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     : 4,6    12  


   (19472020),   



Henry Gee

A (VERY) SHORT HISTORY OF LIFE ON EARTH

4.6 Billion Years in 12 Chapters



   2021.  Picador,  Pan Macmillan



 Henry Gee, 2021

  ..,    , 2022

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       (Cloudina),   550  .          [43 -   ,     ,   Cloudina,        .      ,         . Schiffbauer J.D. et al. Discovery of bilaterian-type through-guts in cloudinomorphs from the terminal Ediacaran Period // Nature Communications. 2020. 11: 205.].    , ,    ,     -  [44 - .: Bengtson S. and Zhao Y. Predatorial borings in Late Precambrian mineralized exoskeletons // Science. 1992. 257: 367369.].  ,  541   ,           (Treptichnus)  ,      .           . ,  , ,     .    ,  . ,    .

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     (Nectocaris)    ,   .     [50 -          ,  ,       Lophotrochozoa. .  , ,   Mutvei H. Restudy of some plectronocerid nautiloids (Cephalopoda) from the late Cambrian of China; discussion on nautiloid evolution and origin of the siphuncle // GFF. 2020. 142:2: 115124, DOI: 10.1080/11035897.2020.1739742; Hildenbrand A. et al. A potential cephalopod from the early Cambrian of eastern Newfoundland, Canada // Communications Biology. 2021. 4 (1): 111. https://doi.org/10.1038/s4200302101885-w  . ., .][51 - .: Smith M.R. and Caron J.-B. Primitive soft-bodied cephalopods from the Cambrian // Nature. 2010. 465: 469472; Bengtson S. Alittle Kraken wakes // Nature. 2010. 465: 427, 428.].              ,       .      ,      ,          ,   ,  ,   ,       ,       ,         .

             ,        .       ,      .          . ,    (Fuxianhuia)  ,        [52 -      Ma X. et al. Complex brain and optic lobes in an early Cambrian arthropod // Nature. 2012. 490: 258261. ,       ,      Fuxianhuia  ,   ,           . .: Liu J. et al. Microbial decay analysis challenges interpretation of putative organ systems in Cambrian fuxianhuiids // Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 285: 20180051. http: //dx. doi. org/10.1098/rspb.2018.005].



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notes








1


., : Canup R.M. and Asphaug E. Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earths formation // Nature. 2001. 412: 708712; Melosh J. A new model Moon // Nature. 2001. 412: 694695.




2


 ,      ,      .                  (   ). .: Mastrobuono-Battisti . et al. A primordial origin for the compositional similarity between the Earth and the Moon // Nature. 2012. 520: 212215.




3


  ,       :  ,    ,      ,   ,  ,          (  ,    ).  ,  ,  ,      .           ,   . ,  ,       ,            .      .




4


    ,   ,           . ,          ,       12.        .     ,                   (Zimmer C. Lifes Edge. Random House, 2020).




5


,  ,       ,        .    .        ,   .   . ,        ,    ,        4080 ().                   . .: Lane Nick. The Vital Question. L.: Profile, 2005 ( .  : ,     / . .    . .: ; Corpus, 2018).




6


  ,      ,       .




7


          3,8  4  ,  ,          4,4  .        ,      .               ,       .     ,    .           -12,           -13.       -13,     -12      .    .   ,    ,  ,  -13, ,       ,            ,         ,      .              4,1   .      ,   -12 ,   ,   ,           . .: Wilde S.A. et al. Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago // Nature. 2001. 409: 175178.




8


.: Javaux E. Challenges in evidencing the earliest traces of life// Nature. 2019. 572: 451460.    ,     .




9


                 - .     - ,    ,   ,       3,43   . .: Allwood A.C. et al. Stromatolite reef from the Early Archaean era of Australia // Nature. 2006. 441. 714718.    ,    4     ,     .




10


    ,    ,   .        ,    ,      ,    ,      .




11


 ,        ,  .           .    ,  ,     .         (, ),       .




12


        .   ,                . .: Lyons T.W. et al. The rise of oxygen in the Earths early ocean and atmosphere // Nature. 2014, 506: 307315; Marty B. et al. Geochemical evidence for high volatile fluxes from the mantle at the end of the Archaean // Nature. 2019. 575: 485488; Eguchi J. et al. Great Oxidation and Lomagundi events linked by deep cycling and enhanced degassing of carbon // Nature Geoscience. 2019. doi:10.1038/s4156101904926.




13


     :     ,    ,     :     .




14


.: Vreeland R.H. et al. Isolation of a 250-million-year-old halotolerant bacterium from a primary salt crystal // Nature. 2000. 407: 897900; Parkes J. A case of bacterial immortality? // Nature. 2000. 407: 844, 845.




15


,         .




16


-       ,           ,          .




17


.: Martijn J. et al. Deep mitochondrial origin outside sampled alphaproteobacteria // Nature. 2018. 557: 101105.




