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      ,    .            .         ,     ,     :  ,  ,          .  ,   ,  .               ,      . ,    1964.   1965., ,   ,     ,      ,        .  ,        , , ,     .    ,        ,   1960- .   .

   - , ,   ,     .  ,  ,      ,    ,   [1 - Bradley Simpson, Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development andU.S.-Indonesian Relations, 19601968 (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008), 5.   ,    1960- .    -     ,   .   ,   1965.    .].         ,        .

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      ,    1960- .       ,   -  .

 2016.,      Los Angeles Times ,      .           ,       -  .       ,          ,     . ʠ    ,                  ,   [2 - Vincent Bevins, "The Politicians Voting toImpeach Brazil's President Are Accused ofMore Corruption Than She Is," Los Angeles Times, March28, 2016.].     ,   , ,        ,     ,    ,          .           ,      ,       .     :   ,    ,          .   .    ,           .

   ,     ,   ,  :         堖 ,  ,   ,     .    ,             ,   [3 - Jonathan Watts, "Dilma Rousseff Taunt Opens Old Wounds ofDictatorship Era's Torture inBrazil," TheGuardian, April19, 2016.].

           ,     ,         .           ,    ,    .     ,      [4 - Vincent Bevins, "Brazil Isin Turmoil, anImpeachment Trial Looms, andStill, Dilma Rousseff Laughs," Los Angeles Times, July5, 2016.].   , ,    :     ,       ,        ,    ,   ,    .

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 2017.  ,   ,          .   - ,    -  The Washington Post.                1965., -     ,         ࠖ -,   ,   ,           ,    . ,    -,       ,    ,   .    ,     ,    ,     , :  ! 蠫  !. ,         ,     .        ,         .        .   .           1960-.

    ,  ,  ,  ,          ,       ,    ,       ,     .   ,      ,   ,        ,   ,    1964 1965.

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,  ,   21  ,        .    軠    ,    [5 -     : ,    , ,   ,   ,   ,        .  .: Phenomenology ofSpirit, "Absolute Freedom andTerror," Section590.]. !        .              ,    .

    (TheAct ofKilling, 2012)    ,   (TheLook ofSilence, 2014),   ,     1965. ,        .        .     ,     ,   ,   ,  .  ,       ,      ,     ,  .             ,       ,   ,    .

 ,          ,    ,   ,        .   ,           ,      ,      .         .

    , ,   ,   ,      .      , ,     ,    ,      . ,  ,        ,   , , ,  ,     ,        [6 -        TheGlobal Cold War: Third World Interventions andthe Making ofOur Times (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005)     ,            ,   .  ,       ,   , ,          ,   . ,    ⠫     ,    .].

,    ,   , ,    ,   .      ,    . ,          ,     ,      .   ,   ,      ,    .  ,     ,     ,    ,     . -,     :             . -,    ,    . ʠ,    .      :         XX,    ,           ,         . ,    -       ,    .  ,       .

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    ,  ,            ,     .    ,   ,      ,   .     ,  ,      .     ,           . ,     ,    ,   .    ,      ,  ,    ,   .  ,    , ,  ,     ,   ,  ,    XVII.[7 - Π  ,    ,     ,       ,     , .:Virginia DeJohn Anderson, "New England inthe Seventeenth Century," inThe Oxford History ofthe British Empire, Vol.1: TheOrigins ofEmpire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 19396.]

  1700- .              ,      .        ,  .  , ,    .       . Ƞ       ,   .

  ,  ,    50 70 ⠖  90%  .    ,      ,    [8 - Alexander Koch etal., "Earth System Impacts ofthe European Arrival andGreat Dying inthe Americas after 1492," Quarternary Science Reviews 207 (March2019), www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379118307261#! (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379118307261#!).].                .    , , ,         XIX.       1920. Ƞ      ,   ,  , ,   ,  蠖       ,      .          ,      [9 - Adam Serwer, "White Nationalism's Deep American Roots," TheAtlantic, April2019. ,      ࠖ    ࠖ  ,  . Π                ., : Francis X. Clines, "When Black Soldiers Were Hanged: AWar's Footnote," NewYork Times, February7, 1993.].

