    I
 Β


Historia Rossica
   I         ,      .          ,       .              蠖  .   Β            .  ,   ,     ,     :    XIX    ?  Βࠖ      ,       , .





 Β

    I



Patrick OMeara

TheRussian Nobility inthe Age ofAlexander I



Patrick OMeara, 2019

This translation ofThe Russian Nobility inthe Age ofAlexander I ispublished byarrangement with Bloomsbury Publishing Plc



. ,  , 2023

. ,  , 2023

   , 2023


* * *







  蠖            I,  1801 1825.

    25-     ,      , ,  . , ,    ,     I     .     ,                . ,  ࠖ    [1 -   XIX  XX       ,      .     XIX:  . .    XIX //   (堖 ). 1899. .1; 1904. .3. (.    ,  :  . .    XIX / . . . . . ., 2007.          );  . .  : . . ., 1898;  . .     . ., 1898;  . .    . ., 1876,     .   (., 1876),  :   . ., 2009; - . .    XVIII   . ., 1870 (1912),  2003;  . .  . ., 1899; .  :    //   (堖 ). ., 1887. .23. .533571, 186210, 421452;  . .      17621855. ., 1906.].

,       , ,  ,     ,    , ,  .            I,  , .          ,  .       ,  ,      (  ),   I    .       -      .               XIX[2 - Π  I.:Hartley J. M. Alexander I. London; NewYork, 1994; McConnell A. Tsar Alexander I: Paternalistic Reformer. NewYork, 1970; Rey M.-P. Alexander I: TheTsar Who Defeated Napoleon. DeKalb, 2012;  . .  I :    XIX.  . ., 2017;  . .  . .1: 17961825:  . ., 1948;  . .  -     XIX. .; ., 1957; .   18121814.   //  . ., 1950. .31. .222244; Schiemann T. Geschichte Russlands unter Kaiser Nikolaus I. Kaiser Alexander I. unddie Ergebnisse seiner Lebensarbeit. Berlin, 1904;  . .   ,   :  4. ., 18971898.  .2 4.].

  1801   ,            1785,      ,   I,     .       ,      ,    .  , ,  1797  ,           .  I       ,   ,           .          ,  .      ,      ,      1762.  ,   4 4     46-  I          ,    ,  [3 - Gooding J. Rulers andSubjects: Government andPeople inRussia 18011991. London, 1996; Riasanovsky N. V., Steinberg M. D. AHistory ofRussia. Oxford, 2005. P.254245; Hartley J. M. Alexander I. P.21, 25; Dixon S. TheModernisation ofRussia, 16761825. Cambridge, 1999. P.131.].   , ,   . . ,     ,   .

     I       :          ,   .           .   ,    -  ,         ,   ,  ,       .

 ,      ,           , ,      -.    ,   ,    ,      ,      .                 . ,  - . . - ,      -  -[4 - . :  . .   .     XIX. //    XIX. ., 2003. .76.    .: . .   -       XIX. , 2011.].      -  1825 (    )             .        .

    ,   .    .        ,    ,  ,     .         ,      .         ,        (   ,   ,   ),     ,    .

     I  ,      ,      ,     ,      .             (  )  ( ).      ,       .

              .                   .  ,         ,       .             .        I,   ,      , 14 1825.  ,      ,       I     .           .

    ,          ,       ,       ,    I           ,            [5 -  1812   .:Lieven D. Russia against Napoleon: TheBattle forEurope, 18071814. London, 2009; Russian andthe Napoleonic Wars / Eds. J. M. Hartley, P. Keenan, D. Lieven. Basingstoke, 2015;  : Martin A. M. TheRussian Empire andthe Napoleonic Wars // Napoleon andEurope / Ed. P. G. Dwyer. London, 2001. P.243263; Idem. Russia andthe Legacy of1812 // TheCambridge History ofRussia. Vol.2: Imperial Russia, 16891917 / Ed. D. Lieven. Cambridge, 2006. P.145161.        1812 .: . .      1812. ., 2002.].

    I ,  -      . ,  ,       ,   ,    .    ,         -     .       ,        XIX?     ,     ,    , ,     .

              I     .        . ,       .          ,  .

        (-)  ࠖ  ,        .           ,  , - .  - ()       ,     ,       .

    ,        :        ,   ,   (. 2007)    (. 2014);   ,       ;  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    ,         ;      ;   ࠖ         .            ,    ,    (. 2010).   ,     XVIII,       ,           .

        I. B. Tauris ,  .          Bloomsbury Academic,        . ,    , ,  ,     ,        , ,         .

Ѡ      ,  ,   ,     ,    .



, , 
1 2018




 





  ,      ( ),   XIX    ( ) 12. ,   -  14 1825  , 26 .


 

Š  

Ԡ    

̠  

   

      

Ƞ     

  

Ѡ   

   

Ѡ  

Π    

CMRS Cahiers du Monde russe et sovitique

SEER Slavonic andEast European Review




I.   





1

    1801 



           I    ,     .  ,     ,          ,       .           I   .




   



 XVIII

    蠫, ,  .   XIX    , ,     ,  ,  - , ,    [6 - . :  . .   . XVIII   . ., 1999. .357.].  1722   I        ,   ,         . ,    ,  -            II (1767).    ,        ,      ?            ,       ,     [7 - Wirtschafter E. K. Social Identity inImperial Russia. DeKalb, 1997. P.31.].

,    ,             XVIII:   1722  I    1785  II.    ,     1917.       ,             .  -     ,  ; ,     [8 - Hughes L. Russia inthe Age ofPeter theGreat. London, 1998. P.179, 181.      : Longley D. TheLongman Companion toImperial Russia, 16891917. London, 2000. P.2930.     ,     :  . .,  . .     (XVIII  XX). ., 2009. .:  . .     XIX:  . ., 2002.].    (    )       : ,      ,      .

    I,      1725,      ,  .   ,     ,   , ,        I 93% 179      13 22 ,   ,  ,      .  ,   14- 10- ,   .           ,     .          ,         ,      蠖 ,  ,  ,   [9 - Pipes R. Russia under theOld Regime. London, 1974. P.125; Dixon S. TheModernisation ofRussia 16761825. P.93.].

   1785  II    ,     1832: 1       ,  ; 2      (14- ); 3     (8- ); 4  ,   ; 5  ()  ; 6  [10 - Wirtschafter E. K. Social Identity inImperial Russia. P.2324.].

  1785  II  1762  III,     ,  ,      XVIII.   1762,       ,     . Ƞ,    ,         :



   , ,  ,   .          .      -     . ,         ,      ,    . -       [11 - Madariaga I. de. Russia inthe Age ofCatherine theGreat. London, 1981. P.89. .:  . .     / .. . . . ., 2002. .154.].


