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     ظ,  ,    ,  -         .          ,       . ,              .              .          , ,  (),    .

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 ظ

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 1966 by Helmut Schoeck

  ͻ, 2008




 


      ظ :          ,       .

 ظ (19221993),    ,     .     , ,   ;        .   1950.,   15       ,       ,     .  1965.    ,       1990.        .  ,        , . ظ        , , -  .     1966.       Der Neid. Eine Theorie der Gesellschaft;  ,       ,    .

   . ظ      ,               ,       .  ,            ,   ,       ,    ,          ,     .  ,   ,     ,    ,    ,           ,         .

             ,            .   ,   ,        ,     ,      ,         .           ,         .  . ظ        ,     ,              .

 . ظ    䠖    , ,   (), ,  ,     .                  .

         ,  ,     ,                ,     .    ,      ,         .

 . ظ :   , ,       .    ,               ,   .



 
  
 2008.




 1.  



   ,     ,                        :    ,    .

  ,          ;  ,          .             ,       . ꠖ  ,         ,      ,     ,     .              ,          ,      .

 , ,        ,          .       .   ,         ( , , , , ),      , ,    .    ,        .     .   ,     ,             ,         .

           ,            ,         .    ,         , ,   ,   ,     .           .        . ,      ,     ,     .         ,          .      ;         .

  ,      ,  ,       ,   ,  ,     .    ,      (Eugene Raiga),    1920- .,        ;  ,        XIX.  ,        , , ,      ,      .

     ,         .     ,     : -,       ,      , ,  ,           ; -,     ,                ,     ,         .

,                  ,     ,      ,              . ,       -       ,     ,      ,      ,  ,   ,   ,      ,  ,      .

  ,    ,        ,  ,  蠖    ,  , ..    .  ,     ,      ,     ,      ,    ,    蠖       .      ,              .  ,        ,    ,  -      .

  ,     ,         ,      ,         .




    


      ,     .           ,         ,    .      , ,         .            - ,   ,       -,            .   , , ,         .              ,        ,     .    ,           ,  ,    ,      ,         .

 ,       ,             ,    .         ,   ..       ,  ,           .    ,               ,           ,     ,           .

,   ,    ,     :     .   ,                   .        ,   ,   ,   ,   ,    ,     ,    .         ,        ,         . ꠖ    Homo invidious ( ).   Homo ludens ( )  Homo faber ( );  ,         ,    ,       ,  ,  ,    .

    ,     ,     .      ,           :    ,       ,           .

        ,  ,    ,       . ,    ,     ,         ,    ,         [1 -   -          ,        :   ,            ,     ,     ,   :            ,        ,     ,   ,  , ,       ,             ,            (  : H. Ian Hogbin, Law and Order in Polynesia, London, 1934, pp. xxiv ff.; Hamden [Conn.], 1961).].

               ,           ;     ,       , -    ,       ,       ,           ,   ,    ,  ,        .

          , ,  , , , ,   ..,      ,      ,        .        ,     ,           ,       ,     ,    .        .      ,           ,             ,         .   ,               ,    ( ,  )       .      ,    ,           ,      ,       , .     ,     ,            .




  


,     , .. ,   -   ,    ,          . ,  ,       ,   . , , 堖         ,    - .      :   ,   ,    ,  젖    蠖        ,   .       :          ,         .    ,     ,   ,    ; ,         ,     .   ,     .

,    ,      ,  -     ,   ,   .   ,   ,  , , ,    ,         ,       .    堖          .  , ,       ,    ,      ;  , ,  ,      ,   ,   .

    ,   , ,         ,       ,  .   ,       ,  ,      .     ,          ,      .  ,   -        ,    ,         (            ),    , ,   ..,                 .




  


,     (        )    ,   , ,       ,     .             ,         ,    -  ,                   .

  ,   ,     .   ,  ,  ,       ,        .   ,  ,     .     ,   ()  ,      ,    .   , ,      ,       -.

              , ,  ,        ,    .    ,   , ,  , , ,     ,   ,        ,      . ,   ,                   ,     , ,        ,     (,  ,       )[2 - ,   1966.            ,  Amsterdam Provos.   ,    -     ,        (. E. Shils and M. Young, The Meaning of the Coronation, in The Sociological Review, Vol. I, December 1953, pp. 6381; N. Birnbaum, 'Monarchs and Sociologists,' idem, Vol. Ill, July 1955, pp. 523).].

  蠖   ,       .        ,            ;     .  ,   ,        ,      ,   ,     ,          ?  ,   ;    ,  .    , , ,        .    ?  ,         ?       .   ,           ,   ;      ,            .

              ,  ,  ,  ,  .  ,  ,   ,   ;         ,     ,          ,      .        ,   ,  ;   -  -  ,    -  -.    ;      ,  .

      ,    .      ,   ,   ,       .   ,   ,    ,     .       ;        . -          .

         ,  , ,   .            ,       ,       ,        .            ,  ,        . ,  ,      .  ,         -  - .       ,  ,         ,  ,    ,   ,    頖 .      -    ,      ,    [3 -   (  )            ; ,    . 14  Heinz-Giinter Deiters Die Kunst der Intrige ( ), Hamburg, 1966.         ,       . 14801490.,   .].

  ,      .   ,    .         ,        -  ,  .    ,    ,      ,           ,     .

       .               ,     ,           . , , , , ,  , , 堖    ,       ,       .   XIX.,     ,  ,       ,          .       ,  , ,   ,    ,   ,      ,     ,    - ,   ,     ,    ,      ,            .  ,       ,     ,     .

    ,    ,  ,     ,    ,     ,        ,   ,    ,       .       .




  ?


  ,      ,         ,           .       .               ,               .   ,       ,       ,         .    ,     ,          ,    ;      ,                 [4 -   (Oliver Brachfeld), , ,  ,    ,     ;       ,       .. (Inferiority Feelings in the Individual and the Group, New York, 1951, p. 109).      ,    ,      ,      (Theory of Social Confl ict)      ?    ,        ,    ,        . (Gesellschaft und Demokratie in Deutschland [Society and Democracy in Germany], 1965, p. 320).].

               .           ,   : American Sociological Review, Vols. 1-25 (19361960); American Journal of Sociology, 18951947; Rural Sociology, Vols. 120 (19361955); The British Journal of Sociology 19491959; American Anthropologist and the Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, 19491958; Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Vols. 120 (1945-1964).  ,          ,    ,            .      /     ,     .  ,     ,     .      ,            ,       . ,    ,   ,  ,     .

                      - ;   ,       .        ,     ?            .         ,   , ,    .       .

       ,              ,   , ,          .  ,   ,        ,                ,                       ,      .

         ;         .       ,     ,  ,        .         . ,           :   !     !         ,  -   ,     .                // ,    /.          ,   ,   -,  -  :    / , ..        ,     ,      ,    , ,  .

,  -       .   ,    (   , .. ,    )     ,     . -       I resent that (  )  I resent your action, your remark (   ,  ) etc.      ,        -    ,      .




     


      :             ,      ,            .   ,    , , ,               ,           (, ,   ..)  .   ,      ,       ,   ,  ,      ;                 ,         ,           ,  , ,    .

            .   ,            ,        ,    ,          .  ,  ,   ,    ,  .   ,         ,     ,      ,   ,        ,    [5 -   ,            ,  ,     ,        ,      .   -   ,  ,   ,         .    -   ,      ,   .   , .         .           .         ,   ,             , ,   ,   (David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd, New Haven, 1950, p. 155).  ,       , , ,    ,   , ,    ,         .].




 2.   



     ,       ,     ,            , ,     ,   ,    .           ;         ,     ,     .              ,       ,       ,  , , , , ,    .

           蠖  ,      ,      .




     


    (The Oxford English Dictionary[6 - Oxford English Dictionary, Vol. 3, Oxford, 1933.])         .        .

  (envy)   (envious)             invidia  invidiosus.   (to envy)   invidere.  ,          .

     :   ,  ,   ,  ,          ,   䠖   - ,   .

    ,   .           ,   .   ,    ,  -  ,      ,   - .      :       ( )   , ,    - .

  ,  -      - ;          . ,     XVII.   ,        ,     (     ).

 ,     ,    ,     ,          .

       (jealousy)   (jealous). ,            ,          .         ,       .    , :      .         (jealous glass),      jalousie (  ).          -,    .     ,  ,     ⠖        .  1856.  : ,       ,   ,       .       ,    ,  -     -,     .            ,  ,     ,   .

   ,           .     ,     ,      .        ,      .        ,       ,      ,  ,     .

    ,    ,     ,           ,  : , ,     ,   ,        .             ,           ,    .

               (Websters Third New International Dictionary of the English Language) 1961.        .      :         Time    .  (envious)     ,     ,  ,    .  :   ,         ,  -  -,          .

,   :                 .       .  ,          , ,    :        .

                ,   ,  ,            . ,   :    ,      ,  ..  :    ,   .

            ,   ,   ,    .              . ,    ,     -,   ,   ,       ,      ,   ,     ,    ,        .

             ,    ,       , :    ,       ,   .       ,   , ,     ,     .        : -   .




  


          (Encyclope dia of Religion and Ethics),   1912.    . ,    ,  :   ,     .         ,   ,   ,     .        .                .  ,  ,    ,   ,      ,    . ,  ,   ,   ,     ,    ,       蠖            .             ,   ,      ,       ,    ,     ,     .

