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 1

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 -  (      )       ,    .       ,        ,    ,          (       ),        ,      /        .

 19902000-         /     ,             ,        .        ,        (   ) .             /     ,      .

               ,         -         . , ,   ,              .                      1967 ,     1953        ,   2000 [2 - .: - .    2  (:  , 2000).],   19531967       (     )[3 - .:   (      ), . . ...  , 19481956;  , 19571967 (:   , 2003). .       Yaacov Roi, From Encroachment to Involvement: A Documentary Study of Soviet Policy in the Middle East, 19451973 (New York and Jerusalem: John Wiley and Israel Universities Press, 1974),       .]  .  ,        , ,         , -              , -    .       19501960-       ,  ,           ,     .

 ,               ,        ,      1989 [4 - .:    .    (:      , 1989).].           , ,         .  ,         ,    ,   [5 - .:      ,  .. (-:  , 1998).],                .  ,           ..   ..      10  1968   1500 [6 - .  , . 62.],    1979  ,  1971    ,   1972        ( 1972        31 681 ,  1973- . 34 733 ).        ,    -     ,      ,               ,  , .       - ,            ,       1980- .          /    /    ,              .                         [7 - .          .: Fred Lazin, The Struggle for Soviet Jewry in American Politics (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2005).].

 -  ..   ..            ( ,   ,   1970-    , ..           [8 - .:  , 5     ,       (: , 2000), .4952;  , .        (:  , 2006), . 268276  287298.]),    ,           1991 , ..     .        1980- ,          [9 - .:           셻 ( 15-      ),    .. // , 10 (2006), .2126.].    ,    1970  1980- ,      .  ,    1990  2000- ,       ,                 , , ,       .            ,             ,            .      ,           ,  .  ,         ,    ,     ,        .

                [10 - .:  ,    //  , .  . (:  , 1993), . 273313 [      1976.];  ,      .   (: , 2002), .969;  ,     . 19641967 //    , 5 (1996).]; ,           ,        [11 - .:  ,    (-:  , 1971 [ ]).].       ,              ( 19671970.)[12 - .:              (:            , 2001); ..,       ( 40-    ) // - , 6 (2007), .721.].  , ,   (    )    ,      ,  ,   ,                                ,        (  ,  ,      -    ).          ,    ,   (   )      ,     ,     ..   ,    ,           1953  1967 .     ?     ,     ,    .   ,          -    ?    ,    ,        ?          (  1953           -,   1967          ),        ,         ,          ?  ,   ,             .    .. , .. , ..        ,   ,        (   )     .

          .     ,  ,     ,       ,            .              [13 - .:  ,           //      1860-    1917. (-, 1960;   /:  , 2002), .239275;  ,     (:  , 1977, . );  ,       // Judaica Rossica, 1 (2001), . 6179;  ,       20-  //  :    (:   , 2002), .278287; ..,          :   //        ,  1 (, 2002), . 115126;     .    , /  -   ,  1,  ...  .. (, 2005);  2,  .. (, 2006).],               ,     ,              [14 - .:  ,   :       // Ab Imperio, 4 (2003), .329376.], -           .  ,        .

    ,      /          /-,      ,     .            [15 - .,  : Yaacov Roi, The Struggle for Soviet Jewish Emigration, 19481967 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Yaacov Roi, Soviet Policy towards Jewish Emigration: An Overview // Russian Jews on Three Continents: Migration and Resettlement, ed. by N.Lewin-Epstein, Y.Roi and P.Ritterband (London: Frank Cass, 1997), pp.4567.],           .                  [16 - .: .,  ,   //    , 19171967 (-, 1968;   /:  , 2002), .325353;  . ,     :             1948  //   . 100 ,  . .. (:   , 2006), .177203;  ,          19481958  //   :   ,  . .. (-:   , 1998), .253262.].