  1785  II          ,   1775          .  ,            ,          II   XIX[12 -  . .  . .1011.].      1785        I. Ƞ     ,      [13 -  . .     .396.].

         ,              .     ,   ,      ,         : 1)     ; 2)    ; 3)         ; 4)     ; 5)       ; 6)      [14 -  . .      (XVIII   .):  ,  ,    :  2. ., 1999. .1. .85. . . .: Mironov B. N. TheSocial History ofImperial Russia, 17001917 / B. N. Mironov, B. Eklof. Boulder; Oxford, 2000. 2vols.].

   ,         ,     ,     [15 - .  :    // . ., 1887. .3. .427.]. ,    ,    ,   ,     ,     .      ,   , ,  ,              [16 - Confino M. TheNobility inRussia andWestern Europe: Contrasts andSimilarities // Confino M. Russia before theRadiant Future: Essays inModern History, Culture, andSociety. NewYork, 2011. P.119140.].

Ƞ,     ,    ,    ,       ,     -   蠖       .  ,    ,   XIX       蠄      ,  , , [17 - Malia M. E. Russia under Western Eyes: From theBronze Horseman tothe Lenin Mausoleum. Cambridge andLondon, 2000. P.142.].  1722      ( 9- )  ( 14-    8- ).  ,          ,  ,        ,  ,  ,   ,         ,   铻[18 - Confino M. TheNobility inRussia P.125127.].

        ,  .   ,       ,        III (1762)  I (1801).

            ,       ,  .  ,    ,     ,        .         ,        .           (1762)     1785  .

  1762,     ,       . ,     ,  ,    XVIII       . Ѡ ,   II         ,         ,    ,    ,   .

     I,         , ,    ,      . ,            ,  ,  ,    .        [19 -  . .  :    XVIII. ., 2008. .72.].




    I


Ѡ       I 1801      ,    XVIII,       .            .     I     ,       .

, 2 1801       I    .      ,   II    I,       [20 -  . .    . .585586.].    I       ,   . ,           [21 -  . .    . .301307.].

  I ,       ,   ,         [22 - .].  ,    ,  ,  I          27 1801,                  [23 -     //  . .     I   :      1812. ., 1869. .1. .42.].   ,       ,   ,  [24 - Hartley J. M. ASocial History ofthe Russian Empire. London; NewYork, 1999. P.57.]. ,        ꠫     ,      ,    ,  [25 - Gooding J. Rulers andSubjects P.9.     XVIII. .:P.811.].

       , ,    ,          .   ,   II,    XVIII,     I.          ,      ,  . Ƞ  I  ,    ,        XIX,     ,    , -    ,     [26 - Raeff M. TheRussian Nobility // TheNobility inRussia andEastern Europe / Eds. I. Banac, P. Bushkovitch. New Haven, 1983. P.109.].

   ,            .   ,              1864. ,   XVIII  XIX,              [27 - Wirtschafter E. K. Social Identity inImperial Russia. P.30.].            .   ,  . . , ,            -   XVIII  XIX[28 -  . .   .59.].

,        I :  ,     , ,  ;  ,  ;   ,   ,  ; ,    [29 -  .  // - . .    IX  XVIII. ., 1900. .526. : - . .  . ., 1912. .1213.].     .    XVIII XIX        ,  ,  ,   [30 -  . .,  . .   .130.].     ,  ,     ,       ,     11 1814.  ,           14-   ,    [31 -  . .    , 17782000. , 2000. .34;  . .  . .  . .122.].




   


Ѡ   I   ,      raison d?tre[32 -  (.). ..]  .    ,   .      ,  .      ,         ,         [33 -  . .   .  . ., 1998. .43.].     ,        .   ,     ,   , , ,  [34 -        .: . .     XVIII. ., 1999. .221.].

    1904   ,      XVIII:             ,         [35 -  .    // . ., 1904. .18. .1.].     . .  (17721829),           I.   ,  , -,    ,       ,    14 1825. ʠ    [36 -      .:OMeara P. J. General D. Kiselev andSecond Army HQ atTulchin, 181929 // SEER. Special Issue Personality andPlace inRussian Culture. 2010. Vol.88. 12. P.261290.].

           -  . . ,             ,   .   ,            [37 -  . .   :    //  . -   : .  / . . . . . ., 2000. .361. ,  . .     .  1819      ,    . .   : . .357.].  ,      . ,  ,       ,                 ,     .

,       1722      ,      ,    .         ᠫ  :



  ,     ,    .       ,   ,    ,   ,       ( )   .


       ,      I.       I   ,           .     ,       1722   ꠫    II     14 1825[38 - Π   - 1803 1817 .:Lebrun R. Joseph de Maistre. AnIntellectual Militant. Montreal, 1988. Ch. 6.  .:  . .  . , 2012. .37. .: . .    //  . . . . . .; ., 1934. .6. .191195.].

Ƞ,   ,        I     :  ,     ,             ( ,   1822),   , ,   .     ,  ,  ,       ,      [39 - Martin A. M. TheRussian Empire andthe Napoleonic Wars. P.243.].

   ,     ( )      . ,     .   . .    ,       XVIII       , ,  ,    [40 -  . .    .1. .108.].    ,    ,       ,           ,      [41 - LeDonne J. P. Absolutism andthe Ruling Class: TheFormation ofthe Russian Political Order, 17001825. NewYork, 1991. P.24.]. Ѡ      II   ,         ,         , ,      . , ,          ,         [42 - .: Hartley J. M. ASocial History ofthe Russian Empire. P.99. Π        XVIII .:Smith D. Working theRough Stone: Freemasonry andSociety inEighteenth-century Russia. DeKalb, 1999. P.257; : Wirtschafter E. K. Social Identity inImperial Russia.].

       . . ,               .  ,  ,  ,     ,      蠖           [43 -  . .      . ., 1998. .560. .:  . .,  . .  . .150.].   ,        ,   .   ࠖ    ,   ,     ,       [44 - . .722.].  ,          蠫      I     (  ,   ),        -         [45 -  . . :   ? //  XXI. ., 1994. . 12. .99.].

Ѡ , ,    , . .  ,            .       . .  . . .    -, -,          .  ,         XVIII   XIX         .   ,  ,        [46 -       . , 1985. .154.     : Dubina V. S. TheDistinction: Russian Nobility andRussian Elites inthe European Context (the18th19th Century) // Social Evolution andHistory. 2008. Vol.7. 2. P.80100;  . .   :   - . ., 1998. .191;  . .    .    ,    ;  1832,     //  . 1870. .8. .1. . 3. .551598;  . .  ,    //  . 1913. .3. 9. .297342; 10. .504565; 11. .599617; 12. .755778.].

