conlin, The American Past, 818; Leuchtenburg, Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, 90.




24


Morison, The Oxford History of the American People, 986; Leuchtenburg, Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, 327328, 346; Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny (Boston: Little, Brown, 1990). 94.




25


Conlin, The American Past, 818; Leuchtenburg, The FDR Years, 34.          ,     ,        . .: Barton J. Bernstein, The New Deal: The Conservative Achievements of Liberal Reform, in Barton J. Bernstein, ed., Towards a New Past: Dissenting Essays in American History (New York: Vintage, 1968), 263288.




26


Leuchtenburg, Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, 347; Thomas A. Bailey, David M. Kennedy, and Lizabeth Cohen, The American Pageant, 11th ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998), 823.




27


David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 19291945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), xi, 378; George McJimsey, The Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), 287288, 295.




28


Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Politics of Upheaval (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1988 [1960]), x.




29


Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton, Political Science Quarterly 112 (1997), 182; David E. Hamilton, ed., The New Deal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), 231.       ,    1948.  -.,       1962.    1996.  .                  .




30


Anthony J. Badger, The New Deal: The Depression Years, 19331940 (New York: Hill & Wang, 1989), 314.




31


Ray A. Billington, American History after 1865 (Totowa, N.J.: Littlefield, Adams, 1968), 193.




32


    : Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendesvous with Destiny (Boston: Little, Brown, 1990); James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World, 1956); Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Crisis of the Old Order, 19191933 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), 273485; Ted Morgan, FDR: A Biography (New York: Simon & Schuster 1985); Conrad Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom (New York: Public Affairs, 2003). . : Paul Conkin, The New Deal (Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1992 [1967]), 121.




33


Geoffrey C. Ward, Before the Trumpet: Young Franklin Roosevelt, 18821905 (New York: Harper & Row, 1985), 125126.




34


Ward, Before the Trumpet, 71.




35


Ward, Before the Trumpet, 211; Kenneth S. Davis, FDR: The Beckoning of Destiny, 18821928 (New York: Random House, 1972), 2829.




36


Geoffrey C. Ward, A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), 139.




37


Ward, Before the Trumpet, 180181, 185, 208.




38


Ward, Before the Trumpet, 215, 236; Davis, FDR, 129167.




39


Ward, Before the Trumpet, 204.




40


Ward, First-Class Temperament, 62




41


Ward, First-Class Temperament, 77; Davis, FDR, 209213.




42


Nathan Miller, F.D.R.: An Intimate History (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1983), 6162.




43


  -. (18411935)    ,     . . .




44


Ward, First-Class Temperament, xv.




45


Ward, First-Class Temperament, 112123. , -      .




46


Hugh G. Gallagher, FDRs Splendid Deception (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1985).




47


Alfred B. Rollins, Jr., Roosevelt and Howe (New York: Knopf, 1962); Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 22.




48


Davis, FDR, 749758, 819823.




49


Ward, First-Class Temperament, 677.




50


Ibid., 776777; Davis, FDR, 485495; Gallagher, Splendid Deception, 142.




51


Ward, First-Class Temperament, 676677.




52


Ibid., 658, 756, 768769, 793; Elliott Roosevelt and James Brough, An Untold Story: The Roosevelts of Hyde Park (New York: Dell, 1974), 252257.




53


Ward, First-Class Temperament, 215216, 659n.




54


Ibid., 552n, 656.




55


Roosevelt and Brough, An Untold Story, 219220.




56


Ibid., 220223; Ward, First-Class Temperament.




57


Ward, First-Class Temperament, 497, 529, 534.




58


Ibid., 535.




59


Ibid., 535536.




60


Oscar Handlin, Al Smith and His America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1958).




61


Ward, First-Class Temperament, 126.




62


Handlin, Al Smith and His America, 127143.