      ,    ,        -,   - ,      [17 -      :  ,    -  (19481990) //    :      (, 1991), .65104.              (-: , 1988),  ,     .].   ,  -/- , , ,    ,    ,          .          [18 - .:  ,      19201943. (     , , 2004).         .          ,    , 19391959 (-:   -, 2007).],         [19 - .: ..,          //    , 5 (1998), .4549; ..,      //  , 11/12 (1995), .9497.],       :  (     1953 )[20 - .: .,  .        40-   50-  // , 10 (1991); ..,  : -   19481951. //  , 3 (2006), .114130.  ,           Yaacov Roi, Soviet Decision Making in Practice: The USSR and Israel, 19471954 (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1980),    Arnold Krammer, The Forgotten Friendship. Israel and the Soviet Bloc, 19471953 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974).  ,              ? (: , , 2005).],  (  1953   1967.)[21 - .:  , -  19531967 (: , 1994, .  .); ..,    .    ( , 2008),  :  ,       :   (5060- ) // , 4 (1996).]      (  1991    )[22 - .: ..,         90-    (    . . ,  , 1999);  , -     //     ,  . ..   ..  (/:  , 2002), .313334;  ,      19201943. (     , 2004);  ,         -   (     , , 2009).].   ,   ,       .

          ,      ,       ,    :  ,    19601970-        .                          8090-   [23 - ..,     -     :    //    . .. , 3 (2007), .166.]. , ,              .

    1970-  1980- , ,         ,   ,     ,         .      ,         ,         .

 ,        , -.  1974          ,          .      (19241982)         ,  1968    .               ,            1967 ,      :   ,           ..      19801990- ,     .

-, ..                         1948 .     :                      [24 - ..,   (: , 1968), .4.].  ,         , ,   ,             ,          .

-,       1990- ( ,  ,      ..  [25 - .: Uri Ram, The Colonization Perspective in Israeli Sociology: Internal and External Comparisons // Journal of Historical Sociology, vol.6, no.3 (1993), pp.327350.]) ..  ,     :  ,        ,  ,           ,        ,     .      [26 - ..,  , .7.].                 ,        19481949 ,               ,     ,        ,          ,        [27 - .:  .,   :       -  //       (:     , 2009), 214, .2022.].      1967 ,  (         )            ,     ,      - .

-,          ..     ,              ,     .       ,                 , ,      ,       ,    ,    ,  .,  .. .                 . , ,   1881  1930.   3,2. ,         120. , .. 27  [28 - ..,  , .212.].             : ,   ,     ( ,      ,  ,     ,  ..),    -.            ,   ,     . ( 1970-           ;     ,   -      -     ,         [29 - .:  ,     (:   , 1995), .44 [ ].].) ..        ,     ,     ,     () ,     1952        1954 [30 - .: ..,  , .213217.].

-, ..                 , :         .     ,    ,     ,   . <>                   . <>        ,     . <>           ,  , , ,  ,  . <>       ,        [ ].  ,            [31 - .  , .220221.]. ..      1952   . -:            .   ,             ,     ,     蔻[32 - .  , .223.].    ( ,  ,  ,  ,    [33 - .: Sammy Smooha, Three Approaches to the Sociology of Ethnic Relations in Israel // Jerusalem Quarterly, no.40 (1986), pp.3161; Uri Ram, The Changing Agenda of Israeli Sociology (Albany: State University of New York, 1995), pp.131142 (The Mizrahi Predicament: The Development of Underdevelopment).])    1970-     ,        ,         ,              .   ,        ,    : 1968 ,     ,        ,     ,               [34 - .:  ,       // ,    , 22 (1984), .532 [ ]; .     :      ,  . ., .-  .. (:   , 2009),  , .119166.].

 ,   (, ,   )       ,      ,      .   1960-   1980-     ,             [35 -   : .., : .   ,     (, 1969); ..  ..,      (:  , 1970); ..,     (, 1972); ..,      (: , 1984); :   ,  . ..) (:   , 1973); .., :      (: , 1980); ..,      (:  , 1981); ..,   :      (:    , 1985); ..,      (: , 1981); .., :     (:     , 1982); ..,        (:  , 1984)  .].

 ,    ,     ,            -    .          . ,  1956              ,      ( ),  .. , ..   ,  ;   19651968          ,       ,   ,   , ,  .

 ,          . ,                      (       .. [36 - . : ..,     , . 5.]),   ,   ,  ,       .




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notes








1


        ..  (  ),     .




2


.: - .    2  (:  , 2000).




3


.:   (      ), . . ...  , 19481956;  , 19571967 (:   , 2003). .       Yaacov Roi, From Encroachment to Involvement: A Documentary Study of Soviet Policy in the Middle East, 19451973 (New York and Jerusalem: John Wiley and Israel Universities Press, 1974),       .




4


.:    .    (:      , 1989).