       . , ,     ,            .                    .            I.         .   I           .         [47 -  . .    . .586.].

    . .  (17831865),      I   18131814,  1823  - , : ,   ,    ,   ,   .  . . ,    ,         XIX   . , ,     , ,      XIX,       .             ,      .       -    1810 1812.       ,     ,    ,          [48 -  . .  . .11.       , ,   .].

       ,   .  , . . , ,      ,        :   .      .   :     ,        ,      .       ,      ,    (1500  500),        .  ,     [49 -  . .    ,    ,     // . 1905. . 6. .206, 222224.].

 -   ,     .   . . ,      ,   -,      ( )   ,   ,    .  , ,     ,    ,   ,      ,     .  ,   ,   . . ,   I          .   1815  . .        , ,    .       ,    ,   .   ,       ,  .

 - ,   ,  ( )          ,    .   ,    ,     .       ,         .  ,         .  I    ,      ,      ,   ,    [50 -  . .    XIX //  . 1900. . 11. .259260. Π    ,  , .:OMeara P. J. TheOpinion ofOne Ukrainian Landowner: V. N. Karazin, Alexander I, andChanging Russia // Word andImage inRussian History: Essays inHonor ofGary Marker. Boston, 2015. P.315335.       . . .].

      .    ,    ,     XIX:



      ?     :  ,     ,   ,  ,       [51 - .  :   . .442.].


  ,   ,  ,           .  ,   ,      . .           ,    1824,      .     :



 ,  ,    ,   ,     ,   ;  ,    ,             [52 - :   / . . . ; . . . . ., 1988. .180.  . .  . ., 1907. . 2. .21 (: ., 2001).              .     .     (LaRussie et les Russes)     1847 (  2010).        ,   ,     .].


     ,    ,   ,   : , ,  ,    .  ,       ,      ,         .     ,       :   ,     ,   ,    ,      ,  ,    , ,   , ,     .       ,         () [53 - Raeff M. TheRussian Nobility. P.118.].

         ,  ,          .           .        .           ;            1762,        .        .        ,      ,         .      ,   , ,   ,   [54 -  . .  . .1. .410.  .       : Roosevelt P. Life onthe Russian Country Estate: ASocial andCultural History. New Haven, 1995. P.361.].

          ,            ,  ,    II 1860-   .  ,        I   ,         ,   , ,  ,     . ,  ,   , ,      ,    .        .

  XIX    ,      XVIII.  1812 1814      ,         .          ,         .         .

 ,   ,          .        ,       ,      ,  젖  .         ,  ,  ,     ,    ,  ,     .   ,      ,     . ,    ,   ,    .       ,       .                ,        [55 -  . .    . .392393, 396,399.].

  ,        ,          ,    .                 ,      .  ,   ,   XIX   -     ,   [56 -  .: . .     . ., 1902. .1. .231233.].




2

  





   


       ,  .    ,         ;     ,  ;  ,       ,  堖  ,            ,   [57 -  . .  . ., 1907. . 2 (: ., 2001). .21.       .             .].

    ,     1808, . .       ,     :      ,     , , ,      .     ?     [58 -  . .   . .      XIX. //  . 2002. 4. .153.   . . .  (17751847)    . . .       ꠖ   I:     I. ., 1828.      14 (., 18241825)    (18081824),   ,     . . ,    ( . .   . .  .153).].

         XIX  ,          - . ,     .    ,  18131814   64% , 78%   , 60%  , 66%     80%   [59 - Hartley J. M. ASocial History ofthe Russian Empire. P.57.].

  ,       XIX  .   XVIII    500000  .        :      609973  276809  ,    17484  13000 ,      918000[60 -  . .  . .89.]. ,   ,       ,     .   4,3  76-   1782 1858,      ,      .         , 323000         II.         ,  ,  ,  -,    ,    .          ,              [61 - Pipes R. Russia under theOld Regime. P.176277,182.].

     1816    429000,    1%   ,      ,    ,  , , ,  [62 - Hartley J. M. ASocial History ofthe Russian Empire. P.18. . .    150500 -    1816,    (44,2%)   ,  :  . .   //  . 1994. 1. .37.        I (1825) 225000   500000 : Schiemann T. Geschichte Russlands unter Kaiser Nikolaus I. P.389.].           1800,  40 ,  29 , 20   16  .      1816     96600   ,    0,83%   .         56%  54000,  1770- ,    .

     ,   ,         ,  1816 44,8%  .      26     2317,  63,5% ,  1473   1782.   ,    1785,       I,  1816       : 48854    47746  .  ,      - (39,2%)  (12,5%),           8,4%  [63 - LeDonne J. P. TheEighteenth-Century Russian Nobility: Bureaucracy orRuling Class? // Cahiers du Monde russe et sovitique. 1993. Vol.34. 12. P.142; LeDonne J. P. Absolutism andthe Ruling Class. P.22,24.].

ʠ1800      ,   400000 ,         [64 -  .:Martin A. M. TheRussian Empire andthe Napoleonic Wars. P.243244.].   ,             ,   ,   , ,   ,       [65 - Lieven D. TheElites // TheCambridge History ofRussia. Vol.2: Imperial Russia, 16891917 / Ed. D. Lieven. Cambridge, 2006. P.229230.].

       ꠫   () . ,  XIX     I  . .     :    ?     ,    ,   ,     ,          ,  养[66 -  . .  . .89.      .:- . .  . .2223; Raeff M. Understanding Imperial Russia: State andSociety inthe Old Regime. NewYork, 1984. P.103112.]

         XIX . .  ,    ,   ,     (    )  .         I: -,     ,   ; -  ,         ;       ,   ,      .       ,    ,   ,           . , ,   ,   ,        [67 -  . .    XIX // . 1899. .97. C. 547548.].

   ,  ,   1801          ,  砫   ,     ,   ,   - .         ,           .         ,       ,      [68 - Raeff M. Understanding Imperial Russia. P.135.].

            . , . . ,   ,   1814 1817, ,             蠫 .          ,  ,      .  . . ,      -  蠫  [69 - . :  . .  . .359.].   ,  . . ,      :  ,     ,  .  . .       :     ![70 -  . .    . .351. Π  . . - .: . .,  . .   .  . XIX. ., 1995. .127150.]   ,         ,        ,     .  ,     ,  , ,  XVIII,  ()      [71 - Lieven D. TheElites. P.239.].

