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            ,    .

        ,       .     ,     .      :    ,     ,    ;           ;          ;      ;    ,      .      migratio  .          , .               ,      .       ,     - .          ,           , ,  .[1 -   . ., 1970. . 13.]                   .[2 -  . .        : . ., 2006. . 6.]     ,        , ,   -    :      ,        .        .[3 -  . . 2:    :  . ., 2002. . 10.]

    -            . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . .   .[4 - .:   :    . . 111 ( ) / . . . . . ., 19982003;    .   // .        , 2324  2003. ., 2003;    :     /  . . . ., 2004; ,       : , ,  : .  /  . . . . . , 2004  .]       40  ,         - . . .  ,            ,  ,    ,  ,          ,     .[5 -  . .       //    . 2000. 1. . 7879.]   . . ,       ,          .[6 -  . .       . ., 1976. . 1314.] . .  ,                     -   ,            .[7 -  . .   . ., 1972. . 26.]    . .          ,             ,       ,  -  -     .[8 -  . .    . ., 1990. . 114.]   . . ,     ,    , ..       .[9 -   . ., 1970. . 11.]       . . ,         :           ,     ,         ,         - ,   ,    .[10 -  . .  . . 5.   . ., 2001. . 19.]

  -            .          .[11 -  . .,  . .,  . .        . , 2004. . 3132.]      ,       , ,    .     ,              .            - .                .

           : -,       , ,             ; -,        :           ;    ;       .   ,          :

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. .                  :         ( )                         ,       ,   ,     .[15 -  . .     : , ,   // ,       : , ,  : . . . 4449.]

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 ,   ,      ,    ,   .        ,         ,     -               ,    ,    ,  ,      .

  , -,        ,     ; -,        ,         .  ,    ,          ( ).     ,      ,      .[16 - .:  . .     :     : . , 2006. . 8.]

       :  , ,   ,  -     .  ,    .           ,         19942001.   12 .[17 - .:  . . -    , ,   . ., 2004. . 84.]

              .

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        ,    -   ,     .;

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 ,      ,     .

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   ,          ,   ,      ,    .[23 - .:  - ,     . ., 2002.]

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     [25 - .:     1  2003. //   . 2003. 10. . 923.]      ,         - .   ,        16 ,    ,     , .       .

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   ,   9  2004.           12      (  8,   1,   1,   1,   1),[26 - .:     .]       ,    .

 1973.      ,     :   ,        .    . .       ,      .[27 -  . .  . . 5.    //      . ., 2001. . 2326;  .   . ., 1973;  : , , . ., 1987.]       ()   ( ),        (, ),      .

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    ,          : ,  ,      ; ,    ,  ; ,  ,       .[29 - .:  . .  . . 5. . 26.]

. .            ,      .   :        ,     : 1)  ,      ; 2)  ,    ; 3)  ,   ,     .[30 -  . .  . . 3.  . ., 2001. . 102.]

. .       ,      ,       ,    .[31 - .:  . . . . . 14.]         : ,            ;  ; ;  ; -;     ,     ; ; ,   .

  . .        ,    ,           .[32 - .:  . .        : .  . . . , 2003. . 16.]

      ,   ,     ,      .   ,  ,     .

  ,   ,           .                 .      ,        ,   (, ).     , ,       ,   ,          ,     .          .

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                  ,    , ,         ,    ,    ,  ,      .

          ,    .[34 - Archdeacon . Becoming American: An Ethnic History. New York, 1983; Cohen R. The New Helots: Migrants in the International Division of Labour. Aldershot: Aveebury, 1987; Moch L. P. Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650, Bloomington, 1992; PottsL. The World Labour Market: A History of Migration. London, 1990.]

             ,[35 - Castles S. and Davidson A. Citizenship and Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. London, 2000.]                      .[36 - Zolberg A. R., Suhrke A. and Aguayo S. Escape from Violence. New York, 1989.]

       ,              ,         .

       .   ,           ,          ,     ,      .[37 - Papastergiadis N. The Turbulence of Migration: Globalization, Deterritorization and Hybridity. Polity Press, 2000.]

  ,  ,              ,     ,         XV   XVI .    ,   ,  ,           ,  ,  .    ,      ,       .

           ,   .   XV ,    ,          .[38 - Cohen R. The New Helots: Migrants in the International Division of Labour. Aldershot: Avebury, 1987; Cohen R. The Cambridge Survey ofWorld Migration. Cambridge, 1995.]