  , ,       .     .  1930- .     젖 ,          .  1941.      :   ,    ,     ;  ,   ,    ,      [10 - Alden Whitman, "'The Lightning' Strikes inWar," NewYork Times, December27, 1972, www.nytimes.com/1972/12/27/archives/harry-s-truman-decisive-president-the-lightning-strikes-in-war.html (http://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/27/archives/harry-s-truman-decisive-president-the-lightning-strikes-in-war.html).]. ,   -    ,     ,             .    500000,   ,   ,      :       ,   ,     ,  .

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    1945.,  ,    . Ƞ    ,     .  ,   ,    ,    .     -   䠖  1943.,  ,  ,   ,    ,    . ʠ,    1945.  ,       ,    27  [11 -   , 27 .   ,  . .:Leonid Bershidsky, "A Message toPutin from 42 Million Dead," Bloomberg, May10, 2017.].       ,   .   1917.    ,      .    ,     ,  ,               , ,    ,   ,       .   ,  1918 1920., - ,   , ,       ,   ,    .   , 1924.,          ,              .     1930- .    ,       ,            .    ,   ,    .       ⠖   ,            ,  ,   1945.    [12 - .:Ronald Grigor Suny, TheSoviet Experiment: Russia, theUSSR, andthe Successor States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), Chap. 3, "Socialism andCivil War," Part III: Stalinism.].

    ,        . ʠ 1940- .       . ʠ1950- .  , ,       [13 - Westad, TheGlobal Cold War, 10,30.].    ,     ,    ,       .       ,  1945.   ,     :     20 29    [14 - Elizabeth Brainerd, "Uncounted Costs ofWorld War II: TheEffects ofChanging Sex Ratios onMarriage andFertility ofRussian Women," 13. National Council forEurasian andEast European Research, www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2007_8204g_Brainerd1.pdf (http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2007_820%E2%80%934g_Brainerd1.pdf).].      ,     , ,      .

    ,    蠫    1945-.         ,  蠖    .   ,  ,    ,     ,   -.      , ,  -     [15 -   (1803),    (1848)   (1845),    (1819)     .  . TheGlobal Cold War   ,    ꠫ ,    . .      1.].    ,      1893.  ,   , -  -  1898. ,    - , 1945.    ,            (    1920.   20砖  !), -      [16 - Westad, TheGlobal Cold War,15.].

      ,     . Ѡ             ,     ,           .

 蠫 𻠖  ,    .     1950- .     .    ,   ,   ;     ,         .    ,      ,    ,       .   頖 ,   ,  :           ,  ,    ,   ,  ,   .        ,   [17 -    : Alfred Sauvy, "Trois Mondes, Une Plant," L'Observateur no. 118, August14, 1952.   .: Vijay Prashad, TheDarker Nations: APeople's History ofthe Third World (NewYork: New Press, 2007), 611.].

 1950.        ,  蠖   [18 -    68%. .:"Urbanization: Facts andFigures," United Nations Centre forHuman Settlements, 2001.].        XIX.,          ,     1945.,        ,      ,  -  .    ,   ,   .                .

     ,            ,  ,    ,       ,                , .      ,  .  , 1945.     ,        ,  .

    ,        ,     ,               [19 - Westad, TheGlobal Cold War, 83.   ,            , .:Brett Reilly, "The Myth ofthe Wilsonian Moment," Woodrow Wilson Center, www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/the-myth-the-wilsonian-moment (http://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/the-myth-the-wilsonian-moment).   ,              .].     ,         1940- . ,            ,   2 1945.  ,      : "   .       ,    ,   ".           1776.      :     ,     ,   [20 - "Declaration ofIndependence," Socialist Republic ofVietnam Government Portal, www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English/TheSocialistRepublicOfVietnam/AboutVietnam/ (http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English/TheSocialistRepublicOfVietnam/AboutVietnam/).].      -    ,       ,   ,     ,   ,     .      .    ,      ,    : ,   ,             .       ࠖ ,        .

  ,        .             .

           .    1917.         ,   ,    -.    .          [21 - Eric Hobsbawm, TheAge ofExtremes (London: Penguin, 1994), 235.  ,      ,  .].      ,     ,    .   ,          :   ,  ,   .       ,   ,  ,     ,   [22 - Westad, TheGlobal Cold War, 2021.].