 ,        1762   XIX.         (, ,  ),     :    [72 - Ibid. P.229.].  ,       I,    ()  젖      ,    : ,  ,   ,        -;    ,       ;   ,       [73 - LeDonne J. P. Absolutism andthe Ruling Class. P.8.].

    ,  ,  ,     ,   . Ƞ     1762   , ,     .  ,    I,    ,         .           ,   , ,  ,    .     . . .       ,  ,     . .        ,   ,  ,     [74 - . :  . .    . .363.].

  ,  I ,        .  , ,    ,   ,  ,  ,         .        I  1812          .   ,    ,   -    [75 - . .365366.].  . . ,   ,     .  ,  ,     ,    ,      .  ,      , ,  ,      .          .           .            ꠫   [],       .   ,           . . .     ,              ,  [76 -  . . ,    . .  / . . , . . Berlin, 1870. .1. .308309. . .  (17541841)       . .   1812.        ,   ,       1824.].

 ,      :  ,    .     :      :      . ʠ  ,        .    ,              - .  ,      .   XIX        ,    .  ,   ,  ,   [77 - . :  . .    . .375, 368, 377378.]. ,      :   ,  ,        [78 -  . . . ., 2000. .111.].    . .   ,       . Ӡ                .

   .          . . , ,  ,      [79 - . .571. Π . .  .    .]. ,     ,       .       - . .   , ,    . . :  , .     :   ,    600-  (N. B.   )[80 -  . . .  10 . ., 19591962. .9.  18151830. .201.    .:Driver S. N. Pushkin, Literature andSocial Ideas. Oxford, 1989. P.5.    . .   . .:Β . . . .   -. ., 1989. .199.].

 -     :    -,    .        ,   ,       .      ,      . ,      ,    .         ,         I,      .      ,        . . .       ,    , ,  . .    ,   . .  ,    [81 -  . .    . .381384.].      ,   1810 1811   , , 



       ,          , , ,   ;     ; ,   ,   ,          ,    [82 - Pinkerton R. Russia: Or, Miscellaneous Observations onthe Past andPresent State ofThat Country andIts Inhabitants. London, 1833. P.316317.].


           ,    I         ,            .           .      ,        ,  .   ,      ,    .

      ,        .          ,       [83 -   ,   ,      .  .:Smith-Peter S. Bringing theProvinces into Focus: Subnational Spaces inthe Recent Historiography ofRussia // Kritika. 2011. Vol.12. 4. P.835848.].    :      ;   ,         ,     XIX[84 -  . .    . .440, 445, 447448, 451 (.).].




, , 


     .       1803  ,    1759    [85 -  . .       1803. /.  . .  //   (堖 ). 1913. . 3. .82.      .:Hartley J. M. Russia, 17621825. Military Power, theState, andthe People. Westport, CT, 2008. P.318;  . .  ; Kahan A. Russian Economic History: TheNineteenth Century. Chicago, 1989. P.244.].              1828 1833  . . :        ,      ,    .

,  ,        ,   .   1843 ,  9287  ( , , ,   )    ,      ,   [86 -  . .  . .359; Confino M. TheNobility inRussia. P.129.]. ,     1861,   .     18581859 ,  1400    ,  1,4%   ,  3 ,   79000   , 78%  ,   2 .      ,            [87 - Pipes R. Russia under theOld Regime. P.175.].

       .       ,        ,    ,  ,     [88 - Smith A. K. Forthe Common Good andTheir Own Well-being. Social Estates inImperial Russia. Oxford, 2014. P.9.].         .     XVIII ,      . .  8444 , . .  3750 ,  . . 頖 5750  . . ⠖ 2905 .          :         [89 -  . .   //  . ., 1880. 9. .144.].

  ,         ,             .   , ,        ,   ,       ,    .      ,    ,   ,        .       ,   ,      .      ,        ,    ,   ,    [90 -  . .       1803. // . 1913. . 2. .157.].       . . ,     :    .   ,   ,       ,   ,  .     ,       ,    , ,  ,    ,   ,   ,     [91 -  . .  . .2. .11,18.].

 ,  ,     1805             :



      ,        ,   .       ,   7 ,                [92 -  . .        / .  . . ; . . . . ., 1974. .374375.].


  :        ,  [ ]   [ ] [93 - Ransel D. L. ARussian Merchants Tale. TheLife andAdventures ofIvan Alekseevich Tolchenov, Based onHis Diary. Bloomington; Indianopolis, 2009. P.236.].          1812   , ,   ,                  1818 18- . . :      ⠖  5 ,      .   ,     : , ,    ,  .  蠖    ,    ,   . ,    ,   ,    .      ,    ,     :    ,   ,        :  ,    , ,   ,    ,  ,  :    ,  ,  ,     ( ),   .       ; ,   .

              .    - ,    ,  ,  :    ,  ,    :    ,   ,     ,  ,    [94 -  . . . .    1818 //  . ., 1900. .4 (204). .8. .690, 694.    (18001878)    , 1818     .    -     1849 1856,  1857    . .: . . :  . ., 1988. .180181.].           ,     ,  (   )  .

  ,         ,   .     ,    ,     , ,       ,          ,        .    ,  1857  ,  ,  1700  ,      ,   ,       ,      .  ,          :                    .       ,  ,     (              )                   [95 - Blum J. Lord andPeasant inRussia from theNinth tothe Nineteenth Century. NewYork, 1967. P.375376, 384385. .:  . .   . .    //  . ., 1881. .30. .746747.].

    ,       ,     - ,     (      ),    -   ,     .         ,  . ,  XVIII       :  1777,   , ,  32%      ,  30%  - .  16% -     蠖     ( ),     ,   (),     . ,      ,     ().

    XIX,   1858 40%       . -             ,  XVIII   XIX      .    ,       : 1794  7800  ,    6300.  1815  6400   ,   5200  1857-[96 - Waldron P. Governing Tsarist Russia. Basingstoke, 2007. P.56;   :    , 17782000. /. . . . , 2000. .454; Confino M. TheNobility inRussia. P.129.].  ,         .  : 77%  ,   1812,   ,  [97 - Lieven D. TheElites. P.231.].          I ,  1834, ,  106000      17000   [98 - Wirtschafter E. K. Social Identity inImperial Russia. P.33; Hartley J. M. Russia, 17621825. P.56.].

  ,     ,  ,   ,  ,  ,   . . .            . .     I.      ,         .    I ,    51,     ,          ().    ,    ,     , ,  ,       .   ,    ,      ,      .         , 25  .  ,           . ,    ,    ,   ,    ,       900.     ,  ,  ,    . ,     ,    ,      (   ),                [99 -  . .   -    //  . ., 1905. . 1. .156157.].

