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John Guy

TUDOR ENGLAND



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      VI 1453.   (14551461)            1454.           ,       1460,              II.       (30),          .     (29 1461)      IV.  1464    .             .      ,  ,     14591461,     (14691470) ,  ,    .       XI ,       IV   .         ,     VI,   1465.     ,     ,    1471   ,    .            (14),         (4).     [4 -   ,         .      ⠫ III.],   VI,          VI  .

 IV        ,    ,   11     V     ,   (26 1483).       ,     ,     ,      ,  ,  .         ,      .         ,      .        ,  ,    ,       IV,      .         VIII       - 7 1485.          ,  ,    III    .   21              -,                ,    . ,         ,     .        ,           .    .      ,    ,  .  ,   ,  III ,      .                   (16 1487).  ,   ,        .

        .   ,        ,        ,      .        ,        ,     ,     II,  II  VI,        ,     ,   ,   .       ,       .      ,      ,         .

  1470   1471- (     VI,     )   ,     (The Governance of England),    .          ,         ,      VI 1450- [5 - The Governance of England / Ed.C.Plummer. Oxford, 1885; 2nd edn., 1926. P.348353.].         ,        ,       ,  1442  VI       .  1461    ,        .     IV 1471        , , ,       .     ,    [6 - Ibid. P.109157.].

  ,        ,        .   ,            :                   .       ,   ,          ,      ,   ,       .         ,   XIV     .      ,      ;      .          蠫.          ,    ,   ,  , ,  ,     .  ,       ,              .  ,    ,   (   )     ,  ,         .   ,    ,  ,   ,   ,       .   XV    :    1433   16000   .     ?34000,        ?225000[7 - Wolffe.P.The Royal Demesne in English History: The Crown Estate in the Governance of the Realm from the Conquest to 1509. London, 1971. P.112123; EHDw. 13271485 / Ed. A.R.Myers. London, 1969. P.516522; Griffiths. Henry VI. P.107122.].  1450      ?372000,      .          ,  ?25001433. ,      ,            ,  .      ,      ,      IV  VI     .    :          ,       .     ,  .

    .    ,      ;         . ,      XIII XIV,       ,              .       . ,    IV           ,      -  1366.           ,   ,       ,     .    IV    ,     V     :   VII,     .   ,    1404 1437         ,         .

    VI  1449           .  1437  VI            .          .      VI            ,  .    14501456     ,     . ,    ;   ,         ,  ,      ,              .       ,   .

,  IV      .  ,      蠫         ,        ,    ,    .                ;           ;  ,          ,  ,      ,    ,           .    :           .    :      ,   ⠫  .  IV  VII   .   ,      ,    ,  1461 1495,     [8 - MorganD.A.L.The House of Policy: The Political Role of the Late Plantagenet Household, 14221485// The English Court: From the Wars of the Roses to the Civil War / Ed. D.R.Starkey. London, 1987. P.5556; Wolffe.P.The Crown Lands, 14611536. London, 1970. P.3341, 5254, 6770, 8485; Royal Demesne. P.7984, 113116, 124158, 196201.].

 ,     397   (    )      .     -        ,        .          ,       .       ,            ,     .          ,     ,      ,   ,        .  1459    ,       :      IV    113,        ?1800030000 .           ,  ,  ,      .      ,       ,              ,     .     ,     ,        ,        .         ;             .   ,  ,      ,    [9 - LanderJ.R.Crown and Nobility, 14501509. London, 1976. P.127158, 307308; Hicks M.Attainder, Resumption and Coercion, 14611529// Parliamentary History, 3. 1984. P.1531; StacyW.R. Richard Roose and the Use of Parliamentary Attainder in the Reign of Henry VIII// Historical Journal, 29. 1986. P.115.].

 ,   IV  VII  1461      ,       ,  84%     .   VI        ,     . ,   IV          ,        .   1215           .          :      ,        7976% ,       .    ,     ,    :  ,        47, 3629% . ,  ,   :     ,        . ,   ,     , :  IV  42  140  , 43       VII.  III  ,    54 .  100    III 99    .  VII    46 138,      .            VIII,     86[10 - Lander. Crown and Nobility. P.127158, 307308; Ross. Edward IV. P.6670; ChrimesS.B.Henry VII. London, 1972; repr. 1977. P.207, 328329.].

        .       ,      .     ,       :            ,   VIII  . ,      ,       ,  ,             .  ,            ,         .        17 .  119     , ,        .    ,    VII     ,   .               ,      ,       , ,    ,     [11 - Wolffe. Crown Lands. P.5175; Royal Demesne. P.158212; Ross. Edward IV. P.373377.].   ,    ,    ,      .      ,    IV  VII      .     ,       ,    ,   ,    .          ,      .     ,   :               1554,            .

 IV        1461,  III      ,   1487      VII.  ,        ,              ,          .      :  IV       ,  VII     ,       .          ,               .   ,       , ,            ,   .

    ,         1461  [12 - Wolffe. Royal Demesne. P.212225; Crown Lands. P.6686; Ross. Edward IV. P.371387; Chrimes. Henry VII. P.194218.].    VI 14321433  ?10500  ?26000  .      IV ,      ,                 ?20000 ,      ?35000 .    III     ?2200025000     ?4600 ,   .  ,        .   ,        ,       ;     ,    ,     ; ,   ,    IV        ?9000093000. ,  ,        II,  . ,     VII      ,  14921495    ?11000 .         VII,   : 15021505          ?104800.               .      ?40000 ,      ,    ,         ?13600.       ?113000 :       ?4200015041509.  ,    ,  VII   .