         ,          ,   .




 


  , ,    .   ,         ,  [23 -  1945.         .  1946.         ,  - .            . .:Alessandro Brogi, Confronting America: TheCold War between theUnited States andthe Communists inFrance andItaly (Chapel Hill, NC: University ofNorth Carolina Press, 2011), 95102.].     ,  ,    ,   ,    .     .             ,    .  ,       1941. (  ),            ,     , , , ,  .

      ,   ,     .      .   1947.          .  ,   ,     .

          ,   , .  ,         頖 ,      ,     [24 - Odd Arne Westad, TheCold War: AWorld History (NewYork: Basic Books, 2017), 9295.].

 ,      ,   :   ,        .    ,     .    ,           .    1948.          ⠫  ,     [25 - Ellen Schrecker, TheAge ofMcCarthyism: ABrief History with Documents (Boston: Bedford/St Martin's, 2002), 27].

  ,   ,         ,     ,   , .       ,     ,  .   ,      .   ,       , ,   ,   ,   ,  .    ,  ,   ,     ,       . ?      . 堖   .    堖 ,  , ,    ,    .          ,   ,      [26 -     ,        . Vladislav Zubok andConstantine Pleshakov, Inside theKremlin's Cold War: From Stalin toKhruschev (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 5657.].      .   ,   ,       .           (  )         ,        (    ,      ,     )[27 -   : ,   ,   .    ,  ,  .   ,     ,    . Zhores A. Medvedev andRoy A. Medvedev, TheUnknown Stalin (London: Tauris, 2003), 6162.].         ,     ,        , 1946.  ,    . Ӡ      . , ,            .  ,              ,   . Ƞ ,     ,        [28 - Π     .:Zubok andPleshakov, Inside theKremlin's Cold War, 2850;    -   . , 75,  Bert Cochran, TheWar System (NewYork: Macmillan, 1965), 4243.].

      ,      ,      ,      ,   ,    .  -           .   ,         ,    ࠖ        ,         [29 - Brogi, Confronting America, 11213. ,         ,     ,   .].

    ,   ,  ,    ,  ,    .   ,   - ,  , ,       . Ƞ,          ,  -  .

 ,     ,    .       ,         ,   ,         .             , ,           .  ,        ,       .      ,     ,       .    ,   ,   .

      ,  - ,             .       , ,  1919 1943., -   ,         ,   ,     [30 - A.James McAdams, Vanguard ofthe Revolution: TheGlobal Idea ofthe Communist Party (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017), Chaps. 16.].

     .      ,  ,   ,       ,         .            ,     [31 - Π  .:Patricia Stranahan, Underground: TheShanghai Communist Party andthe Politics ofSurvival 19271937 (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998), 711;    . .: Rebecca E. Karl, Mao Zedong andChina inthe Twentieth Century World (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010), 2425.]. ,  頖         ,     .

       .   ,   ,          蠖   蠖 ,        ,        [32 - Ruth McVey, TheRise ofIndonesian Communism (Ithaca: Cornell Press, 1965; reprinted inJakarta byEquinox, 2006), 7681.].            .  ,  .     .  1927.   .     ,       .   ,       ,  ,    [33 - Karl, Mao Zedong andChina, 2533.].        ,       ,      [34 - ,71.].

       ,  ,     ,      ,     .             .  , ,         .   ,         ,        ,     .   ,     ,    - 1947.[35 -      .:Brogi, Confronting America, 8287.]       -      .  ,    ,      .    ,        ,   ,  , , :    .     , ,  ,    蠫      ,       [36 - , 96; William Blum, Killing Hope: U. S. Military andCIA Interventions since World War II (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2004), chap.2.].  .

ʠ 1940- .  ,   ,    頖 ,  ,   ,     ,  ,    1945.

        ,       ࠫ .     ,     , ,     ,   ,      , -   [37 -    1947. . : Brogi, Confronting America, 1. Π  ( ),    , .:Winston Churchill, "The Sinews ofPeace ('Iron Curtain Speech')," March5, 1946, International Churchill Society, atwinstonchurchill.org/resources /speeches/19461963-elder-statesman/the-sinews-of-peace/.]. ,  -, , ,    .     .    堖 ,      ,      .  ,         ,      [38 - Zubok andPleshakov, Inside theKremlin's Cold War,53.].