       ,         .    ,         .        . . ,  -   . .  ,    I,       ࠖ  . .    .      ,      I (16 1831)  ,     100,   .      .  ,  ,        ,       .     , ,     . . ,   [100 -  .     //  . ., 1904. .120. .428. . .  (18001875)  ,   1806.   26      (1844),   .    , ,  ,       1827 1830,     ⠫ 1841 1856.].

  , ,   . .  ,      , ,       ,  [101 -  . .  . .2. .18.].    ,      ,     :              (  , ,  ) ,  ,     .

      , ,         ,   XIX  .           ,        ,   ,   . ,   ,  . . , 1800    2   ,         [102 - Blum J. Lord andPeasant inRussia. NewYork, 1964. P.379.].        7000   1743    . .   ,      . . . ,     ,  ,  ,       ,  , ,       ,        .          .  . .      .  1803, ,     I       2,5     .  , ,         ,      [103 - Longley D. TheLongman Companion toImperial Russia. P.341; Madariaga I. de. Russia inthe Age ofCatherine theGreat. P.81;  . .    I:   . . . ., 1871. .122,348.].  ,     ,  .

     . .  ,    600000    2,1  1822. ,  1859   . .   6 .       ,  . . : 1818     700 ,     1831    [104 - Blum J. Lord andPeasant inRussia. P.379.].             .   , ,   ,  ,  , ,     8 1810     ,      -:         .      ,     ,     ,   ,    ,     ,      ,  [105 - . : Ibid. P.385.].

      ,   XIX      ,     ,   . ,  , ,       ,     ,    ,   ,        .

,    ,   ,    ,      1812 ,  -   3    10   100  .         1812,       I ,  []    1812,  ,   ( )         [106 -  . .    //  1812. . . . ., 2009. . 8. .338.             1812.].      .  ,       270 [107 -  . .         //  . .; ., 1912. .11. .152, 144.       ,     ,      .].

 ,      ,    ,   .     1833 1857, ,        ,      ,    1812  [108 - Field D. TheEnd ofSerfdom: Nobility andBureaucracy inRussia, 18551861. Cambridge, 1976. P.19.].       :       ,        .




   


  ,           ,  ,        ,    . ,  ,    렖  ꠖ   , , ,  .          ,     ,  -,        .    ,        . Ƞ        [109 - Raeff M. TheRussian Nobility. P.109.]. , ,   ,  .   ,   ꠫   I,   , ,    .       .

 ,               .    ,   ,  . . , , ,           -  .          . . ,  ,  -        XIX.      , , , ,   XIX  ,           ,    .  ,          ,     I    [110 -  . .  . .1. .379.].

     ,        ,       XIX , ,    I  I.    , . . ,  XVIII          ,        ,       .        .   :     ,      [111 -  . .    .5152.].          ,  , ,    [112 -    : OMeara P. J. TheOpinion ofOne Ukrainian Landowner: V. N. Karazin, Alexander I, andChanging Russia; Idem. Timotheus vonBock: Prisoner ofAlexander I // SEER. 2012. Vol.90. 1. P.98123.].

       ,    .  , 1812       . , , ,          ,      .    , ,     .       .               ,      ,       ,     [113 -  . .    :  I.  . . ., 1994. .54.].

       ,        ,       .  1825  I   . .  -      ,   ,     ,     .   . .            .       ,         [114 -  . .   . . . .160.].           ,     .    :  I    . .       ,       .   1821             [115 -  . .    . .77; OMeara P. J. Russias First Republican: TheDecembrist Pavel Pestel. NewYork, 2003. P.2022, 2527,29.].

  ࠖ ,   ,     I (  ). ,     . . ,  1810 1814    .  ,   ,     ,   ,  ,        , ,    [116 -  . .   :       . ., 1866. .20 (: Cambridge, 1974. P.9);  . . ʠ       XVIII  XIX. //       . , 1985. .133144. . .  (17601837)    . . .       1866. Π    .: . .,  . .    .95123.].    . .     () 1815    :        ,       , ,  ,    [117 -  . .   .3. 11. .614;  . . ʠ  .136.]. ,   , ,    ꠫,    ,     . , ,    ,      ,  ,       I    1801.      ,   [118 -  .    . .166.].

 ,  ,       . ,             .     ,         .  ,       ,         [119 -  . . ʠ . .136, 139,142.].     ,     ,         .      ,          [120 -  . .,  . .  . .724.].

       ,          XVIII.  ,     15 20,        13- ,  200 250. ʠ       ,           .  1770-        8500 ,  16% 54000 -[121 - LeDonne J. P. TheEighteenth-Century Russian Nobility. P.141142.].        ,    XIX,        ,     -  .

      ,  1812 , ,     ,      .    30 1814,        ,  1812,  I    ꠫   ,   ,  ,  ,        ,     [122 - . 1- . ., 1830. .32. .907. 30 1814;  . .  .  . ., 1876.  :   . ., 2009. .394.].

 ,   ,             [123 - Wortman R. S. Scenarios ofPower. Myth andCeremony inRussian Monarchy. Vol.1: From Peter theGreat tothe Death ofNicholas I. Princeton, 1995. P.228 (.. .:  . .  :         I. ., 2002. .1. .229).].     .     ,             ,         .     - (Keizer-parad),         .            ,   [124 -  . .    XIX // . 1900. . 9. .481.].    I   ,     :    ,  ,    ࠖ .




II.   





3

 ,    



           I,   ,     .                   .             . Ѡ 1802             ,    .    ,         . .  . . [125 -  . .   :   I  I. ., 2007. .417.       .:Flynn J. T. TheUniversity Reform ofTsar Alexander I, 18021835. Washington, 1988. P.283.].

                    ,   ?        ,   ,  , ,  ,     ,     ,              .           ,       ,     I.

         .     , ,     .    ,       ,           .     頖 ,         ,    ,     .




   


 . .  (17891866),  1812,    ,         XVIII  XIX.  ,   



  ;    .   ,  ,   ,   . ,   ,   ,    ,  .     ,    ,   ,   .    .           ,   [126 -  . . 17891866.  ,    ,      / . . , . . ., 1889. .2123.].


   .   XIX        ,     .          I  ࠫ   (?berbildung)        XVIII   XIX[127 - Schiemann T. Geschichte Russlands unter Kaiser Nikolaus I. . 1. S.396.].

,    ,  XVIII    ,        , , .         1786    ,               .         .            [128 -  .:Madariaga I. de. Russia inthe Age ofCatherine theGreat. P.496502.].        ,    ,      ,           ,      .       ,    XIX.