           .  IV  VII       ,       ,        .  40  IV,     1485, 22    VII,    ,    .    20  III,   -   .     VII  15    ,     .   ,      ,   .      ,         .  IV 1461 1483  124, ,   ,    105.   14691470  60: 20 , 25, 11     .       88: 21, 35, 23   . Ӡ VII 1485 1509  225: 43, 61 , 45, 49  27.           IV,     [13 - Lander. Crown and Nobility. P.171219, 309320; Select Cases in the Council of Henry VII / Ed. C.G.Bayne, W.H.Dunham. Selden Society, London, 1958. P. xixxli; Chrimes. Henry VII. P.97114; GuyJ.A.The Cardinals Court: The Impact of Thomas Wolsey in Star Chamber. Hassocks, 1977. P.910.].

    :     ,     [14 - EltonG.R.The Tudor Constitution. Cambridge, 1960; 2nd edn., 1982. P.102.].  , ,    :           ,       ,      .       ,               ,   1529. ,  ,       :            ;        ,      ,     .      I,   -,       ,   .     ,    ,  .      (15691626),       ,      .

  IV  VII      . ,      ,   ,   ,  .    ,              .         ,    ,          (consiliarii nati),     ,   , 12  12.    ,  ,       .  ,            ,         ,                ,       32[15 - Governance / Ed.Plummer. P.145149, 349350.].  ,  ,       ,     .          ,    .

               []   .   II  ,               .                  ,   .  ,     :      IV       .           IV,  VII  VIII  .              .       ,   - ,           ,  ,  , -    .      .   ,   ,     ,      ,  .           ,         1536.         1584,     . ,       ;   1491, 1525, 1544154615941599,               .  ,                  ,   ; 1461    .    ,   .    VIII 1542:         ,    ,    ,    ,      .       :    ,          VIII  ,     [16 - Guy. The Kings Council and Political Participation// Reassessing the Henrician Age: Humanism, Politics, and Reform, 15001550// Ed. A.G.Fox, J.A.Guy. Oxford, 1986. P.121147; Sir John Fortescue: De Laudibus Legum Anglie / Ed. S.B.Chrimes. Cambridge, 1949. P.86; LehmbergS.E.The Later Parliaments of Henry VIII, 15361547. Cambridge, 1977. P.170.].

    1461     ,              ,  ,      . ,   ,     :      VII   ,        .  1455 1500  ,   ;   1461, 147014711485    .       .      VII    ,        1437, 14401446:       .   (14221461)              :   tailles ( )  aides (  ),      .  XI (14611483)   ,    1465.      ,      1469        .    (  ) : ,         ,         ,           .       ![17 - The Monarchy of France / Ed. D.R.Kelley, J.H.Hexter, etal. New Haven: Conn., 1981. P.41.]

  VII,  XI,  IV  VII    :         ,       . ,  ,    ,        (regnum politicum et regale),      XI.  , ,      , regal ()     .   VII  VIII     ,     1540-   : 1547       ,     VI       .    VIII      ,     .  ,     .

   IV      ,       .    ,   ,        . XV     .  ,     -,     ,      .   ꠫ ,     . ,  IV  VII          ,  VIII          ,  I              , tresorier de lEpargne (),     .    XVI     .  ,   ,           ,       .    ,       .  ,   IV  VII             ,             :      ,     ,     [18 - StarkeyD.R.After the Revolution// Revolution Reassessed: Revisions in the History of Tudor Government and Administration / Ed.C.Coleman and Starkey. Oxford, 1986. P.199208; KnechtR.J.Francis I.Cambridge, 1982. P.128131; The English Court / Ed. D.R.Starkey. P.71118. . : P.312313.].

,    ,     .          ,      ?         1380- 1390-    .  IV,             ,  .  ,        ,   .        :        1534 1555.     -     ,    ,     .     ,  , [19 - EltonG.R.Studies in Tudor and Stuart Politics and Government. 3vols. Cambridge, 19741983. iii. 216233; AlsopJ.D.The Theory and Practice of Tudor Taxation// English Historical Review, 97. 1982. P.130;   Innovation in Tudor Taxation// English Historical Review, 99. 1984. P.8393; HarrissG.L.Thomas Cromwells New Principle of Taxation// English Historical Review, 93. 1978. P.721738;   Theory and Practice in Royal Taxation: Some Observations// English Historical Review, 97. 1982. P.811819.].       ,        , ,           ,       ,     ,             .

  ,    .    ,   ;        ;     ,    ,   ,       . ,                  ,   ,         .      ,  ;      ,      ;      ,   ,     .    ,    VIII,   . ,       , XV  ,     ,  .           ,      .     ,    ; 1510- 1520-          (          ).      .   ,       VIII,   ,  ,  ,  ,     .    ,  ,    ,     :   ,      .

, ,   ,       .          ,     Secreta secretorum,   ,          exempla       .   XV,      ,  .       ,     ,          .     ,   (13911447):     ,  ,       ,   ,     ,  ,  , ,  ,      , , ,   .       ,  ,   (  ),    (  )   (     ,  ,      ).        ,            .   1439 1444    280   .           [20 - McConica J.K.English Humanists and Reformation Politics. Oxford, 1965; repr. 1968. P.13149; Weiss R.Humanism in England during the Fifteenth Century. Oxford, 1941; 2nd edn., 1957. P.3970.].

     ,    (. 1478),        ,   ,   .   ,      ,        ,      ,   ,    .    200 -        .      (  )        ,    ,    .  (    ,  )  ,          .       ,         ,    .   Calvitii encomium ( )  ,       ,          [21 - Weiss. P.84140, 160178.].