        ,        .  1949.    ,  ,       .      1945.,    ,       . ,  [39 - Karl, Mao Zedong andChina,77.].              .




 


     ,        1950- .     ,     ,  ,               ,    [40 - .:Schrecker andDeery, TheAge ofMcCarthyism.].     (House Un-American Activities Committee, HUAC)   1938.,   1975-.       ,     ,  :     .    ,    ,       .     1930- ., -       ,     .

  ,          ().  1947.     ,       ,  HUAC       [41 - Schrecker, TheAge ofMcCarthyism,28.].  ,      ,         .  :



 .  ,           ,  ,    ,           .  ,       ,       , ,     .   ,     .    [42 - J. Edgar Hoover, Testimony before HUAC, March26, 1947, printed inSchrecker, TheAge ofMcCarthyism, 12733.].


    .    ,   ,   ,  .     ? ,    ,     .   ?      ,    ,     .  ,     ,   ,  .

Ѡ  ,    ,     .            蠖   ,    .            ,   ,     .               [43 - Westad, TheCold War, 120; Schrecker, TheAge ofMcCarthyism, 101; Owen Lattimore, "Far East Scholar Accused byMcCarthy, Dies at88," NewYork Times, June1, 1989.].

   ,      ,           ,       ,           [44 - Rodrigo Patto S Motta, Em Guarda Contra o Perigo Vermelho: O anticomunismo no Brasil 19171964 (S?o Paulo: Editora Perspectiva, 2002),2.].

ʠ 1940- .         .       .




 


         ,    ࠖ  .       1945.,     . Ѡ ,  ,          ,    ,  ,       .     .            -,   ,   砖    .  ,    ,     .

 1948.      -, ,      .       ,        - .            ,    1945.        ࠖ  ,   ,     .       ,      .      [45 -   ,       , .:Ruth McVey, TheSoviet View ofthe Indonesian Revolution: AStudy inthe Russian Attitude towards Asian Nationalism (Singapore: Equinox, 1959), 6387.].  ,        1949.,   .          ,    ,       .

              ,    , ,        .       ,    [46 - Westad, TheGlobal Cold War,119.].

     ,              .       ,  , ,  ,   ,     , ,   ,    .   , JFK,     .          컠    ,    ,     ,  [47 - Robert Dallek, AnUnfinished Life: John F. Kennedy 19171963 (NewYork: Little Brown, 2003),175.].          ,      . Ƞ  ,        ,     - ,  ?     .

     ,     :   .   ,          1946.    :   .    : -, , -,  , -, .     蠖      [48 - ,130.]. , ,   ,   ,   .        蠖       .       ,  -,    ⠫   ,      .

,    .        : :      ,    .  ࠖ  [49 - ,132.].  ,         ,           .  1954.,           ,     ,    [50 - David M. Oshinsky, AConspiracy SoImmense (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 33,490.].   ,      ,  ,    ,    ,    ,  ,  ,  JFK    ,  ?   .                  ,   ,          ,    .

 1951.    , , , , , ,    ,               [51 - Dallek, AnUnfinished Life,165.].

,  ,     ,   , , , ,  , ,  .  ,       .         ,   ,         [52 -   : Pre-Presidential Papers, House ofRepresentative Files, Speeches, 19471952, Boston Office Speech Files, 19461952, Trip toMiddle andFar East, November14, 1951, JFKREP-0095037, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library andMuseum; Dallek, AnUnfinished Life, 16566.         ,  . .:Papers ofJohn F. Kennedy: Personal Papers, Boston Office, 19401956: Political Miscellany, 19451956, Asian trip, 1951.].

  ,   ,             :   -     ,   ,            [53 - .].

              .  ,  - ,    ,    1952.,     .          ,       ,     .        1930- .  ,       :         ,   4 .

 -    ,   ,  , ,    ,   , ,  ,    ,   [54 - Shashi Tharoor, "In Winston Churchill, Hollywood Rewards aMass Murderer," Washington Post, March10, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions /wp/2018/03/10/in-winston-churchill-hollywood-rewards-a-mass-murderer/?utm_term=.a162f746f9ab. .: Shashi Tharoor, "The Ugly Briton," Time, November29, 2010, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2031992,00.html (http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2031992,00.html).].