     :

		Envy, that does with misery reside,
		The joy and the revenge of ruind pride.

		,     ,
		    .

    .    ,     .     ,        ,   ,  .       ,      ;       ,    .  ,         :      ,    (  ).     -,   ,      ,  ,   ,   .  ,     ,   ,   .

     (emulation), ,      . ,     ,        .    ,   .

      ,    . ,  ,    ,   ,   ,     .   , ,      .     ,        . ,    ,     ,       .

      .     ,       ,         ,    ,    .     , ,      ,      ,     .         ( 1, . 20),     :

          ,     ,         .       ,         ,   ,    [7 - W.L. Davidson, Envy and Emulation,  Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, ed. James Hastings, Vol. 5, New York and Edinburgh, 1912.].

  (16691745),    -   ,            [8 - John Gay, Concerning the Fundamental Principle of Virtue or Morality,  : The English Philosophers from Bacon to Hill, ed. Edwin A. Burtt, The Modern Library, New York, n.d., p. 784.].       ,  , ,         .  ,   ,       ,     ,        .     ,             ,     .  ,       ,  , ,      ,   . ,        ,  .

       ,   ,     ,    ,         ,     .  ?     ,  ,       , ,  ,      :      ,      .          .       ,    .     ,      ,          .  ,      ,     ,   ,     .  ,       ,    ,   ,   ,         ,   -,   .          ,      ,        (   堖  )          (   ).

  , ,      ,          ,       ,       .        ,    . ,  ,        [9 - Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, Modern Library edition, p. 670.].

   ,  ,  , ,             ,        .




   


      .            ,    -,   .     , ,     ,              , .. ,                 .   ,     ,      ,      ,   ,    .          ,     .

  , ,    ,    (,    ),           (,   ),      ,     ,      ,  :         ,          .   ,                      .

  :   ,       ,   ;      ,  -     ,   , ,   , ,   .               ,   [10 - Max Scheler, Das Ressentiment im AufbauderMoralen / Gesammelte Werke, Vol. 3, Bern, 1955, p. 45.].




  


  XIX.        ,       : ,   ,  (Neid)        , ,         ,  -  ,  , ,           ; : , ,  绻.

    :

1.,    .     ,       ,                  .     ,            ,   堖      ࠖ  ,      ,  堖 ,         ,   .

2.,         .   ,     .   ,     ,   .    ,   ,  ,            ,     ,   . ,      ,    ,           .       ,  ,   .

3.    -     ,    ,  ,    ,   .    ,  ,      .         ,        ,   ,              ,         ,     . ,       ,            ,      ,        .

  ( 26, 1415)  :               .   ,           . (          .            , ,      .)

      ,   ?   -      . ,       ,        .     ,      .

 1952.        .  , .  ,     ,               .

   ,      ,    ,       ,       .    ,  ,      ,         .  ,          [11 - F. G. Steiner, Malice, Oxford, 1952, p. 16.].

        ,  ,      .         ,     ,      -,    .   ,   .




  


    XIX.  136      76     [12 - Das Deutsche Sprichworter-Lexikon, K. F. Wander (18631880), Bonn, 1874, p. 177.].        ,     , , , ,    ,       ,       .

             [13 -           . . .].

1.     .      ,  , ,  .

   :  .    : ,  .

2.      ;    ,   .  ,    ,    .

  .    ().     .      .        .    ,    .    ,      .   ,   .    ,   ,    .       .   ,      .        .    .      .

   ,         ,            ,    ,      ,     -. ,         ,      ; ,       ,      ,     ,        .   ,     ,    ,         - ,          .

3.   ,      ,         ,     .      ,          .

   .       .   ,     ,     - .   .   .    .    ,     .     .

    ,    . ( , , ,      .)     ,    . ,    ,     .  ,    .     ,    .

    ,       .   -         ,      ,      -     ,     ,   .          ,      ,             :         ,         .     , -,    ,  -, ,             .

4.      , ,   ,         .  , ,   ,   ,    .

    .      .  ,   .   ,     .

5.    ,         .     ,      ,   .

  ,     .      ().     ( ).       ,  .      .     .    .    .    .    .

6.    ,           ,   ,          .     ,      ,     (  Schadenfreude[14 -  (). . .]   ):    .

        .      ,       .     .

         ,     ,  ,    .    ,   ,   (hasad)    . - :   ,    ,  .   :      . ,     .   :     ,       .    :   ,        ,  ,       , [15 - O    .: Dwight M. Donaldson, Studies in Muslim Ethics, London, 1953, pp. 91 ff.].




  


       ,     ,     - .        1800  1920.          ,    .         ,  ,        .     Time (21  1969.),        , : ,     ,      . , 70 ,              26-  .

 1964.             (      )         :       ,       ,  :    ,    .          ( 1250 .)[16 - C. Jacobsen, Halbzeit bei der Ford-Stiftung, Die Zeit, October 9, 1964, p. 9.]. ,  ,       ,     ,        .

,          ,       , ,   ,        :         ,  ,  ,   .  :       (  )  ⅻ[17 - New York Times, December 7, 1961, p. 29.]                 ,   . ,   1965.             ,     .      ,       1966.,         :    ,      .  1968.       IBM        .

   ,   ,         .  1958.            ,        .  ,               ,           [18 - Nations Business, Washington, D.C., April 1958, p. 48.].

  1966.                    ,         ,       ,        ,   .  :              [19 - Nachwuchskrafte sollen sich am Anfang uberall unterrichten, Die Welt, No, 128, June 4, 1966.].

     ,   1961.,     ,     ,    .          ,       .     :   .   ,  -  ,       : ,     [20 - Wolfgang Kellner, Die moderne soziale Konfl ikt. Seine Ursache und seine Uberwindung im Betrieb, Stuttgart, 1961, pp. 142151.].




  


   , ,            ,         ,            .          .      1964. :

  ,    ,   ,    ,     ,    .     ,     ,   녻[21 - G. H. Theunissen, Der Fall Max Bense, Die Zeit, April 24, 1964, p. 9.]  ,                  .

     ,         ,        BBC       . ,   (    ),         :    ?   ,         养    :

A.T.:  ,        .

.T.:          ?

A.T.:   ,     ,   ,   ,    ,    ,   .

                 ,      .

   ,   .   ,   ,      .  ,     .     ,     - .  ,        蠖    -  ,  ,   , ,  ,        .     ,            [22 - A. and P. Toynbee, Comparing Notes, London, 1963.].




 3.     



   ,   ,   ,               .    :  ࠖ  ,       ,    ,   ,     . ?       ꠖ    ,  ,   , ,   ,     .       ,            ,   ꠖ       .            ,  ,        , , ,     .

 ,            -    .

        ,            ,        .

  ,              .    ,             ,     ,              .   :       ,   .      .

  ,  ,                 ,       .        ,       ,     .

     :               ,     .     ,     .             ,  ,  ,  ,     .               .     . ,            .        ,     [23 - R. Thurnwald : Lehrbuch der Volkerkunde, ed. K. Th. Preuss, Stuttgart, 1937, pp. 236 ff.].




  ,   ?


   ,       ,         ,  ,    . ,    ,  ,  ,           .         ,   ,     ,     ,   ,                 -  .    ,      ,        ,       ,   ,               [24 -        :    ,                  .        .        ,     .       ,   ,        .        ,  ,    ,      .     . ,    ,    ,    .             ,      (E. J. Krige and J. D. Krige, The Realm of a Rain-Queen, London, 1943, pp. 70 ff.).].    ,      .

         ,   , ,     ,     .     ,      [25 - F. Rose, Umgang mil Schweden (Vol. 12 of the series Umgang mit Volkern), Nuremberg, 1954, p. 13.].           .     ,        :     ,  3600 . .   , ,             .  ,  ,       ,   ,  -   ,       .      .   1923  1953.    ,              .    1953.         ,         1 .           ,   [26 - Time, June 29, 1953.].       ,       ,      ,    ,        . ,    ,   ,       ,              . ,   ,           ,             .

      ,     ,                       .      .     堖 , ,  堖 ,       ,   .

 -    . ,      ,           ,        .    ,     ,  ,    ,         ,  ,      ,      ,      .           -      .       ,  -      , ,         .      ,              .      ,         ,   ,      .        -,  ,         .

      ,     ,     ,      .            ,  ,  ,     , ,   ,    .           ,    ,     ,    ,     ,     .

    ,             ,         .   , ,         ,             . ,    ,    ,       ,     .    ,       ,    ,     , , . ,   ,   .  ,    ,    ,          ,        .     ,   -  -   -  -          . ,        ,         ,      .

       - , -     (, )   ,    ,   ,   .    ,   ,    .            ,   (  )  ,        .           ;  ,    . . ,      ,      ,                    蠖    [27 - H. G. Barnett, Innovations. The Basis of Cultural Change, New York, 1953, pp. 401 f.].

     ,     . ,     , .    ,            .  ,        . ,    ,   , ,      - .        ,        .   , ,      ,     ,         [28 - C. Kluckhohn, The Navaho, Cambridge (Mass.), 1946; Navaho Witchcraft (Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 22, No. 2, Cambridge (Mass.), 1944); .  p. 68.].

       ,      .  ,     ,     :

 -      ,     ,           .             ,     . -      ,  -      :     ,   ,    .    ,         ,       .    ,  .       ,       ,     .    ,     .       (tepi o te kaimeo)[29 - R. Firth, Primitive Polynesian Economy, London, 1939, p. 282.].