     I . .         ,    , ,   ,  ,     .      , ,     ,    .         ,  ,  .      , ,   ,      ,          ,    .  ,  ,     , .    ,          ,     [129 -  . .    XIX // . 1989. . 3. .540542. Π        .    : Rjoutski V. Quand lefran?ais gouvernait laRussie: Lducation de lanoblesse russe, 17501880. Paris, 2016. P.395. ʠ       .].

        . .   I 2 1826,       .   ,  ,          ,    ,  ,          ,      .  ,     ,     . ,     ,  ,   ,       .             (  1782),        ,  ,    .         ,      .  ,  ,    , ,  ,  ,      [130 -  . .          //   ,    . . . . /. . . ., 1906. . XIII. .306308.].      ,         ,    , ,  ,      ![131 - Schiemann T. Geschichte Russlands unter Kaiser Nikolaus I. . 1. S.396.]

 . .     ,           ,   ,  .  ,      ,  , ꠫             [132 -  . .  . .    //  . ., 1905. .121. .201.].       ,       ⠖ 2 5 [133 -  . .       1803. // . 1913. . 3. .107.].

 ,  ,    ,      ,        蠖  ,      .   ,      ,    -,        ,   .

          .       ,         :     ,       ,    ,  [134 -  . .    XIX. .541543.]. . .  ,             .    ,       ,             .  , ,  ,     [135 -  . .     1812 1828.   // . 1876. .101102.].

           , , ,        ,    .     , ,       ,   . Π     ,     ,  ,     . .  (  ,    1817).          [136 -  . .  . .  //  .   / . . . , . . . ., 1982. .145.     . .      ,         , ,   II 22 1856.]. ,     , - . .      ,         :     ,  ( )     ,  ,      . ,         [137 -  . .   蠖   : - . ., 2002. .113114.  ,  ,  . . ,       .     1826       ,      . :  . .180.].    . . ,      [138 - Whittaker C. H. TheOrigins ofModern Russian Education: AnIntellectual Biography ofCount Sergei Uvarov, 17861855. Dekalb, 2010. P.66.].

  ,    (81,8%)    1825   ,  . .  . .      ( ), . .    -    -[139 -  . .  .     XIX. ., 1989. .39.].  ,         15- ,      , , ,    ,    .       , , ,      .      ,        ,        ,  .

      ,         (       )[140 -  . .     XIX. , 2006. .40.]. , . .    ,         1819       450   ,        [141 -  . .     I // . 1880. .28. . 8. .649650.].     ,     : . . ,     ,      ,      I, ,  1812      ,  ,         ,      .  , ,  ,         , , ,  ,       [142 -  . .     // . ., 1881. . 11. .458459.    1812     : , ,  .    .       ,      . .: . .    , 17661808 / . . . . ., 1908 (: ., 2011). .3.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=69230425)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


  XIX  XX       ,      .     XIX:  . .    XIX //   (堖 ). 1899. .1; 1904. .3. (.    ,  :  . .    XIX / . . . . . ., 2007.          );  . .  : . . ., 1898;  . .     . ., 1898;  . .    . ., 1876,     .   (., 1876),  :   . ., 2009; - . .    XVIII   . ., 1870 (1912),  2003;  . .  . ., 1899; .  :    //   (堖 ). ., 1887. .23. .533571, 186210, 421452;  . .      17621855. ., 1906.




2


Π  I.:Hartley J. M. Alexander I. London; NewYork, 1994; McConnell A. Tsar Alexander I: Paternalistic Reformer. NewYork, 1970; Rey M.-P. Alexander I: TheTsar Who Defeated Napoleon. DeKalb, 2012;  . .  I :    XIX.  . ., 2017;  . .  . .1: 17961825:  . ., 1948;  . .  -     XIX. .; ., 1957; .   18121814.   //  . ., 1950. .31. .222244; Schiemann T. Geschichte Russlands unter Kaiser Nikolaus I. Kaiser Alexander I. unddie Ergebnisse seiner Lebensarbeit. Berlin, 1904;  . .   ,   :  4. ., 18971898.  .2 4.




3


Gooding J. Rulers andSubjects: Government andPeople inRussia 18011991. London, 1996; Riasanovsky N. V., Steinberg M. D. AHistory ofRussia. Oxford, 2005. P.254245; Hartley J. M. Alexander I. P.21, 25; Dixon S. TheModernisation ofRussia, 16761825. Cambridge, 1999. P.131.




4


. :  . .   .     XIX. //    XIX. ., 2003. .76.    .: . .   -       XIX. , 2011.




5


 1812   .:Lieven D. Russia against Napoleon: TheBattle forEurope, 18071814. London, 2009; Russian andthe Napoleonic Wars / Eds. J. M. Hartley, P. Keenan, D. Lieven. Basingstoke, 2015;  : Martin A. M. TheRussian Empire andthe Napoleonic Wars // Napoleon andEurope / Ed. P. G. Dwyer. London, 2001. P.243263; Idem. Russia andthe Legacy of1812 // TheCambridge History ofRussia. Vol.2: Imperial Russia, 16891917 / Ed. D. Lieven. Cambridge, 2006. P.145161.        1812 .: . .      1812. ., 2002.




6


. :  . .   . XVIII   . ., 1999. .357.




7


Wirtschafter E. K. Social Identity inImperial Russia. DeKalb, 1997. P.31.




8


Hughes L. Russia inthe Age ofPeter theGreat. London, 1998. P.179, 181.      : Longley D. TheLongman Companion toImperial Russia, 16891917. London, 2000. P.2930.     ,     :  . .,  . .     (XVIII  XX). ., 2009. .:  . .     XIX:  . ., 2002.




9


Pipes R. Russia under theOld Regime. London, 1974. P.125; Dixon S. TheModernisation ofRussia 16761825. P.93.




10


Wirtschafter E. K. Social Identity inImperial Russia. P.2324.




11


Madariaga I. de. Russia inthe Age ofCatherine theGreat. London, 1981. P.89. .:  . .     / .. . . . ., 2002. .154.




12


 . .  . .1011.




13


 . .     .396.




14


 . .      (XVIII   .):  ,  ,    :  2. ., 1999. .1. .85. . . .: Mironov B. N. TheSocial History ofImperial Russia, 17001917 / B. N. Mironov, B. Eklof. Boulder; Oxford, 2000. 2vols.




15


.  :    // . ., 1887. .3. .427.




16


Confino M. TheNobility inRussia andWestern Europe: Contrasts andSimilarities // Confino M. Russia before theRadiant Future: Essays inModern History, Culture, andSociety. NewYork, 2011. P.119140.