    ,      ,           .[39 - Held D., McGrew A., Golblatt D. and Perration J. Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture. Cambridge, 1999.]          : , ,  ,      .       ,      ,  ,     ,       .        ,  ,       .[40 - Castles M. The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell.]           ,   (     )        ,         .         ,       .[41 -  . H.  :    . ., 2004. . 16.]

           .

  - ,      .          ,         ,         ,       ,   , ,       , ..   ,            .[42 - Crosby A. Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 9001900. Cambridge, 1983.]             .             . -                       ,    .         ,     .        ,    ,             .

        .  1500  1850.  10       .[43 - Anstey R. The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition, 17601810. London, 1975.]           .          ,         .           .[44 -  . H.  ;    . ., 2004. . 18.]

          , ,  ,  , ,  ,  .

           (. colonu  ), ..          .    . .              .  ,          ,    ,  ,     ,       .[45 -  . . . ., 1956. . I. . 309310.]   ,       ,  ,   -.[46 -  .    : , ,  //         90- . / . . . . ., 1999. . 18.]  ,    -         : -,        ,     (  ); -,       ( , ),        ,                - ; -,   ,  (  )    ,        , ,   (      ),           ,      , , , ,     (    )   , , .

      .       XIX     XX.        :  ,  ,         .      - ,      .                    .

         , ,  , ,       . ,  1815  1925.  25   ,  ,     .[47 - King A. Global Cities. London, 1990. P. 74.]      1861  1920.   30 .[48 - Castles S. International Migration 2000 // International Social Science Journal. Vol. 165. P. 273.]

           ,       .      ,         ,      .          ,[49 -   . ,   ,   XIX   47%      ,        .]       ,           .   XIX       .[50 - Lee Hansen . The Atlantic Emigration, 16071860. New York, 1961. P. 228.]      ,   .

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              : 19101913.         300. .[54 -  . .   :    . ., 1999. . 197.]

      XIX.      XX.,               .    ,      ,    ,    .  ,     ,    ,  ,       ,     1861       .[55 -  . . 6.  . ., 2001. . 14.]     70- . XIX.         ,    ,   .            :        ,   , , ,      .  20  ( 1887  1916.) 2,5        ,   1,5      .     ,  ,    ,     5,2 ,   1,4      30 .            ,     ,      .[56 -  . .     . ., 1999. . 8.]       ,                 .      ,      ,        -  -  ,         .[57 -  . .  ;    . ., 2004. . 22.]

  XX.         :    1897  1913.     55%,        21%.           1520%,             50% (        70%).

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 19601970.    ,     30  ( 1959  1989.)  40 ,   22   .  ,  ,            .    XX.  1  67   ,  ,    90- .  .[60 -  . .   ,    //  ,      .  . ., 2002. . 10. 2728 .]  ,          ,  ,     ,  ,        ,    ,   .

   ,    . ,   1970- .[61 - Castles S. Contract Labour Migration. Cambridge University Press, 1954. P. 512.]

 ,    1970-.,      ,        . ,                  (    )          ;    ,    .

    19701990- . ,   ,  .               ,   ,    .

             (-        - ),         .   ,  . ,       . .      ,          ,      ,   :   -        ;      ,          .[62 - Castles S. Migrant Workers and the Transformation of Western Societies. Center for International Studies, Cornell University, 1989. P. 106.]

  1980- .        .        .          ,        , ,         .

  90- . XX      .             218   ,  ,       ,   175 ,    3%     .[63 - World Migration Report. International Organization for Migration. 2000. P. 5.]    ,         .    ,  ,   80- .  ,   750  1  (     ).[64 - Ibid. P. 6.]

            .               ,      ,    .[65 -  . H.  :   //    . ., 2002.]

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             ,    .           .   ,         :        ,            , ,   . ,        ,               .   , ,      ,    ,  -   .[66 -     ,    1977.           77 . . World Migration Report. International Organization for Migration. 2000. P. 16.]

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 1885.   .     .                  ,   ,   (Ravenstein's Laws of Migration).[67 - Ravenstein . G. The Laws of Migration // Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 1885. 48. P. 167227.]    (,  ,       ;     ;        ..)            .        . .      ,                       .  ,    ,    ,   ,   ,   ,   ,      ,             .          .

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, ,    ,       ,       .         ,     .

  [69 - Harries I. JR. and Todaro M. Migration, unemployment, and development: A two-sector analysis // American Economic Review 60: 26142. 1970; Todaro M. Internal Migration in Developing Countries. Geneva, 1976.]              .         ,              .             .

       .[70 - Sjaastad Harry A. The costs and returns of human migration // Journal of Political Economy. 1962. S. 8093.]          ,       :   ,       .            (    , ,    ..) .    ,   ,          , . , .  ,          ,    . ,     ,      :    ,     ,   ; , , ,       . .  ,     .[71 - Borjas G. J. Economic theory and international migration // International migration review, Special silver anniversary issue. 1989. P. 461.]

