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     ,        ,     ,   ,      ,    .  XIX     -      . :     ,   ,   ,           , ,       (   ),      ,       ,  ,       ( )   ,     ,     [ 1990: 369] >.               (-, -, -).    ,            ,   .

  ,    . ,     [Porter 1992:1],        :   ,    ,      ,     ,    . .       (sick role)    ,  ,      ,    - ,          ,     [Parsons 1951, . 10] (. : [Lupton 1994: 8990, 105106]).   ,    ,       ,       ,   ,   ,   . ,     [Illich 1976].   ,     , ,  ,     ,      ,   .             ?       , , ,     ,     .     ,                 ,       ( )    ,     (, )   ( , -)  .  ,           ,  -      (      ).  ,   ,       ,   ,         .         ,     (        )   ,       ,  , ,   ,     : !   ! ( 4: 23).

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      ,    .  ()   2003 ,      .                .      ,    :   , ,   , - ,  ,   ,  .           (,  ,        ).  ,  ,   ,      ,      ,     ,    ,                .

   .   : literature and medicine  , , ,             .   ,     (Literature and Medicine) ,          ,  ,   ..,      -     .   -,       -    ,  .          -   ,                 LM   ,       .    :   .   .        ,     ,     .  ,         ,   ,  , ,      ,      .

.     : , ,                     XVIIIXIX .   ,     XVIII         XIX ,      ,                  .    ..    ,          -   ,      XVIIIXIX .

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        XVIII     .                XVIII .           ,   ,              .                 ,         .       XVIII         ,    . .     :      ,       - .        .         .  ,           ,     ,          A.C. .            ,               .

        .       XVIII : ..  vs.  II.     -    .. ,    ,   ,   II.   ,         ,     ,     .

         .       .  -         .           .     -,          .           .

  ,            . , .   . .       :   .           1920-1930-      .   ,          .         ,   1920- ,   ,  1930-,       ,       .             .    .    . . .         1980-   1990- .     ,           .       ,          ,   ,     -.        ,   ,     .  -    ,        .            .         蓻.        ,      ,   ,        .  ,             .

     -.    ,             . . -    .       . ,   ..     .

       Kulturwissenschaftliches Forschungskolleg Norm und Symbol (Universit?t Konstanz)     (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft).










             .: [K?ser 1998:179207].




 .: [Trautmann/Pollard 1975]; [Neve 1988]; [Engelhardt 19912000 (       1800  1995 )].               : http://www.endeavor.med.nyu.edu/lit-med/lit-med-db/index.html.




         .      [Studis 2001],   : [Merten 2003]; [ 2005].







 2005 /  . . , , :     XVIIIXIX. ., 2005.

 1886 /  ..  -. ., 1886.

 1990 /  . ,   //  . :  2. ., 1990. . 1.

Engelhardt 19912000 / Engelhardt D. Medizin in der Literatur der Neuzeit. H?rtgenwald, 19912000. Bd. III.

Frieden 1981 / Frieden N.M. Russian Physicians in an Era of Reform and Revolution, 18561905. Princeton, N.J., 1981.

Illich 1976 / IUich I. Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health. N.Y., 1976.

K?ser 1998 / K?ser R. Arzt, Tod und Text: Grenzen der Medizin im Spiegel deutschsprachiger Literatur. M?nchen, 1998.

Lupton 1994 / Lupton D. Medicine as Culture: Illness, Disease and the Body in Western Societies. London; New Dehli, 1994.

Merten 2003 / Merten S. Die Entstehung des

Realismus aus der Poetik der Medizin: Dier russische Literatur der 40er bis 60er Jahre des 19. Jahrhunderts. Wiesbaden, 2003.

Neve 1988 / NeveM. Literature and Medicine // Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine / Ed. by W.E Bynum. London, 1988.

Parsons 1951 / Parsons T. The Social System. Glencoe, 1951.

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Studis 2001 / Studis literaria Polona-Slavica.

Warszawa, 2001. T. 6. Trautmann/Pollard 1975 / Trautmann J.,

Pollard C. Literature and Medicine: Topics, Titles and Notes. Philadelphia, 1975-



 ,  ,  




 

 : literature and medicine  , , 



           .        ,      ,       , , ,  , .        . ,        ,    XIX ,    .    -    ,              .           ,     literature and medicine


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  XIX      ,    .    : ,     ,       .         ,    ,   ;        ,     ,     .    XX   .  1960-     ,  ;      ,      , , ,  .   1960-    .  (Goffman) ,      ;        ,   ,    ..            ,  ,       [Goffman 1990].

             .      1960-          . ,          ,     [Trautmann 1982: 8].          : .  (Banks),             (    ), .  (McNeur),     -,  .  (Vastyan),     .         ;        .  1970-      ,   -.   1972  10          


.   25     :  ,          .     LM   ,    Medical Humanities   , - ,       


.

      :   .   .  [Trautmann/Pollard 1982],  .         [Rousseau 1981],       Literature and Medicine  1982  [Daniel 1987].    1980-      ,    .   1980-   1990-     Journal of Medical Humanities;  ,    ,  The Lancet  Academic Medicine,        - .

    LM  ,      :  , Medicine in Literature [Ceccio 1978], The physician in literature [Cousins 1981], On Doctoring [Reynolds/Stone 1995], The Missing Medical Text [Moore 1978], The Literary Companion to Medicine [Gordon 1996], Vital Lines: Contemporary Fiction About Medicine [Mukand 1990].  ,     [Trautmann 1982: 1011],           


.   , ,    .  (Ceccio),      6 :     <>,    <>,    <>,   ,  <>,    [Trautmann 1982:1011].       .  (Cousins)


,     ,   ,   ,   , , ,    ..