,     ,         .         . ,  ,     ()    ,   .    ,          .        .    20    ,     [30 - A. R. Holmberg, Nomads of the Long Bow. The Siriono of Eastern Bolivia (Smithsonian Institution: Institute of Social Anthropology Publication, No. 10), Washington, 1950.     19411942.].

, ,       15  25 ,     ,       .      ,          .    ,       ,      (  ).      .        ,      .     ,    ,     [31 - Op. cit., p. 36.].

        ,      ,  . ,     ,      ,       [32 - Op. cit., p. 60.].  (   )       ,       (     ).        ,     ,   [33 - Op. cit., pp. 60, 61.].        .     ,  .        ,    .            ,   .   ,    ,  ,   ,     [34 - Op. cit., p. 62.].      ,                 ,      .      ,           100  .    ,   ,       ,                  ,                 .




 4.    



        ,    .       ,             ,   ,   .  ,     ,    -  , ,  .    ,    ,  .             ,      -  ,   , ,   -  ,          ..   ,    ,    : , , , .            ,    .

           ,       ,    , ,    . , ,   ,  蠖 ,   , ,   ,     .   ,     ,       . , ,          .        ,      , ,      ,        ,      .

  ,     ,         .      .   ,     ,          ,     ,    ,   ,     .

           .  ,          .    ,  ,   ,      ,   .         :      ,    , ,       ,     -      . ,   , ,    ,    ,     ,   .     ,       [35 - M. Scheler, Das Ressentiment im Aufbau der Moralen, Gesammelte Werke, Vol. 3, Bern, 1955, p. 52.].

          ,        ,    , ,    ,    .

,             .   ,      ,     ,    .            : ,   ,      ,  ,      .    222     184   ,    131 .  ,    ,    .       ,     ,       ..,        .   ,  , ,        . ,   ,   ,      .           蠖  ,  ,  ,  .  ,        .    ,     [36 - C. Kluckhohn, Navaho Witchcraft, pp. 15, 59.].

,           ,       .                   .   ,         ,    [37 - C. Kluckhohn, The Navaho, pp. 128 f.].

        ,    ,       .   ,                      ,        [38 - C. Kluckhohn, Navaho Witchcraft, p. 68.].




    


             .      (      ),  ,             [39 - C. Kluckhohn, Navaho Witchcraft, p. 15.].   ,     ,     ,  .      :    ,        .  ,  .   ,      :    컻[40 - Op. cit., p. 111.].

,   ,    .        .      ,     , ,   , ,      .

    ,    .         .        [41 - R. B. Brandt, Hopi Ethics, Chicago, 1954, p. 328.].  ,    ,     . ,     [42 - Op. cit., pp.143, 148.].      ,   :   ,         [43 - Op. cit., p. 156.]. :    - ,   ,  .  :    廻.      unangtutuiqa,           , [44 - Op. cit., p. 129.].                .     .   ,        .           .           .

          ,  ,    ,   ,   ,      :  ,   ,   ,    .     ,     ,      .   ,  ,         ,   ,     ,     ,  .    ,     , ,      [45 - Ruth Benedict, in An Anthropologist at Work, Writings of Ruth Benedict, ed. by Margaret Mead, Boston, 1959, p. 234 (from Zu?i Mythology, Vol. 1, New York, 1935).].

      ,           ,      ,        . ,        ,        20  45 .            ,     .      -,     . ,        ,                  .

             .     ,        envidia.    ,      ,  ,    .      ,  -  ,   - [46 - J. Gillin, The Culture of Security in San Carlos. A Study of a Guatemalan Commu nity of Indians and Ladinos, New Orleans, 1951, pp. 122, 124.].

  -                .          ,      .                .   ,  ,     .    ,      堖 ,     .             ,      ,     ,      .      ,     [47 - E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Witchcraft (Mangu) among the Azande (Sudan Notes and Records, Vol. 12), Khartoum, 1929, pp. 163-249, 215.].

      :         ,   ,     . ࠖ ,     .           mangu,  , [48 - Op. cit., p. 212.].        , ,      . ,           ,  .  -       ,     .       .   ,           mangu,            .   ,   ,        .

    : mangu      ;   ,   ,   [49 - Op. cit., p. 215.].  ,      .         .      ,    ,      [50 - Op. cit., p. 220.]. -       .         ,       ,      .    , ,   ,    ,   .        [51 - E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande, Oxford, 1947, p. 117.].        ,   ,   , , ,   [52 - Op. cit., p. 112.].

,       ,     -  ,     ,             ,     ,  , ,   ,           [53 - Op. cit., pp. 206 f.].

-     -      .           ,    :   .     mangu,     [54 - Op. cit., p. 148.].




  


       ,    (The Enemy Within), . .    :         ,  -   ,      ,    , ..       .             .     ,   .     ,  ,   .    ,   , , ,   .

,   ,     ,     ,       .    : ,   ,      ,        堖 ,      .     ,      ,    ()      ,   ,         ,   ,    ,      .      ,           - ,   ,   ,      ,     ,  ,      (,   ,   ).    ,  ,    , ,    ,      - .             .       ,    ,      .      .          ( ),         ,    ,  [55 - E. H. Winter, The Enemy Within, from Witchcraft and Sorcery in East Africa, ed. JohnMiddleton and E.H. Winter, London, 1963, pp. 280 f.].

    (,  ), . . .         [56 - R. E. S. Tanner, The Sorcerer in Northern Sukumaland, Tanganyika, The South western Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 12, pp. 437 ff.].     ,  .         ,     ;      .        .   ,     ,   ,    ,   ,       ,   .      ,       ,      .      ,    ,    -     .

    , bulogi,    .  ,      .    -  ,   ,     -          .  ,      ,         .            .   ,              ,           ,   .

,               :                    .            .      ,   ࠖ  ,   堖     .      .        -.

   ,         ,       ,    ,   ,  .      ,        .       :     ,          ,     ,   ,       .           ,      .

        ,       ,     .              .          ,     (, ) .      ,             ,  .       ,   ,       .   ,   ,   ,         ,          ,               - ,            , ,   .







     ,         ,    ,      .      ,          ,        -  ,     . ,   ,  -,    ,     ,      ,    - .

        .       ,     ,          .    ,    ,   ,     頖 ,     ,  , ,   -, ,       [57 - E. J. Krige and J. D. Krige, The Realm of a Rain-Queen, London, 1943, p. 269.]. ,     ,     .

,     . ,   ꠖ           ⠖   ,        .        ,       .    .         ,          , ..       ,       .        .

  50  ,   .      .  15     ;    5      (,    ),  10      ,     .     ,   ,    ,    , ,  .       ,         .        ,       .      : , ,  ,   ,      [58 - Op. cit., pp. 264 ff.].

     ,  ,          .        .           ࠖ ,      .  ,          ,      .      ,      .

 ,         ,     .  -       ,        ?  ( )     ,  ,    ?.    :  򻠖           .    ,       ,     .  -   ,       ,  : , ?   :   ,    [59 - Op. cit., p. 18.].

 ,   ,     .        .    [60 - Op. cit., p. 290.].     - . , ..   ,         ,             ,      [61 - Op. cit., p. 286.].




 


         .        .          - .   -    ,   ,    ,  .         .          ⠖ ,  .       -      ,      .    ,   ,     ,   .        ?.     :         ,   ?         -   ,         ,    [62 - Op. cit., p. 287.].      ,     ,        [63 - Op. cit., p. 270.].

 ,       ,    .   ,        ,      - .

           ,    ,     .   ,     ,       ,     ,        ,   -    .           .     ,    ,      ,     ,       ,    ,           .

  ,                    ,     .              ,            ,     .          .        ,     .

 , ,    ,   ,     .       ,  -     ,         .  ,                 ,        .     ,    ,   ,                     ,         ,    .  ,          ,       .       ,        , , ,   ,          ,    .

  ,      ,                  ,          .       ,        .         -  .   ,           (,    ),   ,         ,    ,        .     .




     :      


 ,      ,   ,         ;    ,    ,         ,   ;  ,  ,  ,           , ,   ,                  . -,    , ,  , -,     ,    ,       . ,  ,     .       ,     ,   ,     ,       .  -,       -  ,       ,  Schadenfreude []          ,        .       ,        (     ,   )  -             .      ,         ,  ,   ,   ,       ,   ,     .    ,    .  ,      ,           ,            ,          ;           ,         ,    ,             .

  ,     ,    ,    .      ,            - ( ,       ),    ,    ,        ( ,  , . ).     , , ,    ,      ,       .  ,       ,   :   ,      ,        ,  .   ,                 ,         .     (, ,      ) ,    ,       .       ,   -  ,        .         ,   ,       ,        ,    -     ,       .

              ():       ,        ,       ,      .   1917.           ,   ,   ,                     .      ,     ,    ,          ,   [64 - R. Karsten, The Head-Hunters of Western Amazonas. The Life and Culture of the Jivaro Indians of Eastern Ecuador and Peru (Societas Scientiarum Fennica. Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum, Vol. VII, No. 1), Helsinki, 1935, p. 452.  1917  1928. .       .].

,    ,  ,   , ,   ,   ,   ..,    ,       .           ,       .            .   ,     ,      :   ,        ,       .             ,     ,           .