   ,       .         14541471,   1475    ,          1478   14831484.  (  1465)   ,      .        ,      . ʠ1499    114  , 85    1450.    ,       ,  - ,   ,   (14471486),    ,       . -    ,       :             .  ,   , 1483                 Compendium totius grammaticae,     .        -:  ,    .  ,  1543  VIII     ,      .,         .

      (13111312)        ,     ,    . , -   --,   ,  .  ,       ,    ,  ,  ,  ,    .     ,     ,  1499    .  -      .,    15081510.             , ,        ,   ,         .    , ,     ,  ,     ,  [22 - A Fifteenth Century School Book/ Ed.W.Nelson. Oxford, 1956. P. vii-xxix; LuptonJ.H. A Life of John Colet. London, 1887; 2nd edn., 1909. P.271284.].

       1490- .      ,  ,     -,    1488 1491.           . ,       ,      .  ,  ,      ,          .  14971498        .       :    ,     ,                .       ,    --    Quodlibets  [23 - LuptonJ.H. A Life of John Colet. London, 1887; 2nd edn., 1909. P.4587.].      ,  ,    ,   ,   ,        . ,    14991517, :   ,  ,    ![24 - FroudeJ.A.Life and Letters of Erasmus. London, 1895. P.4344.]         .     ,    .   ꠫  蠫           .   ,    . , ,  , ,    VIII:    ,    ,   ,    .

          .      ,     : ,            I,  VIII  IX ..       ,   ,        ,                   [25 - IvesE.W.The Common Lawyers of Pre-Reformation England. Cambridge, 1983. P.3659; IvesE.W.The Common Lawyers// Profession, Vocation, and Culture in Later Medieval England. Liverpool, 1982. P.181217; The Reports of Sir John Spelman/ Ed. J.H.Baker. 2vols. London: Selden Society. 19771978. ii. 2846, 123142. KelleyD.R.Foundations of Modern Historical Scholarship. New York, 1970. P.19148.].  ,  ,    ,   ;    ,  .       ,      ;        ,   ,     ,               .

           , ,    .   ,     XV     ,   ,        ,  .  1460       ,       , ࠫ     ,    - ,     ,    .         ,         ,              ,      [26 - IvesE.W.The Common Lawyers of Pre-Reformation England. Cambridge, 1983. P.3753.]. Ƞ      (De laudibus legum anglie),     (The Book Named the Governor)     .            ,           [27 - De Laudibus Legum Anglie/ Ed.Chrimes. P.116120; The Book Named the Governor/ Ed. S.E.Lehmberg. London, 1962. P.5156.].       XVI,         .

           XV.      II        :  -       ,           , , ,  ,      , ,  ,     -[28 - Reports/ Ed.Baker, ii. 193298; Blatcher M.The Court of Kings Bench, 14501550. London, 1978. P.90137; GuyJ.A.The Public Career of Sir Thomas More. Brighton, 1980. P.3779.].     ,   ,    .    ,     ,      ,            .  ,           ,       ,      . , ,    :            .          ,      ,            .           ,    ,   ,      , ,     ,       .      ,           ,   ,        .     ,   ,   ,   .  , ,       ,      VIII   .

             .     ,    ,  ,           .               :  , , ,  ,      ,      [29 - Rhodes J.Private Devotion in England on the Eve of the Reformation. Unpublished Durham Ph. D. dissertation. 1974, fos. 73196.].       XIV:  ,  ,  ,          (The Cloud of Unknowing).         ,    ,   .           :    ,    .    ,   ,          .         ,     .      , ,   ;       ;    , , ,                 .  ,       ,               ,     .

          .   XV          .       ,          ,   -  , -   蠫   .       ;     ;   ,   ;    .     , ,     .      ,     ,  ,       .  ,  ,       ,  :        ,  ,    .  , ,    ,    ,  [30 - ScarisbrickJ.J.The Reformation and the English People. Oxford, 1984. P.339.].        (   ,    - )        ,        ,        ,  ,  ,        ,  ,                .  ,     VII  1487   ,       .

        ,           . ,          ,     ,    .     ,   ,         .      ;     ,    .       ,   ,   ,    - ,  ,   .      ,      ,      ,           [31 - Heath P.The English Parish Clergy on the Eve of the Reformation. London, 1969. P.93103.].  , ,  ,       .     ,   ,       .       14541486   ,               .  1429,        1495 1520, 261 ,   1454      15031528   256.        ,  ,   ,            .  ,  , ,       ,        ,       .        35%      ,  35%        11%  [32 - Heath P.The English Parish Clergy on the Eve of the Reformation. London, 1969. P.8192; Bowker M.The Secular Clergy in the Diocese of Lincoln. Cambridge, 1968. P.4445.].

        ,         ,       . ,     ,             ,    .         .        (Vision of Piers Plowman) -  ,        ,    ,      ,            ,      ,    [33 - Piers the Ploughman/ Ed. J.F.Goodridge. London, 1959. 2nd edn., 1966; repr. 1968. P.7274.].        ;  , ,   Oculus sacerdotis  ,   XIV:



     ,       ,     .  ,       ,        ,   ,    ,       ,              ,  ;     ,   ;        ,    [34 - OwstG.R.Literature and Pulpit in Medieval England. Cambridge, 1933. P.278279.].