17


Malia M. E. Russia under Western Eyes: From theBronze Horseman tothe Lenin Mausoleum. Cambridge andLondon, 2000. P.142.




18


Confino M. TheNobility inRussia P.125127.




19


 . .  :    XVIII. ., 2008. .72.




20


 . .    . .585586.




21


 . .    . .301307.




22


.




23


    //  . .     I   :      1812. ., 1869. .1. .42.




24


Hartley J. M. ASocial History ofthe Russian Empire. London; NewYork, 1999. P.57.




25


Gooding J. Rulers andSubjects P.9.     XVIII. .:P.811.




26


Raeff M. TheRussian Nobility // TheNobility inRussia andEastern Europe / Eds. I. Banac, P. Bushkovitch. New Haven, 1983. P.109.




27


Wirtschafter E. K. Social Identity inImperial Russia. P.30.




28


 . .   .59.




29


 .  // - . .    IX  XVIII. ., 1900. .526. : - . .  . ., 1912. .1213.




30


 . .,  . .   .130.




31


 . .    , 17782000. , 2000. .34;  . .  . .  . .122.




32


 (.). ..




33


 . .   .  . ., 1998. .43.




34


       .: . .     XVIII. ., 1999. .221.




35


 .    // . ., 1904. .18. .1.




36


     .:OMeara P. J. General D. Kiselev andSecond Army HQ atTulchin, 181929 // SEER. Special Issue Personality andPlace inRussian Culture. 2010. Vol.88. 12. P.261290.




37


 . .   :    //  . -   : .  / . . . . . ., 2000. .361. ,  . .     .  1819      ,    . .   : . .357.




38


Π   - 1803 1817 .:Lebrun R. Joseph de Maistre. AnIntellectual Militant. Montreal, 1988. Ch. 6.  .:  . .  . , 2012. .37. .: . .    //  . . . . . .; ., 1934. .6. .191195.




39


Martin A. M. TheRussian Empire andthe Napoleonic Wars. P.243.




40


 . .    .1. .108.




41


LeDonne J. P. Absolutism andthe Ruling Class: TheFormation ofthe Russian Political Order, 17001825. NewYork, 1991. P.24.




42


.: Hartley J. M. ASocial History ofthe Russian Empire. P.99. Π        XVIII .:Smith D. Working theRough Stone: Freemasonry andSociety inEighteenth-century Russia. DeKalb, 1999. P.257; : Wirtschafter E. K. Social Identity inImperial Russia.




43


 . .      . ., 1998. .560. .:  . .,  . .  . .150.




44


. .722.




45


 . . :   ? //  XXI. ., 1994. . 12. .99.




46


      . , 1985. .154.     : Dubina V. S. TheDistinction: Russian Nobility andRussian Elites inthe European Context (the18th19th Century) // Social Evolution andHistory. 2008. Vol.7. 2. P.80100;  . .   :   - . ., 1998. .191;  . .    .    ,    ;  1832,     //  . 1870. .8. .1. . 3. .551598;  . .  ,    //  . 1913. .3. 9. .297342; 10. .504565; 11. .599617; 12. .755778.




47


 . .    . .586.




48


 . .  . .11.       , ,   .




49


 . .    ,    ,     // . 1905. . 6. .206, 222224.




50


 . .    XIX //  . 1900. . 11. .259260. Π    ,  , .:OMeara P. J. TheOpinion ofOne Ukrainian Landowner: V. N. Karazin, Alexander I, andChanging Russia // Word andImage inRussian History: Essays inHonor ofGary Marker. Boston, 2015. P.315335.       . . .




51


.  :   . .442.




52


:   / . . . ; . . . . ., 1988. .180.  . .  . ., 1907. . 2. .21 (: ., 2001).              .     .     (LaRussie et les Russes)     1847 (  2010).        ,   ,     .




53


Raeff M. TheRussian Nobility. P.118.




54


 . .  . .1. .410.  .       : Roosevelt P. Life onthe Russian Country Estate: ASocial andCultural History. New Haven, 1995. P.361.




55


 . .    . .392393, 396,399.




56


 .: . .     . ., 1902. .1. .231233.




57


 . .  . ., 1907. . 2 (: ., 2001). .21.       .             .




58


 . .   . .      XIX. //  . 2002. 4. .153.   . . .  (17751847)    . . .       ꠖ   I:     I. ., 1828.      14 (., 18241825)    (18081824),   ,     . . ,    ( . .   . .  .153).




59


Hartley J. M. ASocial History ofthe Russian Empire. P.57.




60


 . .  . .89.




61


Pipes R. Russia under theOld Regime. P.176277,182.




62


Hartley J. M. ASocial History ofthe Russian Empire. P.18. . .    150500 -    1816,    (44,2%)   ,  :  . .   //  . 1994. 1. .37.        I (1825) 225000   500000 : Schiemann T. Geschichte Russlands unter Kaiser Nikolaus I. P.389.




63


LeDonne J. P. TheEighteenth-Century Russian Nobility: Bureaucracy orRuling Class? // Cahiers du Monde russe et sovitique. 1993. Vol.34. 12. P.142; LeDonne J. P. Absolutism andthe Ruling Class. P.22,24.




64


 .:Martin A. M. TheRussian Empire andthe Napoleonic Wars. P.243244.




65


Lieven D. TheElites // TheCambridge History ofRussia. Vol.2: Imperial Russia, 16891917 / Ed. D. Lieven. Cambridge, 2006. P.229230.




66


 . .  . .89.      .:- . .  . .2223; Raeff M. Understanding Imperial Russia: State andSociety inthe Old Regime. NewYork, 1984. P.103112.




67


 . .    XIX // . 1899. .97. C. 547548.




68


Raeff M. Understanding Imperial Russia. P.135.




69


. :  . .  . .359.




70


 . .    . .351. Π  . . - .: . .,  . .   .  . XIX. ., 1995. .127150.




71


Lieven D. TheElites. P.239.




72


Ibid. P.229.




73


LeDonne J. P. Absolutism andthe Ruling Class. P.8.




74


. :  . .    . .363.




75


. .365366.




76


 . . ,    . .  / . . , . . Berlin, 1870. .1. .308309. . .  (17541841)       . .   1812.        ,   ,       1824.




77


. :  . .    . .375, 368, 377378.




78


 . . . ., 2000. .111.




79


. .571. Π . .  .    .




80


 . . .  10 . ., 19591962. .9.  18151830. .201.    .:Driver S. N. Pushkin, Literature andSocial Ideas. Oxford, 1989. P.5.    . .   . .:Β . . . .   -. ., 1989. .199.




81


 . .    . .381384.