  


,      , : ,      ,      .      .        ,      ;     ,     .      ,  ,        ,    . ,            -        ,          ,    [65 - ., : Franz Hess, Die Ungleichheit der Bildungschancen, Olten and Freiburg i. Br., 1966, pp. 155 f. : Willy Strzelewicz and others, Bildung und gesellschaftliches Bewusstsein, Stuttgart, 1966, p. 606.]. ,            ,         .

,       (   ),          ,     .           ,    .     ,         ,       .

 ,             .     ,     ( -    )    ,      .         ,   ,   ,     ,        ,     .

    ,           ,        ,           ,    [66 - ,   (Fox, Merker)     ,          ,     .  ,   (Ralph Linton)     ,   ,       ,           .          .].




 5.  :  



,  ,    ,   ,   ,   ,   , ,    .     ,     ,             .            ,        ,     ;     ,          .       ,     ,            ,      .       ,   ,      ,               .

             堖       (  ,      ,      ,  ).       ,       ,   .




 


      ,        .     ,  , ,  ,  ,           .       젖  ,     ࠖ   ,                 .

  (  ,  ,    )      ,               ,        .     -, -    ,    .  .      ,    ,          ,  [67 - E. R. Wolf, Types of Latin American Peasantry. A Preliminary Discussion, American Anthropologist, Vol. 51 (1955), pp. 460 f.].

  ,   ,   Schadenfreude,        ,   1960- .       .

         ,               ,             .  ,  :                [68 - G. M. Foster, Interpersonal Relations in Peasant Society, Human Organization, Vol. 19 (Winter 1960/61), p. 175 if.; .     O. Lewis, p. 179  J. Pitt-Rivers, pp. 180 f.          ,   ,       J. Gillin, pp. 116, 114, 124, 122.         envidia,  , ,  ,       . . .  (C.J. Erasmus, Man Takes Control, Cultural Development and American Aid, Minneapolis, 1961, p. 80)    ,             . (S. Tax Changing Consumption in Indian Guatemala, Economic Development and Culture Change, Vol. 5, Chicago, 1957, pp.151, 155).].

  . .  ,         ,     ,    .          .    ,        .

      ,        .   ,       ,        .  , ,   ,           -;           ,        . ,    ,       .     ,      .          .     ,   ,  ,    ..,      .        ,           .   ,    ,   ,  -   ,    ,   , ,    ,     .

                 ,          ,    1950  1951.      277  .   ,  蠖 ,   ,      .     ⠖     .  80%   ,   3%    .       :    (.. )   ,   ,   ,       ,      .    ,    ,       .    ,   頖   .          .         ,     ,   .             -  ,     .     ,          .  , , .  ,               .    ,           [69 - Y. A. Cohen, Four Categories of Interpersonal Relationships in the Family and Community in a Jamaican Village, Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 28 (New Series, Vol. 3), 1955, pp. 121147. . .    ,    ,        1938. (C.S. Rjsenthal, Social Strati fi cation of the Jewish Community in a Small Polish Town, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 59, 1953, p. 6):        .    ,      ,     ,     .           .].

        ,         ,  ,       ,     .    ,         ,         ,    蠖  .      1952  1953.

     ,   ,    , ..  ,      ,         .       . -,      頖       ,   ,       -  ,                    [70 - W. Watson, Tribal Cohesion in a Money Economy. A Study of the Mambwe People of Northern Rhodesia (The Rhodes-Livingstone Institute), New York, 1958, pp. 82 f.].

      , ,                 ,       ,   .    .      ,        ,     ,    ,    ,   , ,   ,          .

  41 ;      .           ,       .  ,      . ,        , ,   -  (..   ). ,        ,   ,  ,   [71 - Op. cit., pp. 122 f.].

        ,          ,        ,   ,       軠       .   ,    ,  , ,  ,  ,    ,    ,      ,   ,      .    ,     .     ,     ,   .       ,    ,    [72 - Op. cit., p. 209.          ,  ,   . .  :       ,          (Land, Labour and Diet, in Northern Rhodesia, London, 1939, p. 215).          ,       ,     ,   ,          ,   ,            (M. Hunter, Reaction to Conquest. Effects of Contact with Europeans on the Pondo of South Africa, London and New York, 1936, p. 317; M.Gluckman, Lozi Land Tenure / Essays on Lozi Land and Royal Property (Rhodes-Livingstone Papers No. 14), Cape Town, 1943, p. 37).].




   


 ,             ,    ,             ,    .    ,  ,    ,  .          .

 ,   ,            ,           .       ,    -.        ,     ,        -   [73 - O. Lewis, Life in a Mexican Village: Tepoztldn Restudied, Urbana, 1951, p. 297.].

     ,    ,     ,  ,    .           .      ,      ,        .    ,        ,             ,     .  ,              ,   .   ,       .    ,        ,   .

    XVIII  XIX.      ,       .      -         ,     ,      ,   .       .   ,   ,      .   ,     ,     ,       .

   .    ,     ,    ,       ,       (       ),     .   ,        ,    . ,          ,     :         ,    ,     ,     ,  .        .        ,      -,        .




,   ,  


   ,           ,     ,       ,  - ,    ,       ,  ,   ,         .

 :     ,    ,       , , ,            ,     ,      .   1949.           ,       . ,     ,    ,        :  -      .      de cultura,   ,      ,    .

              ,    .    ,          -   ,      [74 - Op. cit., p. 297.].

  1950- .    -,   ,           .         ,        .

         젖           .            ,          ,      ,     .        .  ,         : ,    ..  ,      ,   젖    , ,   ,  ,   .      ,        -    .        ,        [75 - G. and A. Reichel-Dolmatoff, The People of Aritama, The Cultural Personality of a Colombian Mestizo Village, Chicago, 1961, p. 396.].




  


       :  ,      .      ,  頖  ,   .        .     .  ,  ,        -   , , , , 蠖      - ,  .  -    ,    ,  ,     - ,      .      ,          ,        - ,    .  ,  ,   ,            [76 - Op. cit., p. 398.].

  (   ),         , ,  ,       .      ,    ,        , ..   .  ,         .             ,     ,    -   (     ,  ).       ,           .             ,     ,          ,      .   ,      ,           ,   ,          .            .     ,   ,       ,   .             ,     . ,        ,        ,        .     Princeton University Press       ,   ,     ,       :       . ,      (  )  , ..    ,   .

     ,       :       ,      .      ,     (    ,    ,  ,      )[77 - C. Wright Mills, White Collar. The American Middle Classes. Paperback ed. New York, 1956, p. 174.].

 -  ,            .  -        ,        ,     .         ࠖ Ave Maria. ,        ,    ,     (, )    .          ,  , ,   .   -,           ,    [78 - Reichel-Dolmatoff, op. cit., p. 402.].

 ,       ,          (mal ojo).    ,   .  ,  ,   ,  , ,     ,      ,   . ࠖ [79 - Op. cit., p. 403.].

    ,    ,    .      ,        ,      .    ,            -       ,     ,  ,     .   -,    ,                   .

  ,         ,  -     ,         , ,       :         ,      .   ,    ,               .        .

   ,           ,         .          .   ,       ,          ,      ,   ,  ,     (Todavia no se le ha sabido)[80 - Op. cit., p. 404.].




     


     ,      ,        ,    , ,  ,  ,   Schadenfreude .           ,     1944.[81 - Hu Hsien-chin, The Chinese Concepts of Face, American Anthropologist, Vol. 46, 1944, pp. 4564.]

   (lien,   蠖 . . .)   .                     ,         . ,    ,      ,     .         ,   ,   .

  :  ,   ,  ,    ,         ,      .      ,        ,    ,      ,   .

   ,          ,    .       .

  ,    ,     ,          , ,      .  ,       ,    . ,          ,     ,      .      ,    ,         ,    . ,   ,      ,    ;   .

          ,    ; :   ,          ,      ,     ,  ,   lien.     ,     ,  (,   )    ,      .




     


 -         :           , ,     ,   .           ,          ,   [82 - Reichel-Dolmatoff, op. cit., p. 403.].

   ,      ,   ,   :        ,  , ,      ?     ,   ,      .

              ,        . , ,    .        .

         ,     ,   .       .            .   ,             .     ,   :    .    ,  . ,   ,  ,     ,        - ,          .      [83 - R. F Fortune, Sorcerers of Dobu. The Social Anthropology of the Dobu Islanders of the Western Pacifi c, New York, 1932, p. 135.].

    ,     ,     , .      800. .               .

         :       ,       (,   ,   ),               ,        .  ,           ,       , ,     廅     [84 - P. Bohannan, Some Principles of Exchange and Investment among the Tiv, American Anthropologist, Vol. 57,1955, pp. 66 ff.]

 tsav     ,   .     .   - ,    , , ?    tsav, , ,  .    ,    ,   ?   tsav,              ,    [85 - Laura Bohannan     Joseph B. Casagrande, In the Company of Man, New York, 1960, p. 386.]. ,      ,    .  - ,      .     ,        ,       ,     ,    [86 - Op. cit., p. 393.].




          


 20           ,   1870.   2500 ,  ,   .            .    ,           (58% )  ,  .         1920.,         -.     .          ;       .

        ?     :

1.  ,            .

2.      ,        ,   .

3. ,     ,  ,       ,       .