           ,  ,              .      ,   ,      ,   ,      .    ,   ,       :      ,        1526,            .         ,  ,        .      ,             :        ,  .     VIII          ,  1520   12,5%       ,    .        ,        ,        [35 - Bowker. Secular Clergy. P.110154; Heath. English Parish Clergy. P.104134.].  ,                      ,     (    )  ;  ,     ,      .  ,  ,   ,    ,       .      ,        ,                   ,    [36 - Heath. English Parish Clergy. P.187196.].  ,       ,   ,     ,    ,          ,     .        ,             ,               .   ,      ,     VIII    ,       ,     ,  .

     ,   ,  XV    ,   ,     .      ( 13291384) -, ,   ,              ,          .     ,   ,      ,                 ,     ,         .      (1414)   ,        ,   ,       ,   ,       [37 - ThomsonJ.A.F.The Later Lollards, 14141520. Oxford, 1965. P.415; Aston M.Lollardy and Sedition, 13811431// Past and Present, no. 17. 1960. P.144; McFarlane .B.Lancastrian Kings and Lollard Knights. Oxford, 1972.].

     , 1401      .      1210,  1222- ,       ,           ,     .  ,          II,  IV  V.   1382            ,      ,       :      .  1401     (De heretico comburendo)     ,               ;       ,      ,     .  ,  1414       , ,             .                                      ,                  10[38 - GuyJ.A.The Legal Context of the Controversy: The Law of Heresy// CW x. The Debellation of Salem and Bizance/ Ed.Guy, R.Keen, .H.Miller. New Haven, Conn., 1987. P. xlvii-lxvii.].

,      XV  ,     14231522.   544   ,   375, 19  29 (, 34). (   [39 - Ibid.].) ,          ,  , .    ,            ,       ,  ,     XV       .        ,  ,  ,  (  ),   ,  , ,    ()  -, ,  .  ,    ,      , ,         .           .          .      XVI  , ,     .      ,     1520-        ,           [40 - Thomson. Later Lollards; C.Cross, Church and People, 14501660. Fontana edn., 1976. P.3152.].

       ,  .         ;    ,  ,  , ,        .        ,                .       ,       [41 - DavisJ.F.Heresy and Reformation in the South-East of England, 15201559. London, 1983. P.5.].   ,       ,         ,         :   ,       ,   VIII.             ,            :         ,           .  ,      ,      -      [42 - Wilks M.Reformatio Regni: Wyclif and Hus as Leaders of Religious Protest Movements// Schism, Heresy and Religious Protest/ Ed.D.Baker. Cambridge, 1972. P.109130.].   VIII,                 ,           .        ;     ,    ,          .

  ,                     ,          II   . ( VIII, ,   .)  ,       ,  ,    ,    ,        .          ,     . ,     ,   ,  ,         ,    .    ,  , XV  ,        .    (14141418)   V   ,     ,    .         ,      ,       VI  .       .  1436     (The Libel of English Policy),      , [43 - Political Poems and Songs Relating to English History/ Ed.T.Wright. 2vols. London, 18591861. ii. 202.]:

		     ,
		     ,
		    ,
		     [44 - Keep then the sea about in special, / Which of England is the round wall, / As though England were likened to a city, / And the wall environ were the sea.].

     (The Commodities of England, 1451) ,              ,   .  ,           ,         , ,    ,    [45 - The Works of Sir John Fortescue, Knight, Chief Justice of England and Lord Chancellor to King Henry the Sixth/ Ed.T.Fortescue [Lord Clermont]. 2vols.; London, 1869. i. 549554.].

,  XV    :   ,    ,       ,          [46 - ChrimesS.B.English Constitutional Ideas in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge, 1936. P.300324; Elton. Studies, ii. 2829.].  -   (1172)            ,    ,       .        ,     ,    ,    .      .    ,            :            III,  II,  IV  V.         ,          -    .   ,     : ,    ;        ;    ;    .        ,     ,   [47 - Wilks. Reformatio Regni. P. 123.].   ,      ,     .  ,   ,              , ,          1530- .  ,        VIII    ,  .




2

  


     ,   1520      .    ,          ,   ,        ,    , , ,     .       ,    ,                  ,     .      .

,   15191521, 15271529, 15441545, 15491551, 15541556, 1586158715941597  .      1555155615961597.               ,     1555155715961598.     ,      ,   1555-    15571559. ,   15961597   ,              ,     .   ,   -    15571559   ,  15961598               -[48 - WrigleyE.A., SchofieldR.S.The Population History of England, 15411871: A Reconstruction. London, 1981. P.645685; PalliserD.M.Tawneys Century: Brave New World or Malthusian Trap// Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 35. 1982. P.339353; The Agrarian History of England and Wales, iv. 15001640/ Ed.J.Thirsk. Cambridge, 1967; HoskinsW.G.Harvest Fluctuations and English Economic History, 14801619// Agricultural History Review, 12, 1964. P.2846; HarrisonC.J.Grain Price Analysis and Harvest Qualities, 14651634// Agricultural History Review, 19, 1971. P.135155.].