5


.:      ,  .. (-:  , 1998).




6


.  , . 62.




7


.          .: Fred Lazin, The Struggle for Soviet Jewry in American Politics (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2005).




8


.:  , 5     ,       (: , 2000), .4952;  , .        (:  , 2006), . 268276  287298.




9


.:           셻 ( 15-      ),    .. // , 10 (2006), .2126.




10


.:  ,    //  , .  . (:  , 1993), . 273313 [      1976.];  ,      .   (: , 2002), .969;  ,     . 19641967 //    , 5 (1996).




11


.:  ,    (-:  , 1971 [ ]).




12


.:              (:            , 2001); ..,       ( 40-    ) // - , 6 (2007), .721.




13


.:  ,           //      1860-    1917. (-, 1960;   /:  , 2002), .239275;  ,     (:  , 1977, . );  ,       // Judaica Rossica, 1 (2001), . 6179;  ,       20-  //  :    (:   , 2002), .278287; ..,          :   //        ,  1 (, 2002), . 115126;     .    , /  -   ,  1,  ...  .. (, 2005);  2,  .. (, 2006).




14


.:  ,   :       // Ab Imperio, 4 (2003), .329376.




15


.,  : Yaacov Roi, The Struggle for Soviet Jewish Emigration, 19481967 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Yaacov Roi, Soviet Policy towards Jewish Emigration: An Overview // Russian Jews on Three Continents: Migration and Resettlement, ed. by N.Lewin-Epstein, Y.Roi and P.Ritterband (London: Frank Cass, 1997), pp.4567.




16


.: .,  ,   //    , 19171967 (-, 1968;   /:  , 2002), .325353;  . ,     :             1948  //   . 100 ,  . .. (:   , 2006), .177203;  ,          19481958  //   :   ,  . .. (-:   , 1998), .253262.




17


     :  ,    -  (19481990) //    :      (, 1991), .65104.              (-: , 1988),  ,     .




18


.:  ,      19201943. (     , , 2004).         .          ,    , 19391959 (-:   -, 2007).




19


.: ..,          //    , 5 (1998), .4549; ..,      //  , 11/12 (1995), .9497.




20


.: .,  .        40-   50-  // , 10 (1991); ..,  : -   19481951. //  , 3 (2006), .114130.  ,           Yaacov Roi, Soviet Decision Making in Practice: The USSR and Israel, 19471954 (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1980),    Arnold Krammer, The Forgotten Friendship. Israel and the Soviet Bloc, 19471953 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974).  ,              ? (: , , 2005).




21


.:  , -  19531967 (: , 1994, .  .); ..,    .    ( , 2008),  :  ,       :   (5060- ) // , 4 (1996).




22


.: ..,         90-    (    . . ,  , 1999);  , -     //     ,  . ..   ..  (/:  , 2002), .313334;  ,      19201943. (     , 2004);  ,         -   (     , , 2009).




23


..,     -     :    //    . .. , 3 (2007), .166.




24


..,   (: , 1968), .4.




25


.: Uri Ram, The Colonization Perspective in Israeli Sociology: Internal and External Comparisons // Journal of Historical Sociology, vol.6, no.3 (1993), pp.327350.




26


..,  , .7.




27


.:  .,   :       -  //       (:     , 2009), 214, .2022.




28


..,  , .212.




29


.:  ,     (:   , 1995), .44 [ ].




30


.: ..,  , .213217.




31


.  , .220221.




32


.  , .223.




33


.: Sammy Smooha, Three Approaches to the Sociology of Ethnic Relations in Israel // Jerusalem Quarterly, no.40 (1986), pp.3161; Uri Ram, The Changing Agenda of Israeli Sociology (Albany: State University of New York, 1995), pp.131142 (The Mizrahi Predicament: The Development of Underdevelopment).




34


.:  ,       // ,    , 22 (1984), .532 [ ]; .     :      ,  . ., .-  .. (:   , 2009),  , .119166.




35


  : .., : .   ,     (, 1969); ..  ..,      (:  , 1970); ..,     (, 1972); ..,      (: , 1984); :   ,  . ..) (:   , 1973); .., :      (: , 1980); ..,      (:  , 1981); ..,   :      (:    , 1985); ..,      (: , 1981); .., :     (:     , 1982); ..,        (:  , 1984)  .




36


. : ..,     , . 5.