4. ,    ,         ,           , ,   ,   .      . ,        ,   ,    (Anglos),      .  -,     ,  -     ,  orgullosos, ;     ,    ,   .            agringados,   .       ,     (envidiosos)           (seguir)  ,   .           :          ,   ,             .           , ,       .  ,         ,   ,    ,      ,  .    ,      Anglos      :          ,    ,       ,     -      [87 - J. B. Watson and J. Samora,Subordinate Leadership in a Bicultural Community. An Analysis, American Sociological Review, Vol. 19, 1954, pp. 413431.].




 


  ,            , ,     , .. ,   .                  ,    . ,  .  ,    ,    ,     ,     ,          ,     ,      .

         ,     .           .            ,     ,   -,     .   ,            [88 - C. S. Belshaw, In Search of Wealth, American Anthropologist Memoir, February.1955, p. 80.].          ;  -   , ,  ,  -   . ?  ,        .    ,     .                  ;     ,               ?.         .    ,     ,       ,             ,   [89 - Op. cit., pp. 60 f.].

  ,             .      ,     ,   .        ,       ,        ?       ,    ,          ,    .          ,         .     ,      ,       ,          .

       ,       ,         .                ,  :          .         ,          ,      蠖         .    ,       ,        .

     .    1958. ,           ,    .       ,  ,    .     ,   .            ,     ,       ,    ,     ,  ,        .

        .   30       -.  ,              .      .      ,   - ,      ,      .  ,               ,      ,   . ,    ,         ,             .    ,    ,     : ,     .   .      ,         [90 - ,    1958.    -   (-).].




  


   ,   -  ,       (   )         ,    .   ,            ,      .  ,     ,     .

                        .    .   ,   ,          ,      , :  ,  ,    ,     nazar lagna.      ;      ,        ,      , ,      .        ,   - .

Nazar lagna, ,      ,  -       ,  ,    ,    ..    . ,     ,   ,         ,      - .

   ,        .         nazar lagna.    ,        1100.   .              ,  ,    ()    ,    .  ,          ,        ,   -   ,    .   nazar      , , . Nazar lagna           .

  ,       .   ,    ,      .    ,  ,     , ,   ,          ,      .  ,           ,             ,  . ,       ,  ,        , ,          .  -     ,     -,        ,  .     ,      nazar lagna.   ,      ,              ࠖ   ,     . ,    ,   ,                  ,       ,    ,           .            ,                  ,       .




 6.  



    ,  , ,          , ,  ,       .      .  , ,       ,                     ,   ,  頖 .     .       ,   ,             .        ,       .        ,         ,          ,          ,      , , ,  -,   ,    ,   , ,       ,      .  ,    ,    ,    ,   ,       :  -     .

 ,        ,   ,     ,   - .   ,               ,     ,        .              ,      (    ,           , , ,   ).  ,  ,  ,           ,         .

   ,               ,    ,       .          ,             ,      ,    .   ,         ,   ,  ,             ,   ,   ,     .    ,        ,   ,   ,      .           :       ,     .    ,             ..

   ,                         [91 - V. E. Frankl, Mans Search for Meaning, Boston, 1962, pp. 33, 43, 45, 63.  ࠖ   From Death-Camp to Existentialism, Boston, 1959.   : Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager, 1946.].

 , ,     .              ,       ,     ,      .

           ,             :      ,         [92 - G. Devereux, Reality and Dream, Psychotherapy of a Plains Indian, New York, 1951, p. 66.].

,   ,       .    .      ,       ,      [93 - Ruth Sawtell Wallis, The Changed Status of Twins among the Eastern Dakota, Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 28 (New Series, Vol. 3), 1955, p. 117.].

  ,     ,   :         () ,    . ,     ,       [94 - B. D. Paul, Symbolic Sibling Rivalry in a Guatemalan Indian Village, American Anthropologist, Vol. 52, 1950, pp. 205218.].       ,     ,          [95 - H. Granqvist, Child Problems among the Arabs. Studies in a Muhammedan Village in Palestine, Copenhagen, 1950, p. 81.].    ,        ,  ,      .          . ,             .   ,   ,    -   . -            :     ,     .       ,   .         -  ,      [96 - R.F. Fortune, Sorcerers of Dobu, New York, 1932, pp. 16 f.].

         蠖          ࠖ        . ,  (  )      ,                ,            .             ,     ,     ,   ,   ,          ,   ,   ,       .

      ,         ,   (  )      , ,    .              ,  ,   ,     , ..      .




    


  ,              ߒ[97 - S. Freud, Collected Works, Vol. XVIII, London, 1955, pp. 120121. [ .      ߻. . -, 2008.]].        .

 ,   ,     -   , , ,   ,       .  ,                 . -           ,     ,         ,       .  ,  ,     ,           ;    ,       ,  ,              ,      .  ,      ,    ,     .

  ,    ,      ,    :      , ,   ,       .

 ,                ,             .      - (       ),     , ,           ,    ,   ,            .

         :

,       Gemeingeist, esprit de corps,  ,   ,    .    ,          .   ,         ,      , ,     ,      .          .

         :     ,       .       .

            .  ,            -   ,                 .

 :  ,      ,     ,    ,   .           ,            .       ,        蠖      , ,          ,    .       ,            ,     .

  ,    ,      ,        ,          ,                .

 ,    ,    ,    ,         .    ,               .

  1950.                 , ,        ,                   ? ,            养.                 ,     ,    , - ,          ,              [98 - Franz Alexander, Frontiers in Psychiatry,  Frontiers in Medicine, New York, 1951, pp. 912.].

      ,       , ,  , ,               [99 - A. Kardiner, The Individual and His Society. The Psychodynamics of Primitive Social Organization, New York, 1939, pp. 375 f., 379, 403.].

     ,        ,              .     ,  , ;        ,     .  ,   ,      .  ,          .      . ,   ,    ,      :             , ,     .

 ,    ,      , ,           ,     -. ,   ,    -  ,     (    )      .

        ,        ,  ,     ,  ,       .          ,    ,    ,       ,        .                     .

  ,         ,              ,   .        . , , ,  ,      ,          -   ,             [100 - Cp.: D. Wyss, Die tiefenpsycholagischen Schulen von den Anfangen bis zur Gegenwart, 2nd ed., G?ttingen, 1966, p. 81.   ,        ,   .  ,            ;  , ,          .     , ,    ,        .    ,      ;  ,   ,       ,     ,   .        ,      . B. Bettelheim Symbolic Wounds. Puberty Rites and the Envious Male, 1954, p. 99. Melanie Klein, Envy and Gratitude. A Study of Unconscious Sources, London, 1957.].

      ,     ,     ,       ,   ,         .           ,      16  , ,     .             .           [101 - P. Greenacre, Trauma, Growth, and Personality, London, 1953, p. 233.].

            .    .        ,    . ,      :    ,   ,       ,    .

   ,                    .

    ,     .       ,  ,     ,         :     .  ,  .      ,    ,                  ,   [102 - E. A. Gutheil, The Language of the Dream, New York, 1939, pp. 39, 68, 87, 195, 212, 228.].

,     ,   ,   ,             ,   ,        .

  .             .          .           .      , ,  ,     ,    .   ,              .     :        ,        [103 - J. D. Suttie, The Origins of Love and Hate, London, 1935, pp. 107, 110.].           ,             .

 ,          ,   ()    (  ).          :     ( , ,  )      .




   


     ,    ,      . ,      ,  ,     ,              ,       , .          250  .    , , -,     (),                ,       .

          ,   (-) .             . ,   ,    ,     ,  .         ,   .       ,      :  ,           ,     ,               .       .         ,    ,         ,    ,     .     ,       . ,   ,            , ,   ..           ,           .

        ,        .     ,  ,       ,    ,              .  ,         ,       .  ,  ,   ,       ,      , -        ,   , -     .     ,         ,     .

,     ,                       .          ,          (),     . . .   ,   ,        ,         .  ,            .  ,  ,   .           .          .   ,          .   ..                 ,       [104 - G. P. Murdock, Social Structure, New York, 1949. David F. Aberle (   ), The Incest Taboo and the Mating Patterns of Animals,' American Anthro pologist, Vol. 65, April 1963, pp. 253265.].




  


              .     30   ;            : ,   ,  ,  , ,      .     ,       ,              .          .    ,    ,  ,  , : a)   , b)  , c)    d)    ( ).   ,       ,        [105 - A. H. Buss and others, The Measurement of Hostility in Clinical Situations. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. 52, January 1956, pp. 84 ff.].

              .    ,  -   .

   ,           ,     .         ,        ,     ,         , , ,        ,   ,   ,         ,         .   ,   ,  ,            .   ,     ,  -   -,    .      ,         ,         ,        - .         ,          .

,   ,         .    ,  ,       ,    (  )    .

      ,  ;   ,         ,       .      , , ,     养[106 - H. Stack Sullivan, The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry, New York, 1953, pp. 347 f.]

         ,     .        ,  ,          .          ,   ,    ,    .         ,     [107 - Op. cit., p. 355.].

         :  ,         ,          ;         .               ,    ,     ,       ,        ,    ,      .  ,        , ,       ,       ,  ,       [108 - Op. cit., p. 213.]




  


  ,              ,       ,     ,       .           䠖          ,          .

  ,    ,        -. ,        -.     ,    ,   -   - ,         ,               ,      .  ࠖ    . ,   , ,        -   -, ,     ,      . , 䠖   .