 ,         , ,    ,  .    ,     ,       ,     ,      1546154715891593,    1593     .  1520- 1590-   , ,  . ,             10% ( ) .       ,      ,  .       ,                .  ,         ,           ,          .  ,       -   ,            - ,   ,              [49 - Wrigley, Schofield. Population History. P.174179, 207210, 234, 531, 645685; Hatcher J.Plague, Population and the English Economy, 13481530. London, 1977; Cornwall J.English Population in the Early Sixteenth Century// Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 23, 1970. P.3244; ApplebyA.B.Famine in Tudor and Stuart England. Liverpool, 1978; ApplebyA.B.Disease or Famine? Mortality in Cumberland and Westmorland, 15801640// Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26, 1973. P.403432; FisherF.J.Influenza and Inflation in Tudor England// Economic History Review 18, 1965. P.120129; Slack P.Mortality Crises and Epidemic Disease in England, 14851610// Health, Medicine and Mortality in the Sixteenth Century/ Ed.C.Webster, Cambridge, 1979. P.959; Slack P.The Impact of Plague in Tudor and Stuart England. London, 1985; PalliserD.M.Dearth and Disease in Staffordshire, 15401670// Rural Change and Urban Growth, 15001800: Essays in English Regional History in Honour of W.G.Hoskins/ Ed. C.W.Chalklin, M.A.Havinden. London, 1974. P.5475.].

 ,         ,    1590- ,      ,  XIV,        15551559. ,       I         :     200000,   6%. ,       ,   ,            .  ,      .   , ,    ,     XVI,   ,        ,  ,     ,  ,      .            ,     .      ,           ,          .

 ,      ,        ,     ,          .           ,   , ,     .            ,     .   13151317    (13481349)          , ,        ,  1377         . ʠ1450      ,       ,      .    1525   ( ) -   2,26.          ,  , ,    .  1520  ,   1525   (. 1). Ѡ1525 1541           . Ѡ1541    ,   -  ,    1550-    ,  1601    4,10 .  ,     210000 1500  3800001603-.



 1.   , 15251601




: E.A.Wrigley and R.S.Schofield. The Population History ofEngland, 15411871: A Reconstruction (London, 1981), 531532, 568



     .    XV      ,   .                   . ,     ,      25,       1377     1519.    1500,  ,      :   ,    14301480 24,2%   , 49% ,  - , ,     [50 - ClayC.G.A.Economic Expansion and Social Change: England, 15001700. 2vols.; Cambridge, 1984. i. 13.].      :     ,    ,        ,      .        ,   ,   ( ) 1500       .  1349            ,      -    . ,     ,   ,     . ,  1480-         , ,  ,    .     15191521, 1527152915441545,    1550,       .   ,       1564  ,  ,    41,7 1581  35,5 1591-. , 1564 1586     ,         :        .    ,      ,     50,  -   90,       :       2,68% [51 - Wrigley, Schofield. Population History. P.234, 528.].   ,  ,   :    1500    .

    ,          ,     .   90%     ,    ,          ,        .                   ,          :    ,  ,   .      ,   ,   ,   -        ,     .       ,    ,       -    ,   ,    .        :        ,        ,       ,   ,     .       :     (  ,  )     -     -,             -.

 ,     , , , , ,   -,      VIII        12000,   , ,   ,    60000.    12000,   10000, ,    8000,   7500, -  4500.   ,   , , , ,  ,   2600 5000,     :   2200,   1550 1620.                  20000, , ,  18000   1579.  10%       ,        .       XVI:      2150001603,         .       15000,   12000,   11500,  --  9000 , -, , , , , , , , , , ,    5000 8500.    XVI        :       ,      , , , , --, - .

       ,    .      1555155915961598 (.  2).    15201529             .



 2.     , 14801609 (14501499 = 100)




: The Agrarian History of England and Wales, iv. 15001640 / Ed.J.Thirsk. Cambridge, 1967. P.861862



      (  , , , , , ,  ..)  ,   ,    ,   , ,   . Ѡ1450 1520         .          ;     ,   ,      ,       .        . -,      ,   ,     ,    . -,      ,                   .

     [52 - BridburyA.R.Sixteenth-century Farming// Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 27, 1974. P.538556.].    1520       ,           .          ,      .     ,   .      ,    -   ,      .          .  ,  ,   ,      ,    ,       ,       ,     .  ,       ,     . ,              1520    , , ,      .       ,    .     1510       10.   1540 1585       ,      .       ,  ,           . ,         ,            .     ,         ;    ,        ,       .    ,         ,   , .     ,    ,         ,       .

      .              ,      .         ,  :      . ,        ,             [53 - e.g. Norfolk Record Office, Norwich Mayors Court Book 15101532. P.201202, 207, 227, 269 ff.; Kings Lynn Assembly Book, 14971544 (KL/C7/5), fo. 197v.].      ,     ,           .          : ,      .          ,       .  ,     ,          ,       .

         3.                ,  ,           .   :       ;             ;            .   ,         ,     ,           .        VIII           400%.  ,    3,   :       .      100 1513,     120.    169 1530,     231  1547-,    VIII.  1555   270,      409,          .      I       230.    ,   : 300 1570, 342 15803961590.



 3.       , 14801609




: (1) Phelps BrownE.H., HopkinsS.V.Economica, ns 23 (Nov.1956); (2) & (3) The Agrarian History of England and Wales, iv. 15001640 / Ed.J.Thirsk. Cambridge, 1967. P.865



    1590-       :   5151595, 685 1598-     459 1600-.

            . Ѡ1500 1540     ,          30%.    1550- ,       ,      1500-.         1590-,        ,    :    391595   291597. ʠ1603    45,   ,          1500.           ,   ,         .               ,   ,     .  ,       ,         ,        .

   13       .         ,  ,    :      ;        ,  15551560  ;         .   ,         ,  ,    ,     , ,         ,    ,  -,     ,         .          1540- ,         :    VIII  -         .                 ,   ,       . ,  ,        ,   .                   ,         .       [54 - PalliserD.M.The Age of Elizabeth: England under the Later Tudors, 15471603. London, 1983. P.135150.].          :    ,     ,     ,      ,           .