 .  (Moore),   ,         .        ,    ,    [Trautmann 1982:11].                 :   ,    :  ,  ,  :  ,      .   .  (Mukand)   .      :    , ,   ,  .

,   ,   ,      ,  . , . , . , . , . , .   . ,     .        : ,     X.         (   , , ,  ),  - ..    (  , ,  ),    .-.     軠  (  , ).          .        ,  , ,    ,      .          :      -         .       ,  .   LM       .

   ,     LM       :     Medical Humanities   ,    ,         ,  .   .  [Greaves/Evan 2000:1].      ,         (,      , ,   ..).        - :     ,     (    ),      [Scott 2000].




        


   LM       .   ,       ,           -:          ,      .

       ;    ໠ ,     [McLellan/Jones 1996:109].   LM    ;      .  [Trautmann 1982],   LM,        .        ,   1979  , , -   (.: [Trautmann 1981]).     .      , -  .       ,      ,    .     ,      .    , ,           .          .

     ,   LM:  ,       ,    .      ,   :        ,        [Goodman 2001].   ,    ,        ,   , ,   哻,   [Trautmann 1982:67].            [Trautmann 1982: 7].    ,   LM      .

   .  (Daniel),        ,   ,    [Daniel 1987].  LM    ,        .    ,        .   , : 1)          ; 2)   ,  LM; 3)      ; 4)      ; 5)           [Daniel 1987: 5].

  ,           ,       .             . ,   Medicine and the biographers art .  (Weintraub) ,      :         ,     [Weintraub 1980:128].   ,      ,      . .       ,    , ,   ,   LM,       (., ,  ,      . 


).

         - ,    .            .  LM ,     ,      ,     .     ,    .      :      ,         [Caiman 1997]


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        .          ,   ;    ,       . ,  (Jones)   ,    .  The Use of Force:        ,    .               ,  -,     ,  ,     [Jones 1996].

         .  (Coulehan) Tenderness and steadiness: Emotions in medical practice.      . :       ,                [ 1972: 3536]. ,     ,  .  ,      ,        .    ,        .           .  ,    ,       ,        ,       .         :        ,       ,       [Coulehan 1995].

   ,        ,  ,    LM       .       ,    .    XIX        (  ) ,    ,      [Jones 1999],  LM,   XX ,   : ,     ,       .      ,         .




   


    ,      ,           LM.          .   .  (Judd),      LM.           ,    ,       .       ,            . <.. >         .     ,      [Judd 1998:11].

  Bedside Seductions       .      ,    ,  , ,     .           ,            [Judd 1998: 2].      ,   .        . - .      ,     :  (, ,   )   (, , ).     : /, / , /, /, /, /, /  ..      . , . , . , .   ..              ,       [Judd 1998:13].

     .  (Bailin) The Sickroom in Victorian Fiction. The Art of Being 111 [Bailin 1994].    ,          ,              XIX         ,   , , .            .         ,   ,   .  ,        :       , ,      ( . ..) [Bailin 1994: 6].     XIX  . , . , X.      ,   ,    .     ,           .  ,         :         ,             [Bailin 1994:23].          :        ,         ,      [Bailin 1994: 24].

        .  (Gorsky).        , ,  . ,   

.     ,      ,         .    廠  , . ,     ,        -.   anorexia nerviosa,    ,    .    .  ()     - ,     ,   ,   ,     [Gorsky 1999].

.  (McLellan),          The Lancet,     ,  -:        (,  ),           (,   ).  ,  ,   ,      .   , -         ,       .        ,      .       ,       .    ,            [McLellan 1997].        -  .         ,             [McLellan 1996].

.  (Grecco)        ,    ,     (,  ,  ).     ,     . <.. >    ,        [Grecco 1980: 9].     ,    .   ,     ,               .   ,           ,       .

LM   ,       .      -,          .     ,          , ,   .    .          . , , , .   . ,  .  (Weinstein).   ,       LM      .    ,      ,      .         ,        ,    .   ,     ,     :     .     .    ,             ;     ,     [ 1994: 225].  ,         ,    [Weinstein 1997:13].          .             , , ,      [Weinstein 1997:14].

         ,       ,     ,     .   LM      :    ,     ,   ,     .  , ,    셻 [Scott 2000].  ,  LM         ,        .        ,   .       LM,        ,      -  [ 


995-158181].        , , ,    ,          ,           .        .

 ,      ,   ,    ,     . -,           (,    ). -,            ,   ,   .

  , ,    .   ,            .      ,    .      ,          ,  LM.    ,         , , ,    .                .










             literature and medicine.       LM.




        Literature and Medicine .: [Trautmann 1982].




      Institute For The Medical Humanities, University Of Texas Medical Branch At Galveston Texas.  ,      Medical Humanities, .: http://endeavor.med. nyu.edu/lit-med/lit-med-db/index.html.    Medical Humanities .: http://www.ucihs.uci.edu/com/medhum/links.html.




    ,     (,  The Literary Companion to Medicine),       ,      ,    .




      , .    ,      . , ,    ,      UCLA Medical School,     Medical Humanities.    1990 .




 ., : [ 1954], [ 1989], [ 1982]. . : [ 1989].




         ,  ,      ,         .







 1954 /  ..   . .: , 1954.

 1989 /  ..     . .: , 1989.

 1994 /  . . .:

 , 1994. . 1.

 1989 / ..      .. . : , 1989.

 1995 /  ..      //  :    . .: , 1995.

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Victorian Fiction: The Art of Being 111. Cambridge [England]; N. Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

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      XVIII    



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