     仠   ,       - ,   .      ,   ,    ,   ,   ,    .  ,    ,  ,     . ,  ,   ,  ,   ,  ,     [109 - G. Piers and M. Singer, Shame and Guilt. A Psychoanalytical and Cultural Study, Springfi eld (Ill.), 1953, pp. 6, 11.].

  ,        ,    ,   .          .     :   ,  ,         .   ,   ,   ,     ,       .  ,       ,   ,      ,     ().          ,   堖     .

       .               ().      :     ,  .   .       .    ( ),    ,      ,    .

    ,          ,         ;       ,   [110 - Op. cit., p. 23 f.].




    ?


 30              -   .     [111 - R. M. Yerkes, Conjugal Contrasts among the Chimpanzees, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. 36, 1941, pp. 175199. . : 'The Life History and Personality of the Chimpanzee,' American Naturalist, Vol. 73, 1939, pp. 97112. Ibid., Chimpanzees, 1943.].              (   )      .   ,          ,                        . ,     ,  ,    :          ,       ,        .        ,     ,     ,  ,      ( ,    )  ,     .

  ,     ,     ( ,   ).    ,     .           .         .       .

 ,        ,            .     ,         -   .    , ,     .      ,  ,     . , ,   ,      ,   .   , ,   ,      ,     .   -     ,     .

       .        ,       .   ,    ,    .           .   ,    :                . ,   ?

         ;   ,   ,     .     :        .   ,   . ,   ,    ,         ,         ,  .         ,           .

        .          .      9  10 ,    .         .                    .

     ,    .        ,  ,   .         ,    ,   .       ,  ,        .        ,       .     , ,          ,     :                  ,    40   .         ,          ;     .

      ,         ;             , ,    ,    ,      .      ,    , ,    ,  ,       .     ,        蠖     .

  ,   ,       ,      , -           .  ,                  .

        ,          (Futterneid).  ,   ,       ,                .              ,     ,         ,  ,           : ,            ,          .




   


        ,      ,    ,   ,  ,     .       ,            [112 - J. P. Scott, Aggression, Chicago, 1958, pp. 3941.].  ,       ,                 .    ,                 ,     ,   ,      .  ,           ,         . ,        ,     ,  ,        -  .

, ,     .      ,       .        .

               .    - ,     ,   ,       .     -    - ,       (), , ,    .

,       , ,      .      .     ,       ,    ,          ,     .          [113 - Op. cit., p. 7f.].

 ,           .         ,       , ,      ,     .                    .          . , , -  ,     ,     [114 - Op. cit., p. 22.].

 ,        ,     ,    (..  ).        ,    (, )    ,       , .. ,    [115 - Op. cit., p. 32 f.].




  


 1951.    ,        .

               . ,        ,   ,            ,   頖           ,     .      ,       ,      (   )    [116 - E. Baumgarten, Versuch ueber mogliche Fortschritte im theoretischen und praktischen Umgang mit Macht, Studium Generale, 4th year, 1951, pp. 540558.].

     ,      :        ,   ,     , -,   .        ,    ,     /    ,  ,          (, ).   ,                ,  ,          ,       ,      (    ,       ).         ,             .  ,   ,       .

, ,      -   .     ,       ,   .          ,         .   ,       .     ,          :            ,            .     :    ,       .  ,         ,    .

         :    ,         ,      .                    .      . ,    젖     ,       ;        ,         -   .      , , ,        , ,  ,   ,    ,     ,  ,  ,     ,       ,      ,       [117 - Op. cit., p. 548.].

    , ,  ,        ,    -  ,  ,   ,  .           ,   ,   ,   ,        .  ,  -    ,      ,         .  ,     ,     ,        ?       ,  ,  ,   ,     .

         ,      . ,        :    ,   ,   ,  ,        .

    ,   ,     ,     :         ,       ;         ,   1   2.

, ,    ,      , , ,    .           ,                 ,    [118 - K. Lorenz, Moral-analoges Verhalten geselliger Tiere, Universitas, llth year, 1951, p. 548.].




-    


      ,     ,    .   ,           ,        ,          [119 - S. E. Asch, Effects of Group Pressure upon the Modifi cation and Distortion of Judgments, Groups, Leadership and Men, ed. Harold Guetzkow, Pittsburgh, 1951.].     ,            ,     ,   ,   ,     () ,  .           .    ,  ,     , ,    ,      , ,     ,        ,       .

 , ,           ,    ,  ,   ,   ,      ,  ,       ,      .         .    ,                () ,        ,   ..      ,   ,   ,           ,    .

 10             ,       ,  ,   -            . ,      , ,        .       ,          .         ,     .  ,   ,      ,      .   ,         .          ,    ..

  ,  ,   ,        . .  (     ):        ,      .             ,   ,           .

      ,                   ,   ,         ,          .        ,        ,  ,      ,    .  :   ,       , ..  ,        .       ,         ,             ,   ,        ,              .

          ,       12  15 .   ,     .     ,    ,  ,   .    ,     .    ,    [120 - S. Milgram, Nationality and Conformity, Scientific American, Vol. 205, 1961.    : Readings in General Sociology, ed. R. W. OBrien and others, Boston, 1964, p. 54 ff.].

  ,       ,  :      ,   ,     .

             ,   ,    .




    


,       ,  ,      ,           .   ?       ,     ,          ?     ?

       ,     ,       ,     ,   ,      .       .    : Skal du stikke deg ut?  , ?      :     75%.  ,     .

    Voulez-vous vous faire remarquer? (  ?)        . ,    ,        (,      40    ,       ,  ).

, ,      ,       ,   ,   ,     , ,   ,  .  ,          ,       .

    .         ,        ,   ,    ,    ?          . ,      ,        , ?  !,     . ,         ,   ࠖ   ꠖ    ,     ,     ,      ,   .

,        ,      ,         ,  ,             .  :        .       ,        ,     .         ,     .       ,       .   ,             .




  


      -             (Attraction and Hostility)[121 - A. Pepitone, Attraction and Hostility. An Experimental Analysis of Interpersonal and Self-Evaluation, New York, 1964.]  ,   1964.      ,           ;             ,              ,     .        ;   .

 ,       ,        ,        ,        . ,      ,    ,       . ,          ,      ,  :       , ,        ,     젖         ?     ,      ,      .     ,             ,     .  ,            ,        ,  ,      ,            ,  (      )    .      ࠖ      ,      .

  ,    (     )          , ..    ,    ,   .       ,   .         ,  ,   , ,     (,  ,  ),        ,    , ,   堖      .

  ,           ,             -   .     .           ,     , , :          !              ,      ,            .         :  ,        ,    invidious comparison [..  , invidia]  [ ]   [122 - Op. cit., p. 78 f.].

  ,       ,      ,       .

,     ,  ,  ,         ,  ,       .     ,         .      , ,       ,    , ,      , ,   -  .        ,    :     ,   ,       []     [  ]     [123 - Op. cit., p. 88.].

 ,         ,  ;      ,     ,    .

      ,                [124 - Op. cit., p. 222 f.].      ,             ,       ,           ,   ,     ,    .      ,  ,          , , ,        .

             ,     ,  , .. , ,            ,   ,        .        , ,    ,         ,         . ,       ,    ,                   .       ,           ,  ,   ,    ;       ,       [125 - Op. cit., p. 224.].

   ,    ࠖ    , ,  .        ,         .      堖 ,      -   ,      ?      ,   ,          ,          .  , ,     ,    .            ,       :         .    ,   ,  ,      ,     .    ,         . ,  .  ,  1964.,                           .

    ,     ,   ,    .             .  , ,    ,    [126 - Marvin Daniels, The Dynamics of Morbid Envy in the Etiology and Treatment of Chronic Learning Disability, Psychoanalytic Review, Vol. 51,1964, pp. 4556.].

  1961.           ,        .              .  , ,     ,   ,      ,      [127 - Leslie Farber, Faces of Envy, Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry, Vol. 1,1961, pp. 131139.].




 7.     



  ,         ,  ,      ,       .         ,   ,      ,       ,          蠖   ,      .

         .    ,    ,    , ,  ,     ,      .         ,     ,   .         ,         ,  ,    XX.,     . ,           ,   - .

 ,                ,    ,     ;            .

     ,     ,       ,    :    ,   ,                 .         -   - ,       ,           .

 ,       ,   ,           ,    .          .        ,      :   ,           ,      ,   .




  


,                    ,        .

,  ,       .      ,          ,    ,   .     .     .        ,               ,           .          ,      젖  ,          ,      ,  ,         ,  ,  . ,     ,       ,    -  (,  ,     )   ,        ,    .

 ,        , , , ,   ,       -  ?  ,      :   .     ,    ,    ..,   -      ,          .         ,    ,    蠖           .

    ,   ,       ;       Schadenfreude,          . ,    :      ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   ,     ,         .

      , ,         ,   .     , ,       ,    ,   .      ,      , ,  ,      ..         -  ,  ,        ,      ,           ,        .




  


        ,          .      ,    ,            ,  ,    - ,  ,  ,       ,          .      ,      ,       ,   ,  ,     .

  .    .       , ,   蠖    젖 - ,   ,            .     ( )  ;    ,  ,       ,         ,          ,     .            :  , ,     .    ,         ,      ,          ,    ,      ,     .

 ,         ,    .    ,    ,      ,        廻,                      . ,      ,    ,   ,  ,    .   ?

,     -      ,     ,   , ,    . ,     ,  ,      , ,    ,       ,          .  ,       ,        ,           ,    ,      ,      .