      ,     . . , , ,            ,        .[72 - Borjas G. J. Friends or strangers: the impact of immigration on the US economy. New York, 1990.]      ,                .       ,   .  ,              . , .  ,           ,    .[73 - Phizacklea A. One Way Ticket: Migration and Female Labour. London, 1983.]

           -.     ,        ,      ,   ,        .      , ,      ,        ,    ,    ,    ..

      ,  ,       ,        , ..            .   ,               (   )     .

  ,              ,     ,[74 - Saassen S. The mobility of labour and capital. Cambridge university press, 1988; Boyd M. Family and personal networks in migration International migration review. Special silver anniversary issue. 1989; Fortes A. and Rumbaut R. G. Immigrant America: aportrait. Los Angeles, 1990.]      ,          ,                ,            .

 -,      ,       .  ,            .   ,   ,    ,              : -       .

 -   . -,     - . -,      ,       ,  ,  ,    . ,       ,       ,         . -,     ,             ,          . -,          ,   ,              ,     . -,  -         ,   ,  ,       . , -,     ,          ,    . ,      ,    ,     ,    .          ,     ,    .

 -       ,     .    ,   ,              .

     ,  ,   ,       .          .          , ..         ,      . ,        , , ,                 .

  1980- .       ,     ,     ,  ,   .[75 - Stark . The migration of labor. Oxford, 1990.]   ,       ,     (   ),              ,          (,   ).[76 - Stark O. and Levhari D. On migration and risk in hDCs // Economic Development and Cultural Change. 1982. 31: 191196; Stark O. Migration Decision Making: A review article// Journal of Development Economics. 1984. 14: 251253; Lauby J. and Stark O. Individual migration as a family strategy: Young women in the Philippines. 1988. Population Studie. S 42: 473486; Stark O. and Taylor J. E. Migration incentives migration types: The role of relative deprivation // The Economic Journal. 1991. 101: 11631178.]    ,  ,   ,        ,    ,         .        ,                            .      ,              ,     ,       .[77 - Stark ., Taylor . and Shomo Yitzhaki. Remittances and inequality // The Economic Journal. 1986. 96: 722740; Stark O., Taylor J. E. and Shomo Yitzhaki. Relative deprivation and international migration // Demography. 1989. 26: 114.]




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1


  . ., 1970. . 13.




2


 . .        : . ., 2006. . 6.




3


 . . 2:    :  . ., 2002. . 10.




4


.:   :    . . 111 ( ) / . . . . . ., 19982003;    .   // .        , 2324  2003. ., 2003;    :     /  . . . ., 2004; ,       : , ,  : .  /  . . . . . , 2004  .




5


 . .       //    . 2000. 1. . 7879.




6


 . .       . ., 1976. . 1314.




7


 . .   . ., 1972. . 26.




8


 . .    . ., 1990. . 114.




9


  . ., 1970. . 11.




10


 . .  . . 5.   . ., 2001. . 19.




11


 . .,  . .,  . .        . , 2004. . 3132.




12


.:  . . -      : .  . . . ., 2003;  . . 16 //     . ., 2001;  - ,     .  /, 2002; ,       : , ,  : .  /  . . . . . , 2004;     / . . . . . ., 2003;    :     /  . . . ., 2004  .




13


 . .  . . 5.   . ., 2001. . 19.




14


.:  . .      // ,       : , ,  : . . . 11.




15


 . .     : , ,   // ,       : , ,  : . . . 4449.




16


.:  . .     :     : . , 2006. . 8.




17


.:  . . -    , ,   . ., 2004. . 84.




18


.:  . .   . ., 1975.




19


.:  . .       . , 1985;  . .     . ., 1970.




20


.:  . .     . ., 1970.




21


.:  . .    . ., 1974.




22


.:  . . . ., 2001.




23


.:  - ,     . ., 2002.




24


 . .      //   . 1999.   .




25


.:     1  2003. //   . 2003. 10. . 923.




26


.:     .




27


 . .  . . 5.    //      . ., 2001. . 2326;  .   . ., 1973;  : , , . ., 1987.




28


 . .   ( ). ., 2003. . 235.




29


.:  . .  . . 5. . 26.




30


 . .  . . 3.  . ., 2001. . 102.




31


.:  . . . . . 14.




32


.:  . .        : .  . . . , 2003. . 16.




33


    ,   . .:  . .  . .    .