82


Pinkerton R. Russia: Or, Miscellaneous Observations onthe Past andPresent State ofThat Country andIts Inhabitants. London, 1833. P.316317.




83


  ,   ,      .  .:Smith-Peter S. Bringing theProvinces into Focus: Subnational Spaces inthe Recent Historiography ofRussia // Kritika. 2011. Vol.12. 4. P.835848.




84


 . .    . .440, 445, 447448, 451 (.).




85


 . .       1803. /.  . .  //   (堖 ). 1913. . 3. .82.      .:Hartley J. M. Russia, 17621825. Military Power, theState, andthe People. Westport, CT, 2008. P.318;  . .  ; Kahan A. Russian Economic History: TheNineteenth Century. Chicago, 1989. P.244.




86


 . .  . .359; Confino M. TheNobility inRussia. P.129.




87


Pipes R. Russia under theOld Regime. P.175.




88


Smith A. K. Forthe Common Good andTheir Own Well-being. Social Estates inImperial Russia. Oxford, 2014. P.9.




89


 . .   //  . ., 1880. 9. .144.




90


 . .       1803. // . 1913. . 2. .157.




91


 . .  . .2. .11,18.




92


 . .        / .  . . ; . . . . ., 1974. .374375.




93


Ransel D. L. ARussian Merchants Tale. TheLife andAdventures ofIvan Alekseevich Tolchenov, Based onHis Diary. Bloomington; Indianopolis, 2009. P.236.




94


 . . . .    1818 //  . ., 1900. .4 (204). .8. .690, 694.    (18001878)    , 1818     .    -     1849 1856,  1857    . .: . . :  . ., 1988. .180181.




95


Blum J. Lord andPeasant inRussia from theNinth tothe Nineteenth Century. NewYork, 1967. P.375376, 384385. .:  . .   . .    //  . ., 1881. .30. .746747.




96


Waldron P. Governing Tsarist Russia. Basingstoke, 2007. P.56;   :    , 17782000. /. . . . , 2000. .454; Confino M. TheNobility inRussia. P.129.




97


Lieven D. TheElites. P.231.




98


Wirtschafter E. K. Social Identity inImperial Russia. P.33; Hartley J. M. Russia, 17621825. P.56.




99


 . .   -    //  . ., 1905. . 1. .156157.




100


 .     //  . ., 1904. .120. .428. . .  (18001875)  ,   1806.   26      (1844),   .    , ,  ,       1827 1830,     ⠫ 1841 1856.




101


 . .  . .2. .18.




102


Blum J. Lord andPeasant inRussia. NewYork, 1964. P.379.




103


Longley D. TheLongman Companion toImperial Russia. P.341; Madariaga I. de. Russia inthe Age ofCatherine theGreat. P.81;  . .    I:   . . . ., 1871. .122,348.




104


Blum J. Lord andPeasant inRussia. P.379.




105


. : Ibid. P.385.




106


 . .    //  1812. . . . ., 2009. . 8. .338.             1812.




107


 . .         //  . .; ., 1912. .11. .152, 144.       ,     ,      .




108


Field D. TheEnd ofSerfdom: Nobility andBureaucracy inRussia, 18551861. Cambridge, 1976. P.19.




109


Raeff M. TheRussian Nobility. P.109.




110


 . .  . .1. .379.




111


 . .    .5152.




112


   : OMeara P. J. TheOpinion ofOne Ukrainian Landowner: V. N. Karazin, Alexander I, andChanging Russia; Idem. Timotheus vonBock: Prisoner ofAlexander I // SEER. 2012. Vol.90. 1. P.98123.




113


 . .    :  I.  . . ., 1994. .54.




114


 . .   . . . .160.




115


 . .    . .77; OMeara P. J. Russias First Republican: TheDecembrist Pavel Pestel. NewYork, 2003. P.2022, 2527,29.




116


 . .   :       . ., 1866. .20 (: Cambridge, 1974. P.9);  . . ʠ       XVIII  XIX. //       . , 1985. .133144. . .  (17601837)    . . .       1866. Π    .: . .,  . .    .95123.




117


 . .   .3. 11. .614;  . . ʠ  .136.




118


 .    . .166.




119


 . . ʠ . .136, 139,142.




120


 . .,  . .  . .724.




121


LeDonne J. P. TheEighteenth-Century Russian Nobility. P.141142.




122


. 1- . ., 1830. .32. .907. 30 1814;  . .  .  . ., 1876.  :   . ., 2009. .394.




123


Wortman R. S. Scenarios ofPower. Myth andCeremony inRussian Monarchy. Vol.1: From Peter theGreat tothe Death ofNicholas I. Princeton, 1995. P.228 (.. .:  . .  :         I. ., 2002. .1. .229).




124


 . .    XIX // . 1900. . 9. .481.




125


 . .   :   I  I. ., 2007. .417.       .:Flynn J. T. TheUniversity Reform ofTsar Alexander I, 18021835. Washington, 1988. P.283.




126


 . . 17891866.  ,    ,      / . . , . . ., 1889. .2123.




127


Schiemann T. Geschichte Russlands unter Kaiser Nikolaus I. . 1. S.396.




128


 .:Madariaga I. de. Russia inthe Age ofCatherine theGreat. P.496502.




129


 . .    XIX // . 1989. . 3. .540542. Π        .    : Rjoutski V. Quand lefran?ais gouvernait laRussie: Lducation de lanoblesse russe, 17501880. Paris, 2016. P.395. ʠ       .




130


 . .          //   ,    . . . . /. . . ., 1906. . XIII. .306308.




131


Schiemann T. Geschichte Russlands unter Kaiser Nikolaus I. . 1. S.396.




132


 . .  . .    //  . ., 1905. .121. .201.




133


 . .       1803. // . 1913. . 3. .107.




134


 . .    XIX. .541543.




135


 . .     1812 1828.   // . 1876. .101102.




136


 . .  . .  //  .   / . . . , . . . ., 1982. .145.     . .      ,         , ,   II 22 1856.




137


 . .   蠖   : - . ., 2002. .113114.  ,  ,  . . ,       .     1826       ,      . :  . .180.




138


Whittaker C. H. TheOrigins ofModern Russian Education: AnIntellectual Biography ofCount Sergei Uvarov, 17861855. Dekalb, 2010. P.66.




139


 . .  .     XIX. ., 1989. .39.




140


 . .     XIX. , 2006. .40.




141


 . .     I // . 1880. .28. . 8. .649650.




142


 . .     // . ., 1881. . 11. .458459.    1812     : , ,  .    .       ,      . .: . .    , 17661808 / . . . . ., 1908 (: ., 2011). .3.