    ,     .   ,   ,     , ,      ,       .         -          .       蠖   ࠖ    ,                       ,  ,    primus inter pares (  )     ,         .   ,           ,   ,     :     ,   ,    ,                  - .     ,       , ,  ,       ,                 .        , , ,    ,   ,        ,     ,  ,    -,    ,    ,    .




   


     ,  ,    ,      ,     ,     :       .     ,   ,        [128 - R. Dahrendorf, Die angewandte Aufklarung. Gesellschaft und Soziologie in Amerika, Munich, 1963, p. 188.].

           ,     .           ;          .   40 ,         ,      [129 - R. Dahrendorf, Gesellschaft und Freiheit, Munich, 1963, pp. 197-235.].

           .          ,           頖     ,     ..             ,             ,   ,    .  , ,            ,  ,    .      (  ),    ,    ,     .      ,   ,              , ,   .

       ,    ,            ,       ,        . :     ,          ,    ,   ,   ..             .

      ,       ,  :                 .      , ,    :   -  ;            [130 - Op. cit., p. 213.].

                   ;     ,          ,   ,      ,    - ,            ,   .     ,    ,             ,     .

,                   .   ,      .        .         ,     ,  .               ,       ,     .      ,   ,       .

,          ,          .    (,  ,  )      ,          ,    .

   ,              .    ,     (   )         .




  


,   , ,         ,          (,     ,    ). , ,      ,     ,  ,      ,        .

  ,         ,   , ,        ,       - ,      ,  頖  ,  .    ,  ,      ,  ,     ,  ,               .          ,    ,           (     ,        ).      ,       :          ,   ,       ?

   ,             ,   ,    ,      ,      ,    .

               ,      ,        ,       ,  .




 


 1965     .       ,        ,  , ,  ,  , ,    .    ,        ,        ,   ,    .     ,        (),        .      ,   1910.  ,        [131 - R. K. Merton and E. Barber, 'Sociological Ambivalence,' in Sociological Theory, Values, and Sociocultural Change. Essays in Honor of P. A. Sorokin, ed. E. A. Tiryakian, New York and London, 1963, pp. 92 f., 95, 106 f.].

   ,      ,  -      ,      ,   ,       ,   :   ,   ,    ,    ;   :    廻;  ,       ,   ,   ;  :    뻻[132 - R. Dahrendorf, Bildung ist B?rgerrecht, Hamburg, 1965, p. 70 f.   : J. Hitpass, Einstellungen der Industriearbeiterschaft zu h?herer Bildung, Eine Motivuntersuchung, 1965;         .].

,         , ,       , ,         .  ,  ,        ,     ,               ,     




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/gelmut-shek/zavist-teoriya-socialnogo-povedeniya/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


  -          ,        :   ,            ,     ,     ,   :            ,        ,     ,   ,  , ,       ,             ,            (  : H. Ian Hogbin, Law and Order in Polynesia, London, 1934, pp. xxiv ff.; Hamden [Conn.], 1961).




2


,   1966.            ,  Amsterdam Provos.   ,    -     ,        (. E. Shils and M. Young, The Meaning of the Coronation, in The Sociological Review, Vol. I, December 1953, pp. 6381; N. Birnbaum, 'Monarchs and Sociologists,' idem, Vol. Ill, July 1955, pp. 523).




3


  (  )            ; ,    . 14  Heinz-Giinter Deiters Die Kunst der Intrige ( ), Hamburg, 1966.         ,       . 14801490.,   .




4


  (Oliver Brachfeld), , ,  ,    ,     ;       ,       .. (Inferiority Feelings in the Individual and the Group, New York, 1951, p. 109).      ,    ,      ,      (Theory of Social Confl ict)      ?    ,        ,    ,        . (Gesellschaft und Demokratie in Deutschland [Society and Democracy in Germany], 1965, p. 320).




5


  ,            ,  ,     ,        ,      .   -   ,  ,   ,         .    -   ,      ,   .   , .         .           .         ,   ,             , ,   ,   (David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd, New Haven, 1950, p. 155).  ,       , , ,    ,   , ,    ,         .




6


Oxford English Dictionary, Vol. 3, Oxford, 1933.




7


W.L. Davidson, Envy and Emulation,  Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, ed. James Hastings, Vol. 5, New York and Edinburgh, 1912.




8


John Gay, Concerning the Fundamental Principle of Virtue or Morality,  : The English Philosophers from Bacon to Hill, ed. Edwin A. Burtt, The Modern Library, New York, n.d., p. 784.




9


Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, Modern Library edition, p. 670.




10


Max Scheler, Das Ressentiment im AufbauderMoralen / Gesammelte Werke, Vol. 3, Bern, 1955, p. 45.




11


F. G. Steiner, Malice, Oxford, 1952, p. 16.




12


Das Deutsche Sprichworter-Lexikon, K. F. Wander (18631880), Bonn, 1874, p. 177.




13


          . . .




14


 (). . .




15


O    .: Dwight M. Donaldson, Studies in Muslim Ethics, London, 1953, pp. 91 ff.




16


C. Jacobsen, Halbzeit bei der Ford-Stiftung, Die Zeit, October 9, 1964, p. 9.




17


New York Times, December 7, 1961, p. 29.




18


Nations Business, Washington, D.C., April 1958, p. 48.




19


Nachwuchskrafte sollen sich am Anfang uberall unterrichten, Die Welt, No, 128, June 4, 1966.




20


Wolfgang Kellner, Die moderne soziale Konfl ikt. Seine Ursache und seine Uberwindung im Betrieb, Stuttgart, 1961, pp. 142151.




21


G. H. Theunissen, Der Fall Max Bense, Die Zeit, April 24, 1964, p. 9.




22


A. and P. Toynbee, Comparing Notes, London, 1963.




23


R. Thurnwald : Lehrbuch der Volkerkunde, ed. K. Th. Preuss, Stuttgart, 1937, pp. 236 ff.




24


       :    ,                  .        .        ,     .       ,   ,        .        ,  ,    ,      .     . ,    ,    ,    .             ,      (E. J. Krige and J. D. Krige, The Realm of a Rain-Queen, London, 1943, pp. 70 ff.).




25


F. Rose, Umgang mil Schweden (Vol. 12 of the series Umgang mit Volkern), Nuremberg, 1954, p. 13.




26


Time, June 29, 1953.




27


H. G. Barnett, Innovations. The Basis of Cultural Change, New York, 1953, pp. 401 f.




28


C. Kluckhohn, The Navaho, Cambridge (Mass.), 1946; Navaho Witchcraft (Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 22, No. 2, Cambridge (Mass.), 1944); .  p. 68.




29


R. Firth, Primitive Polynesian Economy, London, 1939, p. 282.




30


A. R. Holmberg, Nomads of the Long Bow. The Siriono of Eastern Bolivia (Smithsonian Institution: Institute of Social Anthropology Publication, No. 10), Washington, 1950.     19411942.




31


Op. cit., p. 36.




32


Op. cit., p. 60.




33


Op. cit., pp. 60, 61.




34


Op. cit., p. 62.




35


M. Scheler, Das Ressentiment im Aufbau der Moralen, Gesammelte Werke, Vol. 3, Bern, 1955, p. 52.




36


C. Kluckhohn, Navaho Witchcraft, pp. 15, 59.




37


C. Kluckhohn, The Navaho, pp. 128 f.




38


C. Kluckhohn, Navaho Witchcraft, p. 68.




39


C. Kluckhohn, Navaho Witchcraft, p. 15.




40


Op. cit., p. 111.




41


R. B. Brandt, Hopi Ethics, Chicago, 1954, p. 328.




42


Op. cit., pp.143, 148.




43


Op. cit., p. 156.




44


Op. cit., p. 129.




45


Ruth Benedict, in An Anthropologist at Work, Writings of Ruth Benedict, ed. by Margaret Mead, Boston, 1959, p. 234 (from Zu?i Mythology, Vol. 1, New York, 1935).




46


J. Gillin, The Culture of Security in San Carlos. A Study of a Guatemalan Commu nity of Indians and Ladinos, New Orleans, 1951, pp. 122, 124.




47


E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Witchcraft (Mangu) among the Azande (Sudan Notes and Records, Vol. 12), Khartoum, 1929, pp. 163-249, 215.




48


Op. cit., p. 212.




49


Op. cit., p. 215.




50


Op. cit., p. 220.




51


E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande, Oxford, 1947, p. 117.




52


Op. cit., p. 112.




53


Op. cit., pp. 206 f.




54


Op. cit., p. 148.




55


E. H. Winter, The Enemy Within, from Witchcraft and Sorcery in East Africa, ed. JohnMiddleton and E.H. Winter, London, 1963, pp. 280 f.




56


R. E. S. Tanner, The Sorcerer in Northern Sukumaland, Tanganyika, The South western Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 12, pp. 437 ff.




57


E. J. Krige and J. D. Krige, The Realm of a Rain-Queen, London, 1943, p. 269.




58


Op. cit., pp. 264 ff.




59


Op. cit., p. 18.




60


Op. cit., p. 290.




61


Op. cit., p. 286.




62


Op. cit., p. 287.




63


Op. cit., p. 270.




64


R. Karsten, The Head-Hunters of Western Amazonas. The Life and Culture of the Jivaro Indians of Eastern Ecuador and Peru (Societas Scientiarum Fennica. Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum, Vol. VII, No. 1), Helsinki, 1935, p. 452.  1917  1928. .       .