        ,  ,   ,            .        ,     1500    .  ,       (Essay on the Principle of Population) 1798,           ,        [55 -     ⠫     1803.         1816,      .].            .       ,  ,        .       ,       ,       .     ,      .  XVI        :        - ,    .          .  ,                  ,   10       26,        . -,        ,         ,     [56 - Wrigley, Schofield. Population History. P.356401.].        , , ,     .  ,        ,  , ,             .         ,           .

    ,  ,   .  XVI    :       ,   ,    .          .     .           ;         .     ,      . Ѡ1500 1640         ,               .     , ,       ,   .      ,      ,  ,          ,   ,              [57 - Wrightson K.English Society, 15801680. London, 1982. P.130142.].

        .      (Description of England),   1560- ,    ,        .     Ỡ     ;         ;  ໠         .         ,      ?4   40, 50  ?100,    ,       10%[58 - The Description of England/ Ed.G.Edelen. Ithaca, NY: Folger Books, 1968. P.200203.].      , ,        .          ,      .     ,    ,   ,   ,    , .        ,       ,        .            ,    ,    ,    ,         .        ,  ; ,       -,      .     ,   ,    5600    1560 1625.          :             ,     ,      [59 - Wrightson. English Society. P.125130; ApplebyJ.O.Economic Thought and Ideology in Seventeenth-century England. Princeton, NJ, 1978. P.129157.].

 ,      ,     ,       .  ,    ,       1603.  ,           ,     ,      ,    .  ,       ,     ,   , 10000,    1569   13000  0,4% .         ,  .     ;    ,   ;     ,       .   ,      ,        :     ,     ,    ,      .   1536      (ARemedy for Sedition)     :



   ?         ,      ?  ,     ,   ,   ,     ?   ,  ,   ,    ,    ,        ?   ,      .    ,   .   ,         ,         ,     [60 - Humanist Scholarship and Public Order/ Ed. D.S.Berkowitz. Washington DC: Folger Books, 1983. P.136137.].


,   ,    :   ,   .   1536 1601     (1563)     .       ,        ,            ,     ,      , ,  .    ,              [61 - KingdonR.M.Social Welfare in Calvins Geneva// American Historical Review, 76, 1971. P.5069; DavisN.Z.Poor Relief, Humanism and Heresy: The Case of Lyon// Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History, 5, 1968. P.217275; GrimmH.J.Luthers Contributions to Sixteenthcentury Organization of Poor Relief// Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte, 61, 1970. P.222234; Heller H.Famine, Revolt and Heresy at Meaux, 152125// Archivfur Reformationsgeschichte, 68, 1977. P.133156; Pullan B.Rich and Poor in Renaissance Venice. Oxford, 1971. P.239291; FidelerP.A.Discussions of Poverty in Sixteenth-century England. Brandeis University, Ph. D. dissertation; published University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, 1971.]. ,           ,          .    ,        :  , , ,     [62 - LeonardE.M.The Early History of English Poor Relief. Cambridge, 1900. P.2540; Poor Relief in Elizabethan Ipswich/ Ed.J.Webb. Ipswich: Suffolk Records Society, 1966. P.1120; Pound J.An Elizabethan Census of the Poor: The Treatment of Vagrancy in Norwich, 15701580// University of Birmingham Historical Journal, 8, 1962. P.135161; Pound J.Poverty and Vagrancy in Tudor England. London, 1971; repr. 1978; BeierA.L.The Social Problems of an Elizabethan County Town: Warwick, 15801590// Country Towns in Pre-industrial England/ Ed.P.Clark. Leicester, 1981. P.4685.].       15981601    ,        .     ,    :    ;    ;   .        ,  XVI  ,              .  ,    ,     ,  ,            ,   ,   .                ,   [63 - Description of England. P.180186.].

 , ,    .   ,            .     ,    ,  1560 , , ,  ,        ,       .     .      (,    ),    ,       femmes couvertes:     . ,   -         ,     ,      .                .            .       :      ,            .  ,        .       ,     ,        ,   ,             .   ,      : ,      ,  ,        .

    ,        .    ,    .     ,     ,     .      : , ,  , ,       .   ,  ,     ,     .     . ,     ,  ,   ,     ,          ,    ,        ,      .

     .      ,  ,     ,   .          ,       . ,       40  ,      ,      XVII     .  ,             .              ,        40,        ,    ,    .          .         ,      ,          -    .  , ,      ,  :       ,          ,              .  ,    .         ,        ,       .    ,          ,    ,        ,    ,      [64 - Crisis and Order in English Towns, 15001700/ Ed.P.Clark, P.Slack. London, 1972; The Early Modern Town/ Ed.P.Clark. London, 1976; Palliser M.Tudor York. Oxford, 1979; MacCaffrey W.T.Exeter, 15401640. Cambridge, Mass., 1958; 2nd edn., 1975.].           ;      ,               .

              [65 -      : CooperJ.P.Land, Men and Beliefs: Studies in Early Modern History. London, 1983; Stone L.The Crisis of the Aristocracy, 15581641. Oxford, 1965; Miller H.Henry VIII and the English Nobility. Oxford, 1986; Agrarian History/ Ed.Thirsk. iv. 276306; GravesM.A.R.The Tudor Parliaments: Crown, Lords, and Commons, 14851603. London, 1985.].      :     1509    42, 1547 51, 1553 56, 1559 63 1603 55,    10%    .  ,      ,            .   VII  VIII    ,    1529 1540.             :  VIII            .    :         ,      ,   .   VIII     ,                        .     1547        ,      .       :       ,                .         :       ,          .