       1951.,  ,   ,  ,          .    JFK            ,       ⠫ .     ,   ,     ,    ,        ,   .        :  []      -[55 -    .: Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Robert Kennedy andHis Times (London: Andre Deutsch, 1978),91.].




  蠫  


        ,        .    , ,    .         ,  1789.     ࠖ   ,         ,  ,      .       , ,     ,     .        ,    ,    ,      ,       ,    .

      .  ,  ,    ,  ,    ,     .   1944.          (Office ofStrategic Services),   ,    .  ,  렖  ,       ,            .   1945.                .      .    ,,  ,   ,   ,  .         .   ,         [56 -     ,    ࠖ  2018 2019. Π  .:Tim Weiner, Legacy ofAshes: TheHistory ofthe CIA (NewYork: Doubleday, 2007), 1112; Evan Thomas, TheVery Best Men: Four Who Dared: TheEarly Years ofthe CIA (NewYork: Simon & Schuster, 2006), 1922; George Cristian Maior, America's First Spy: TheTragic Heroism ofFrank Wisner (London, Washington DC: Academia Press, 2018), chaps. 112.].

,     ,  1909.  ,    蠖    ,     ,  .      ,    - :     ,      [57 - ,    ࠖ  2018.].       :           [58 - Maior, America's First Spy, 19091.].     -[1 -   -,  1889.    .] .    ,      ,    .         ,  ,          .    ,    ,  ,    .       -.          ,     ϸ-[59 -      .   .: Thomas, TheVery Best Men   18 .: Maior, America's FirstSpy.].            ,    .       ࠖ      .         .       ,  , ,   [60 -  ,     ,      "" (Operation Bughouse)   ,         . .:Operation Bughouse (NewYork: Dodd, Mead, 1947).].    ,       .      ,       [61 - Weiner, Legacy ofAshes,18.].

 -  ,    ,        堖  [62 - ,    ࠖ  2018.].            (Office ofPolicy Coordination)   .

        ,   ,      . ,       ,      ,   ,       -    .    1934.   - ,      [63 -          : Howard Palfrey Jones Papers, Box 51, Biographical Materials, Hoover Institution Library andArchives.].    ,     ,  .         .   ,      ,         .     -   ,      .      .

         .   ,  ,         ,    -.     .          ,       .  ,    ,            [64 - "'Soft-Sell' Envoy; U. S. Accused ofMeddling," NewYork Times, April5, 1962; Howard Palfrey Jones Papers, Biographic Sketch ofAmbassador Howard Palfrey Jones, Box 51, Biographical Materials, Hoover Institution Library andArchives, Stanford University.].

  1899.  ,   .      ,  ,        頖   , ,  [65 -   : Howard Palfrey Jones Papers, Box 51, Biographical Materials, Hoover Institution Library andArchives.].

      ,   ,  ,      .     ,       ,    ,    .    ,     ,  .  ,  -- (Ku Klux Klan)  ,     ,     .    , 蠫  --    .    .      ,     [66 - Howard Palfrey Jones, "The Life ofan American Diplomat," inMarcy Babbit, Living Christian Science: Fourteen Lives (Prentice Hall, 1975), 3435.].

     ,   ,           .  蠖 ,     , ,         .   ,          ,  ,       . , ,         .     ,     ?

 1948.                .       .        .   1948.         , ,    , ,      [67 -    .:Maior, America's First Spy, 179;     19471949. .:Zubok andPleshakov, Inside theKremlin's Cold War, 5053. Π      .:Westad, TheCold War, 11116.].

     ,        .          ,      ,         ,    .   .   1947.       .          ,     ,      [68 - Kyle Burke, Revolutionaries forthe Right (Chapel Hill, NC: University ofNorth Carolina Press, 2018),14.].

ʠ1951.                ,       .    .  ,        ,      ,    ,   .

     ,             .    ,  ,       ,          .         .    ,      :         , ,     . ,   ,    [69 - Burton Hersh, TheOld Boys, 159. . : Thomas, TheVery Best Men,23.].