18


             ,       (Rivera M.C. and Lake J.A. The Ring of Life provides evidence for a genome fusion origin of eukaryotes // Nature. 2004. 431: 152155; Martin W. and Embley T.M. Early evolution comes full circle // Nature. 2004. 431: 134137).        ,          ,    ,     .           (Spang A. et al. Complex archaea that bridge the gap between prokaryotes and eukaryotes // Nature. 2015. 521: 173179; Embley T.M. and Williams T.A. Steps on the road to eukaryotes // Nature. 2015. 521: 169, 170; Zaremba-Niedzwiedska K. et al. Asgard archaea illuminate the origin of eukaryote cellular complexity // Nature. 2017. 541: 353358; McInerney J. O. and OConnell M.J. Mind the gaps in cellular evolution // Nature. 2017. 541: 297299; Eme L. et al. Archaea and the origin of eukaryotes // Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2017. 15: 711723).

        (Imachi H. et al. Isolation of an archaeon at the prokaryote-eukaryote interface // Nature. 2020. 577: 519525; Schleper C. and Sousa F.L. Meet the relatives of our cellular ancestor // Nature. 2020. 577: 478, 479). ,     ,      ,   ,         ,           (Dey G. et al. On the archaeal origins of eukaryotes and the challenges of inferring phenotype from genotype // Trends in Cell Biology. 2016. 26: 476485).




19


        .         ,        ,  ,    .        ,   ,    .           . ,  ,   - .




20


    .          .          .               ,  ,        .    ,      ,     ,    ,   .       .




21


       (.: Seb-Pedros A. et al. The origin of Metazoa: aunicellular perspective // Nature Reviews Genetics. 2017. 18: 498512).  ,         ,      ,  . ,    ,       ,       .  -           .




22


      ,    -   ,        .




23


        ,       Protozoa.                  ,     ,        ,             Nematodinium        ,    (.: Gavelis G.S. Eye-like ocelloids are built from different endosymbiotically acquired components // Nature. 2015. 523: 204207).   --:   ,    .




24


.: Strother P.K. et al. Earths earliest non-marine eukaryotes// Nature. 2011. 473: 505509.




25


        ,      .         :    ,      (Sheldrake Merlin. Entangled Life: How Fungi Make Our Worlds, Change Our Minds, and Shape Our Futures. L.: The Bodley Head, 2020 ( .  :    ,      / . . .. . .: , 2021).




26


.: Butterfield N.J. Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen. n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes // Paleobiology. 2000. 26: 386404.




27


.: Loron C. et al. Early fungi from the Proterozoic era in Arctic Canada // Nature. 2019. 570: 232235.




28


.: Albani El et al. Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago // Nature. 2010. 466: 100104.




29


       .               ,      ,          .    ,     250   .    ,    .       . ,        ,          (Supercontinent).




30


        Lenton T.M. et al. Co-evolution of eukaryotes and ocean oxygenation in the Neoproterozoic era // Nature Geoscience. 2014. 7: 257265.




31


    .                ,  .   ,      ,     . .: Zumberge J.A. et al. Demosponge steroid biomarker 26-methylstigmastane provides evidence for Neoproterozoic animals // Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2018. 2: 17091714; Botting J.P., Nettersheim B.J. Searching for sponge origins // Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2018. 2: 16851686; Nettersheim B.J. et al. Putative sponge biomarkers in unicellular Rhizaria question an early rise of animals // Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2019. 3: 577581.




32


.: Tatzel M. et al. Late Neoproterozoic seawater oxygenation by siliceous sponges // Nature Communications. 2017. 8: 621.                 ,  1881.,     .  ,      ,         ,  Nature  ,  ,    (Activated Sludge). ,  . ,          , ,        ,      .               ,    ,   軠  ,   .   :      ,          ,    ,         .




33


 ,        ,      .




34


.: Logan G.A. et al. Terminal Proterozoic reorganization of biogeochemical cycles // Nature. 1995. 376: 5356.




35


.: Brocks J.J. et al. The rise of algae in Cryogenic oceans and the emergence of animals // Nature. 2017. 548: 578581.




36


           ,       .         ,    ,     ,            .




37


 ,  Dickinsonia  - ,        . .: Bobrovskiy I. et al. Ancient steroids establish the Ediacaran fossil Dickinsonia as one of the earliest animals // Science. 2018. 361: 12461249.




38


.: Fedonkin M.A. and Waggoner B.M. The Late Precambrian fossil Kimberella is a mollusc-like bilaterian organism // Nature. 1997. 388: 868871.




39


.: Mitchell E.G. et al. Reconstructing the reproductive mode of an Ediacaran macro-organism // Nature. 2015. 524: 343346.




40


  ,       ,  , . .: Retallack G.J. Ediacaran life on land // Nature. 2013. 493: 8992; Xiao S. and Knauth L.P. Fossils come in to land // Nature. 2013. 493: 2829.




41


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42


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