, ,     18.     ,          .   ,        ,     .       10  ,         ,      .       .  ,     ;        (     - );        .   1589      .  :  ,     ,       .      ,                 :       .

           ,          .  1490   375, 1558-     600,   3001583-    5501603.       , XVI     .  ,       ,     ?40 ,     ,                   .        ,         .            ,                  .      ,        ,  ,        -  . ,            ,        1599     81,   ,     .

 1524      6000,         , , 8%  .    ,         ,    -  ,  1520%  20      .            ,       .

 蠫    ,         ,           .          ;      ; ,    ;       ,    ;  ,        . , ,  .     ,       ,        ,  ,    ,       .  :



,     ;    ,           ; ,          ,     ,    ,     ,     .     ,     (         ,      ),     ,      ,    .    ,      ,        ,    ,     ,    <>     ,   , , ,      [66 - Description of England. P.113114.].


 1540   5000 ,  1640-,   , 15000.           ,          .                ;  ,        ,  -,       .   ,  1600         80000,      [67 - Cooper. Land, Men and Beliefs. P.2526.].       ,  ,      . ,     ,    ,  60000,        ,       7080,    :          ,      .

   ,         ,   .          ,     :   1558  557 , 1603-  641,  1642-  679,    122    ,   181    , 64  , 30  [68 - Palliser. Age of Elizabeth. P. 86.].  , ,     1540 1640,        :  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .      ,        ,      .         VII       25%  ,  1640        .      ,         :  20%  2533%  . (Ѡ1500 1640       [69 - Clay. Economic Expansion and Social Change, i. 143.].) ,       ,       ,      [70 - Clay. Economic Expansion and Social Change, i. 158.].      , ,          ,    .   XVII    1000   ,     ,            ,    ,    , , .      ,     ,            [71 - Palliser. Age of Elizabeth. P. 70; cf. Cooper. Land, Men and Beliefs. P.4377.].

           ,         .       1470         ,  1550 1603     .      ,    ,  ,    ,     ,       ,          ,         ,   ,           [72 - Clay. Economic Expansion and Social Change, ii. 6.].

        :     ,  ,      .  1500   -    ,    XIV XV           ,  , --, , ,  ,      .      ,             ,  ,       .  15           12   1,6.           ,    VII  VIII       ,          , ,  ,      .  1550-      :  14701550    (   130000     15471553),         .  ,     1544154615501551     ,   VIII  VI,        ,  15511552,     ,  .       :   ,    1560,        110000  ,          .

        ,      ,      ,     II    15601570- ,     .         -:  1580-   ,   ,    .         (        ),                .    : ,   .        ,   , , ,  ,  ,     .  ,  ,   ,  ,       ,         . Ѡ1570      ,         XVII.

      :     ,  ,  , ,        .     ,     , ,    ,    XVI      ,     ,      .   ,       ,     :            .          ,         .

            . , , , ,     ,     .       ,  ,   .        ,    .            ,    ,  ,     , , , ,   , ,   .          ,       ,     :  ,    ,     ,     .         ,   ,  1590-        [73 - Clay. Economic Expansion and Social Change, ii. 3637.].               -,    :      .




3

 VII


      ,    ,   VII    .  ,        ,  14    ;      ,         . ,    :  IV  III             ,     ,         .        :      ,      .            .       . Ӡ VII       :    ,   ,  ,                 (16 1487).

  VII      . Ѡ1485  1492       ,   ,  1487         .   ,           .  1487    ,    1492          .          VII    ,            1492.      -   .

   1492 1503.         ,          (     ).   ,  , ,   .      .                         ,         ,    ,           .      14981499.        VII         :    VIII  1494         1496,    ,   I     VI.       ,   1497    .  1499  ,  1502    -   1328.   1501            ,  ,  .      1502,         ,   1503      IV[74 -          .      . .: .     ,     ? //   , 2, 2020.]    VI .

    VII     1503     1509-.      ,          ,     [75 - Pickthorn Cf.K.Early Tudor Government: Henry VII. Cambridge, 1934. 141 n.1.]. ʠ15071508            ,         [76 - StarkeyD.R.Court and Government// Revolution Reassessed: Revisions in the History of Tudor Government and Administration/ Ed.C.Coleman and Starkey. Oxford, 1986. P.48.].  ,     VII      ,  .    ,           ,        .        ,      ,      .      ,   :          ,     ,            .  ,        VII   ,        .           ,    ,          ,       ,  .




  .


   .

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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



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Heath P.The English Parish Clergy on the Eve of the Reformation. London, 1969. P.93103.




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Heath P.The English Parish Clergy on the Eve of the Reformation. London, 1969. P.8192; Bowker M.The Secular Clergy in the Diocese of Lincoln. Cambridge, 1968. P.4445.




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Piers the Ploughman/ Ed. J.F.Goodridge. London, 1959. 2nd edn., 1966; repr. 1968. P.7274.




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OwstG.R.Literature and Pulpit in Medieval England. Cambridge, 1933. P.278279.




35


Bowker. Secular Clergy. P.110154; Heath. English Parish Clergy. P.104134.




36


Heath. English Parish Clergy. P.187196.




37


ThomsonJ.A.F.The Later Lollards, 14141520. Oxford, 1965. P.415; Aston M.Lollardy and Sedition, 13811431// Past and Present, no. 17. 1960. P.144; McFarlane .B.Lancastrian Kings and Lollard Knights. Oxford, 1972.