      ( )   .   ,       ,        ,    ,     .  ,    ,    ,    [70 - ,    ࠖ  2018.]. ,      , -6,  ,         .      .  ,   ,   ,    1953.,       [71 - Thomas, TheVery Best Men,207.].

 ,      ,     ,      ,   ,           .

  ,        ,   . ,  ,       ,  .  ࠖ  . ,     .      ,    ,     ,   .    ,    .  . , ,  [72 - ,91.].

Ѡ      .   蠖    .         .     蠖  ,    .       .

      蠫   ,    ,   -  [73 - Weiner, Legacy ofAshes,33.].         ,     , ,    .        .   ,    ,     ,       ,       .   [74 - Thomas, TheVery Best Men, 2536.].  , , .      -  .     .   ,     .   .  ,  ,       ,   .         .   ,      .   .

,     ,       .    .     젖    ,    .      . ,    ,    ,    ,   ,         [75 - ,111.].




2

 





  


 1951.   .  ,    ,      16  .     ,   ,      ,    .     ,    ,  ,          .           ,     30 ?C, ,  ,   - ,   .

 , ,   .    ,   .        ,     .

    ,    ,  . ,    ,    .     ,  ,  ,  .     ,  ,   ,    [76 -     ,    2018 2020.   .].

   1926.   .       (  ),      ࠖ   ,     - , 2400 .        ,       ,  ,     .    ࠖ       :    ,    .         ,      ,     ,   - ,      ,  ,   1619.[77 - Anthony Reid, AHistory ofSoutheast Asia (Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 2015), 7073.]  ,  ,     ,       .

          .     ,          .          ,    .     ,      .          ,   .       ,        ,   ,      .    ,    - .      .      , ,   ,    .    ,    ࠫ ,      .      .    ,   - ,     .




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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes














1


  -,  1889.    .










1


Bradley Simpson, Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development andU.S.-Indonesian Relations, 19601968 (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008), 5.   ,    1960- .    -     ,   .   ,   1965.    .




2


Vincent Bevins, "The Politicians Voting toImpeach Brazil's President Are Accused ofMore Corruption Than She Is," Los Angeles Times, March28, 2016.




3


Jonathan Watts, "Dilma Rousseff Taunt Opens Old Wounds ofDictatorship Era's Torture inBrazil," TheGuardian, April19, 2016.




4


Vincent Bevins, "Brazil Isin Turmoil, anImpeachment Trial Looms, andStill, Dilma Rousseff Laughs," Los Angeles Times, July5, 2016.




5


    : ,    , ,   ,   ,   ,        .  .: Phenomenology ofSpirit, "Absolute Freedom andTerror," Section590.




6


       TheGlobal Cold War: Third World Interventions andthe Making ofOur Times (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005)     ,            ,   .  ,       ,   , ,          ,   . ,    ⠫     ,    .




7


Π  ,    ,     ,       ,     , .:Virginia DeJohn Anderson, "New England inthe Seventeenth Century," inThe Oxford History ofthe British Empire, Vol.1: TheOrigins ofEmpire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 19396.




8


Alexander Koch etal., "Earth System Impacts ofthe European Arrival andGreat Dying inthe Americas after 1492," Quarternary Science Reviews 207 (March2019), www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379118307261#! (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379118307261#!).




9


Adam Serwer, "White Nationalism's Deep American Roots," TheAtlantic, April2019. ,      ࠖ    ࠖ  ,  . Π                ., : Francis X. Clines, "When Black Soldiers Were Hanged: AWar's Footnote," NewYork Times, February7, 1993.




10


Alden Whitman, "'The Lightning' Strikes inWar," NewYork Times, December27, 1972, www.nytimes.com/1972/12/27/archives/harry-s-truman-decisive-president-the-lightning-strikes-in-war.html (http://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/27/archives/harry-s-truman-decisive-president-the-lightning-strikes-in-war.html).




11


  , 27 .   ,  . .:Leonid Bershidsky, "A Message toPutin from 42 Million Dead," Bloomberg, May10, 2017.




12


.:Ronald Grigor Suny, TheSoviet Experiment: Russia, theUSSR, andthe Successor States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), Chap. 3, "Socialism andCivil War," Part III: Stalinism.




13


Westad, TheGlobal Cold War, 10,30.