65


., : Franz Hess, Die Ungleichheit der Bildungschancen, Olten and Freiburg i. Br., 1966, pp. 155 f. : Willy Strzelewicz and others, Bildung und gesellschaftliches Bewusstsein, Stuttgart, 1966, p. 606.




66


,   (Fox, Merker)     ,          ,     .  ,   (Ralph Linton)     ,   ,       ,           .          .




67


E. R. Wolf, Types of Latin American Peasantry. A Preliminary Discussion, American Anthropologist, Vol. 51 (1955), pp. 460 f.




68


G. M. Foster, Interpersonal Relations in Peasant Society, Human Organization, Vol. 19 (Winter 1960/61), p. 175 if.; .     O. Lewis, p. 179  J. Pitt-Rivers, pp. 180 f.          ,   ,       J. Gillin, pp. 116, 114, 124, 122.         envidia,  , ,  ,       . . .  (C.J. Erasmus, Man Takes Control, Cultural Development and American Aid, Minneapolis, 1961, p. 80)    ,             . (S. Tax Changing Consumption in Indian Guatemala, Economic Development and Culture Change, Vol. 5, Chicago, 1957, pp.151, 155).




69


Y. A. Cohen, Four Categories of Interpersonal Relationships in the Family and Community in a Jamaican Village, Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 28 (New Series, Vol. 3), 1955, pp. 121147. . .    ,    ,        1938. (C.S. Rjsenthal, Social Strati fi cation of the Jewish Community in a Small Polish Town, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 59, 1953, p. 6):        .    ,      ,     ,     .           .




70


W. Watson, Tribal Cohesion in a Money Economy. A Study of the Mambwe People of Northern Rhodesia (The Rhodes-Livingstone Institute), New York, 1958, pp. 82 f.




71


Op. cit., pp. 122 f.




72


Op. cit., p. 209.          ,  ,   . .  :       ,          (Land, Labour and Diet, in Northern Rhodesia, London, 1939, p. 215).          ,       ,     ,   ,          ,   ,            (M. Hunter, Reaction to Conquest. Effects of Contact with Europeans on the Pondo of South Africa, London and New York, 1936, p. 317; M.Gluckman, Lozi Land Tenure / Essays on Lozi Land and Royal Property (Rhodes-Livingstone Papers No. 14), Cape Town, 1943, p. 37).




73


O. Lewis, Life in a Mexican Village: Tepoztldn Restudied, Urbana, 1951, p. 297.




74


Op. cit., p. 297.




75


G. and A. Reichel-Dolmatoff, The People of Aritama, The Cultural Personality of a Colombian Mestizo Village, Chicago, 1961, p. 396.




76


Op. cit., p. 398.




77


C. Wright Mills, White Collar. The American Middle Classes. Paperback ed. New York, 1956, p. 174.




78


Reichel-Dolmatoff, op. cit., p. 402.




79


Op. cit., p. 403.




80


Op. cit., p. 404.




81


Hu Hsien-chin, The Chinese Concepts of Face, American Anthropologist, Vol. 46, 1944, pp. 4564.




82


Reichel-Dolmatoff, op. cit., p. 403.




83


R. F Fortune, Sorcerers of Dobu. The Social Anthropology of the Dobu Islanders of the Western Pacifi c, New York, 1932, p. 135.




84


P. Bohannan, Some Principles of Exchange and Investment among the Tiv, American Anthropologist, Vol. 57,1955, pp. 66 ff.




85


Laura Bohannan     Joseph B. Casagrande, In the Company of Man, New York, 1960, p. 386.




86


Op. cit., p. 393.




87


J. B. Watson and J. Samora,Subordinate Leadership in a Bicultural Community. An Analysis, American Sociological Review, Vol. 19, 1954, pp. 413431.




88


C. S. Belshaw, In Search of Wealth, American Anthropologist Memoir, February.1955, p. 80.




89


Op. cit., pp. 60 f.




90


,    1958.    -   (-).




91


V. E. Frankl, Mans Search for Meaning, Boston, 1962, pp. 33, 43, 45, 63.  ࠖ   From Death-Camp to Existentialism, Boston, 1959.   : Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager, 1946.




92


G. Devereux, Reality and Dream, Psychotherapy of a Plains Indian, New York, 1951, p. 66.




93


Ruth Sawtell Wallis, The Changed Status of Twins among the Eastern Dakota, Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 28 (New Series, Vol. 3), 1955, p. 117.




94


B. D. Paul, Symbolic Sibling Rivalry in a Guatemalan Indian Village, American Anthropologist, Vol. 52, 1950, pp. 205218.




95


H. Granqvist, Child Problems among the Arabs. Studies in a Muhammedan Village in Palestine, Copenhagen, 1950, p. 81.




96


R.F. Fortune, Sorcerers of Dobu, New York, 1932, pp. 16 f.




97


S. Freud, Collected Works, Vol. XVIII, London, 1955, pp. 120121. [ .      ߻. . -, 2008.]




98


Franz Alexander, Frontiers in Psychiatry,  Frontiers in Medicine, New York, 1951, pp. 912.




99


A. Kardiner, The Individual and His Society. The Psychodynamics of Primitive Social Organization, New York, 1939, pp. 375 f., 379, 403.




100


Cp.: D. Wyss, Die tiefenpsycholagischen Schulen von den Anfangen bis zur Gegenwart, 2nd ed., G?ttingen, 1966, p. 81.   ,        ,   .  ,            ;  , ,          .     , ,    ,        .    ,      ;  ,   ,       ,     ,   .        ,      . B. Bettelheim Symbolic Wounds. Puberty Rites and the Envious Male, 1954, p. 99. Melanie Klein, Envy and Gratitude. A Study of Unconscious Sources, London, 1957.




101


P. Greenacre, Trauma, Growth, and Personality, London, 1953, p. 233.




102


E. A. Gutheil, The Language of the Dream, New York, 1939, pp. 39, 68, 87, 195, 212, 228.




103


J. D. Suttie, The Origins of Love and Hate, London, 1935, pp. 107, 110.




104


G. P. Murdock, Social Structure, New York, 1949. David F. Aberle (   ), The Incest Taboo and the Mating Patterns of Animals,' American Anthro pologist, Vol. 65, April 1963, pp. 253265.




105


A. H. Buss and others, The Measurement of Hostility in Clinical Situations. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. 52, January 1956, pp. 84 ff.




106


H. Stack Sullivan, The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry, New York, 1953, pp. 347 f.




107


Op. cit., p. 355.




108


Op. cit., p. 213.




109


G. Piers and M. Singer, Shame and Guilt. A Psychoanalytical and Cultural Study, Springfi eld (Ill.), 1953, pp. 6, 11.




110


Op. cit., p. 23 f.




111


R. M. Yerkes, Conjugal Contrasts among the Chimpanzees, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. 36, 1941, pp. 175199. . : 'The Life History and Personality of the Chimpanzee,' American Naturalist, Vol. 73, 1939, pp. 97112. Ibid., Chimpanzees, 1943.




112


J. P. Scott, Aggression, Chicago, 1958, pp. 3941.




113


Op. cit., p. 7f.




114


Op. cit., p. 22.




115


Op. cit., p. 32 f.




116


E. Baumgarten, Versuch ueber mogliche Fortschritte im theoretischen und praktischen Umgang mit Macht, Studium Generale, 4th year, 1951, pp. 540558.




117


Op. cit., p. 548.




118


K. Lorenz, Moral-analoges Verhalten geselliger Tiere, Universitas, llth year, 1951, p. 548.




119


S. E. Asch, Effects of Group Pressure upon the Modifi cation and Distortion of Judgments, Groups, Leadership and Men, ed. Harold Guetzkow, Pittsburgh, 1951.




120


S. Milgram, Nationality and Conformity, Scientific American, Vol. 205, 1961.    : Readings in General Sociology, ed. R. W. OBrien and others, Boston, 1964, p. 54 ff.




121


A. Pepitone, Attraction and Hostility. An Experimental Analysis of Interpersonal and Self-Evaluation, New York, 1964.




122


Op. cit., p. 78 f.




123


Op. cit., p. 88.




124


Op. cit., p. 222 f.




125


Op. cit., p. 224.




126


Marvin Daniels, The Dynamics of Morbid Envy in the Etiology and Treatment of Chronic Learning Disability, Psychoanalytic Review, Vol. 51,1964, pp. 4556.




127


Leslie Farber, Faces of Envy, Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry, Vol. 1,1961, pp. 131139.




128


R. Dahrendorf, Die angewandte Aufklarung. Gesellschaft und Soziologie in Amerika, Munich, 1963, p. 188.




129


R. Dahrendorf, Gesellschaft und Freiheit, Munich, 1963, pp. 197-235.




130


Op. cit., p. 213.




131


R. K. Merton and E. Barber, 'Sociological Ambivalence,' in Sociological Theory, Values, and Sociocultural Change. Essays in Honor of P. A. Sorokin, ed. E. A. Tiryakian, New York and London, 1963, pp. 92 f., 95, 106 f.




132


R. Dahrendorf, Bildung ist B?rgerrecht, Hamburg, 1965, p. 70 f.   : J. Hitpass, Einstellungen der Industriearbeiterschaft zu h?herer Bildung, Eine Motivuntersuchung, 1965;         .