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GuyJ.A.The Legal Context of the Controversy: The Law of Heresy// CW x. The Debellation of Salem and Bizance/ Ed.Guy, R.Keen, .H.Miller. New Haven, Conn., 1987. P. xlvii-lxvii.




39


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40


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41


DavisJ.F.Heresy and Reformation in the South-East of England, 15201559. London, 1983. P.5.




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Wilks M.Reformatio Regni: Wyclif and Hus as Leaders of Religious Protest Movements// Schism, Heresy and Religious Protest/ Ed.D.Baker. Cambridge, 1972. P.109130.




43


Political Poems and Songs Relating to English History/ Ed.T.Wright. 2vols. London, 18591861. ii. 202.




44


Keep then the sea about in special, / Which of England is the round wall, / As though England were likened to a city, / And the wall environ were the sea.




45


The Works of Sir John Fortescue, Knight, Chief Justice of England and Lord Chancellor to King Henry the Sixth/ Ed.T.Fortescue [Lord Clermont]. 2vols.; London, 1869. i. 549554.




46


ChrimesS.B.English Constitutional Ideas in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge, 1936. P.300324; Elton. Studies, ii. 2829.




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WrigleyE.A., SchofieldR.S.The Population History of England, 15411871: A Reconstruction. London, 1981. P.645685; PalliserD.M.Tawneys Century: Brave New World or Malthusian Trap// Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 35. 1982. P.339353; The Agrarian History of England and Wales, iv. 15001640/ Ed.J.Thirsk. Cambridge, 1967; HoskinsW.G.Harvest Fluctuations and English Economic History, 14801619// Agricultural History Review, 12, 1964. P.2846; HarrisonC.J.Grain Price Analysis and Harvest Qualities, 14651634// Agricultural History Review, 19, 1971. P.135155.




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Wrigley, Schofield. Population History. P.174179, 207210, 234, 531, 645685; Hatcher J.Plague, Population and the English Economy, 13481530. London, 1977; Cornwall J.English Population in the Early Sixteenth Century// Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 23, 1970. P.3244; ApplebyA.B.Famine in Tudor and Stuart England. Liverpool, 1978; ApplebyA.B.Disease or Famine? Mortality in Cumberland and Westmorland, 15801640// Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 26, 1973. P.403432; FisherF.J.Influenza and Inflation in Tudor England// Economic History Review 18, 1965. P.120129; Slack P.Mortality Crises and Epidemic Disease in England, 14851610// Health, Medicine and Mortality in the Sixteenth Century/ Ed.C.Webster, Cambridge, 1979. P.959; Slack P.The Impact of Plague in Tudor and Stuart England. London, 1985; PalliserD.M.Dearth and Disease in Staffordshire, 15401670// Rural Change and Urban Growth, 15001800: Essays in English Regional History in Honour of W.G.Hoskins/ Ed. C.W.Chalklin, M.A.Havinden. London, 1974. P.5475.




50


ClayC.G.A.Economic Expansion and Social Change: England, 15001700. 2vols.; Cambridge, 1984. i. 13.




51


Wrigley, Schofield. Population History. P.234, 528.




52


BridburyA.R.Sixteenth-century Farming// Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 27, 1974. P.538556.




53


e.g. Norfolk Record Office, Norwich Mayors Court Book 15101532. P.201202, 207, 227, 269 ff.; Kings Lynn Assembly Book, 14971544 (KL/C7/5), fo. 197v.




54


PalliserD.M.The Age of Elizabeth: England under the Later Tudors, 15471603. London, 1983. P.135150.




55


    ⠫     1803.         1816,      .




56


Wrigley, Schofield. Population History. P.356401.




57


Wrightson K.English Society, 15801680. London, 1982. P.130142.




58


The Description of England/ Ed.G.Edelen. Ithaca, NY: Folger Books, 1968. P.200203.




59


Wrightson. English Society. P.125130; ApplebyJ.O.Economic Thought and Ideology in Seventeenth-century England. Princeton, NJ, 1978. P.129157.




60


Humanist Scholarship and Public Order/ Ed. D.S.Berkowitz. Washington DC: Folger Books, 1983. P.136137.




61


KingdonR.M.Social Welfare in Calvins Geneva// American Historical Review, 76, 1971. P.5069; DavisN.Z.Poor Relief, Humanism and Heresy: The Case of Lyon// Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History, 5, 1968. P.217275; GrimmH.J.Luthers Contributions to Sixteenthcentury Organization of Poor Relief// Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte, 61, 1970. P.222234; Heller H.Famine, Revolt and Heresy at Meaux, 152125// Archivfur Reformationsgeschichte, 68, 1977. P.133156; Pullan B.Rich and Poor in Renaissance Venice. Oxford, 1971. P.239291; FidelerP.A.Discussions of Poverty in Sixteenth-century England. Brandeis University, Ph. D. dissertation; published University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, 1971.




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LeonardE.M.The Early History of English Poor Relief. Cambridge, 1900. P.2540; Poor Relief in Elizabethan Ipswich/ Ed.J.Webb. Ipswich: Suffolk Records Society, 1966. P.1120; Pound J.An Elizabethan Census of the Poor: The Treatment of Vagrancy in Norwich, 15701580// University of Birmingham Historical Journal, 8, 1962. P.135161; Pound J.Poverty and Vagrancy in Tudor England. London, 1971; repr. 1978; BeierA.L.The Social Problems of an Elizabethan County Town: Warwick, 15801590// Country Towns in Pre-industrial England/ Ed.P.Clark. Leicester, 1981. P.4685.




63


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64


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         .      . .: .     ,     ? //   , 2, 2020.




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