14


Elizabeth Brainerd, "Uncounted Costs ofWorld War II: TheEffects ofChanging Sex Ratios onMarriage andFertility ofRussian Women," 13. National Council forEurasian andEast European Research, www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2007_8204g_Brainerd1.pdf (http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2007_820%E2%80%934g_Brainerd1.pdf).




15


  (1803),    (1848)   (1845),    (1819)     .  . TheGlobal Cold War   ,    ꠫ ,    . .      1.




16


Westad, TheGlobal Cold War,15.




17


   : Alfred Sauvy, "Trois Mondes, Une Plant," L'Observateur no. 118, August14, 1952.   .: Vijay Prashad, TheDarker Nations: APeople's History ofthe Third World (NewYork: New Press, 2007), 611.




18


   68%. .:"Urbanization: Facts andFigures," United Nations Centre forHuman Settlements, 2001.




19


Westad, TheGlobal Cold War, 83.   ,            , .:Brett Reilly, "The Myth ofthe Wilsonian Moment," Woodrow Wilson Center, www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/the-myth-the-wilsonian-moment (http://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/the-myth-the-wilsonian-moment).   ,              .




20


"Declaration ofIndependence," Socialist Republic ofVietnam Government Portal, www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English/TheSocialistRepublicOfVietnam/AboutVietnam/ (http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English/TheSocialistRepublicOfVietnam/AboutVietnam/).




21


Eric Hobsbawm, TheAge ofExtremes (London: Penguin, 1994), 235.  ,      ,  .




22


Westad, TheGlobal Cold War, 2021.




23


 1945.         .  1946.         ,  - .            . .:Alessandro Brogi, Confronting America: TheCold War between theUnited States andthe Communists inFrance andItaly (Chapel Hill, NC: University ofNorth Carolina Press, 2011), 95102.




24


Odd Arne Westad, TheCold War: AWorld History (NewYork: Basic Books, 2017), 9295.




25


Ellen Schrecker, TheAge ofMcCarthyism: ABrief History with Documents (Boston: Bedford/St Martin's, 2002), 27




26


    ,        . Vladislav Zubok andConstantine Pleshakov, Inside theKremlin's Cold War: From Stalin toKhruschev (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 5657.




27


  : ,   ,   .    ,  ,  .   ,     ,    . Zhores A. Medvedev andRoy A. Medvedev, TheUnknown Stalin (London: Tauris, 2003), 6162.




28


Π     .:Zubok andPleshakov, Inside theKremlin's Cold War, 2850;    -   . , 75,  Bert Cochran, TheWar System (NewYork: Macmillan, 1965), 4243.




29


Brogi, Confronting America, 11213. ,         ,     ,   .




30


A.James McAdams, Vanguard ofthe Revolution: TheGlobal Idea ofthe Communist Party (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017), Chaps. 16.




31


Π  .:Patricia Stranahan, Underground: TheShanghai Communist Party andthe Politics ofSurvival 19271937 (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998), 711;    . .: Rebecca E. Karl, Mao Zedong andChina inthe Twentieth Century World (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010), 2425.




32


Ruth McVey, TheRise ofIndonesian Communism (Ithaca: Cornell Press, 1965; reprinted inJakarta byEquinox, 2006), 7681.




33


Karl, Mao Zedong andChina, 2533.




34


,71.




35


     .:Brogi, Confronting America, 8287.




36


, 96; William Blum, Killing Hope: U. S. Military andCIA Interventions since World War II (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2004), chap.2.




37


   1947. . : Brogi, Confronting America, 1. Π  ( ),    , .:Winston Churchill, "The Sinews ofPeace ('Iron Curtain Speech')," March5, 1946, International Churchill Society, atwinstonchurchill.org/resources /speeches/19461963-elder-statesman/the-sinews-of-peace/.




38


Zubok andPleshakov, Inside theKremlin's Cold War,53.




39


Karl, Mao Zedong andChina,77.




40


.:Schrecker andDeery, TheAge ofMcCarthyism.




41


Schrecker, TheAge ofMcCarthyism,28.




42


J. Edgar Hoover, Testimony before HUAC, March26, 1947, printed inSchrecker, TheAge ofMcCarthyism, 12733.




43


Westad, TheCold War, 120; Schrecker, TheAge ofMcCarthyism, 101; Owen Lattimore, "Far East Scholar Accused byMcCarthy, Dies at88," NewYork Times, June1, 1989.