34


Archdeacon . Becoming American: An Ethnic History. New York, 1983; Cohen R. The New Helots: Migrants in the International Division of Labour. Aldershot: Aveebury, 1987; Moch L. P. Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650, Bloomington, 1992; PottsL. The World Labour Market: A History of Migration. London, 1990.




35


Castles S. and Davidson A. Citizenship and Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. London, 2000.




36


Zolberg A. R., Suhrke A. and Aguayo S. Escape from Violence. New York, 1989.




37


Papastergiadis N. The Turbulence of Migration: Globalization, Deterritorization and Hybridity. Polity Press, 2000.




38


Cohen R. The New Helots: Migrants in the International Division of Labour. Aldershot: Avebury, 1987; Cohen R. The Cambridge Survey ofWorld Migration. Cambridge, 1995.




39


Held D., McGrew A., Golblatt D. and Perration J. Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture. Cambridge, 1999.




40


Castles M. The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell.




41


 . H.  :    . ., 2004. . 16.




42


Crosby A. Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 9001900. Cambridge, 1983.




43


Anstey R. The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition, 17601810. London, 1975.




44


 . H.  ;    . ., 2004. . 18.




45


 . . . ., 1956. . I. . 309310.




46


 .    : , ,  //         90- . / . . . . ., 1999. . 18.




47


King A. Global Cities. London, 1990. P. 74.




48


Castles S. International Migration 2000 // International Social Science Journal. Vol. 165. P. 273.




49


  . ,   ,   XIX   47%      ,        .




50


Lee Hansen . The Atlantic Emigration, 16071860. New York, 1961. P. 228.




51


Castles S., Kalantzis M. and Cope B. Mistaken Identity: Multiculturalism and the Demise of Nationalism in Australia. Sydney, 1988. P. 81.




52


              1861.         ,    .




53


 .   . ., 1996. . 325.




54


 . .   :    . ., 1999. . 197.




55


 . . 6.  . ., 2001. . 14.




56


 . .     . ., 1999. . 8.




57


 . .  ;    . ., 2004. . 22.




58


 . .     . ., 1999. . 9.




59


.:  . . 15.




60


 . .   ,    //  ,      .  . ., 2002. . 10. 2728 .




61


Castles S. Contract Labour Migration. Cambridge University Press, 1954. P. 512.




62


Castles S. Migrant Workers and the Transformation of Western Societies. Center for International Studies, Cornell University, 1989. P. 106.




63


World Migration Report. International Organization for Migration. 2000. P. 5.




64


Ibid. P. 6.




65


 . H.  :   //    . ., 2002.




66


    ,    1977.           77 . . World Migration Report. International Organization for Migration. 2000. P. 16.




67


Ravenstein . G. The Laws of Migration // Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 1885. 48. P. 167227.




68


Samir Amin. Accumulation on a World Scale: A Critique of the Theory of Underdevelopment, trans. Brian Pearce. New York, 1974.




69


Harries I. JR. and Todaro M. Migration, unemployment, and development: A two-sector analysis // American Economic Review 60: 26142. 1970; Todaro M. Internal Migration in Developing Countries. Geneva, 1976.




70


Sjaastad Harry A. The costs and returns of human migration // Journal of Political Economy. 1962. S. 8093.




71


Borjas G. J. Economic theory and international migration // International migration review, Special silver anniversary issue. 1989. P. 461.




72


Borjas G. J. Friends or strangers: the impact of immigration on the US economy. New York, 1990.




73


Phizacklea A. One Way Ticket: Migration and Female Labour. London, 1983.




74


Saassen S. The mobility of labour and capital. Cambridge university press, 1988; Boyd M. Family and personal networks in migration International migration review. Special silver anniversary issue. 1989; Fortes A. and Rumbaut R. G. Immigrant America: aportrait. Los Angeles, 1990.




75


Stark . The migration of labor. Oxford, 1990.




76


Stark O. and Levhari D. On migration and risk in hDCs // Economic Development and Cultural Change. 1982. 31: 191196; Stark O. Migration Decision Making: A review article// Journal of Development Economics. 1984. 14: 251253; Lauby J. and Stark O. Individual migration as a family strategy: Young women in the Philippines. 1988. Population Studie. S 42: 473486; Stark O. and Taylor J. E. Migration incentives migration types: The role of relative deprivation // The Economic Journal. 1991. 101: 11631178.




77


Stark ., Taylor . and Shomo Yitzhaki. Remittances and inequality // The Economic Journal. 1986. 96: 722740; Stark O., Taylor J. E. and Shomo Yitzhaki. Relative deprivation and international migration // Demography. 1989. 26: 114.