44


Rodrigo Patto S Motta, Em Guarda Contra o Perigo Vermelho: O anticomunismo no Brasil 19171964 (S?o Paulo: Editora Perspectiva, 2002),2.




45


  ,       , .:Ruth McVey, TheSoviet View ofthe Indonesian Revolution: AStudy inthe Russian Attitude towards Asian Nationalism (Singapore: Equinox, 1959), 6387.




46


Westad, TheGlobal Cold War,119.




47


Robert Dallek, AnUnfinished Life: John F. Kennedy 19171963 (NewYork: Little Brown, 2003),175.




48


,130.




49


,132.




50


David M. Oshinsky, AConspiracy SoImmense (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 33,490.




51


Dallek, AnUnfinished Life,165.




52


  : Pre-Presidential Papers, House ofRepresentative Files, Speeches, 19471952, Boston Office Speech Files, 19461952, Trip toMiddle andFar East, November14, 1951, JFKREP-0095037, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library andMuseum; Dallek, AnUnfinished Life, 16566.         ,  . .:Papers ofJohn F. Kennedy: Personal Papers, Boston Office, 19401956: Political Miscellany, 19451956, Asian trip, 1951.




53


.




54


Shashi Tharoor, "In Winston Churchill, Hollywood Rewards aMass Murderer," Washington Post, March10, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions /wp/2018/03/10/in-winston-churchill-hollywood-rewards-a-mass-murderer/?utm_term=.a162f746f9ab. .: Shashi Tharoor, "The Ugly Briton," Time, November29, 2010, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2031992,00.html (http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2031992,00.html).




55


   .: Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Robert Kennedy andHis Times (London: Andre Deutsch, 1978),91.




56


    ,    ࠖ  2018 2019. Π  .:Tim Weiner, Legacy ofAshes: TheHistory ofthe CIA (NewYork: Doubleday, 2007), 1112; Evan Thomas, TheVery Best Men: Four Who Dared: TheEarly Years ofthe CIA (NewYork: Simon & Schuster, 2006), 1922; George Cristian Maior, America's First Spy: TheTragic Heroism ofFrank Wisner (London, Washington DC: Academia Press, 2018), chaps. 112.




57


,    ࠖ  2018.




58


Maior, America's First Spy, 19091.




59


     .   .: Thomas, TheVery Best Men   18 .: Maior, America's FirstSpy.




60


 ,     ,      "" (Operation Bughouse)   ,         . .:Operation Bughouse (NewYork: Dodd, Mead, 1947).




61


Weiner, Legacy ofAshes,18.




62


,    ࠖ  2018.




63


         : Howard Palfrey Jones Papers, Box 51, Biographical Materials, Hoover Institution Library andArchives.




64


"'Soft-Sell' Envoy; U. S. Accused ofMeddling," NewYork Times, April5, 1962; Howard Palfrey Jones Papers, Biographic Sketch ofAmbassador Howard Palfrey Jones, Box 51, Biographical Materials, Hoover Institution Library andArchives, Stanford University.




65


  : Howard Palfrey Jones Papers, Box 51, Biographical Materials, Hoover Institution Library andArchives.




66


Howard Palfrey Jones, "The Life ofan American Diplomat," inMarcy Babbit, Living Christian Science: Fourteen Lives (Prentice Hall, 1975), 3435.




67


   .:Maior, America's First Spy, 179;     19471949. .:Zubok andPleshakov, Inside theKremlin's Cold War, 5053. Π      .:Westad, TheCold War, 11116.




68


Kyle Burke, Revolutionaries forthe Right (Chapel Hill, NC: University ofNorth Carolina Press, 2018),14.




69


Burton Hersh, TheOld Boys, 159. . : Thomas, TheVery Best Men,23.




70


,    ࠖ  2018.




71


Thomas, TheVery Best Men,207.




72


,91.




73


Weiner, Legacy ofAshes,33.




74


Thomas, TheVery Best Men, 2536.




75


,111.




76


    ,    2018 2020.   .




77


Anthony Reid, AHistory ofSoutheast Asia (Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 2015), 7073.


