YouTube.      ?
 


 .     
    YouTube,    Google.    ,      ,   ,   ,           .         ,      ,       .

  PDF A4    .





 

YouTube.      ?


  


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 . , 1818[1 -     : . .: , 2012. . .]

    .      .

    ? 

 .        , YouTube, 2017


LIKE, COMMENT, SUBSCRIBE

Mark Bergen

 2022 by Mark Bergen.

All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form.

This edition published by arrangement with Viking, an imprint of Penguin

Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House LLC.



  ..,    , 2023

 .   , 2023









. 15  2019 


    ,  , -               ,      .      .   ,  ,     ,   : ,  !

                 .    :     ,   ,    .           , ,  ,      .         .

  .    -    .              .    50 ,     .   ,    ,   ;   ,     ,    ,       .       ,      ,        . (   .  .)

  ,   .   ,  , 28-  ,      17      .                  - ,         .        ,   XVI   -.    .         YouTube. , ,        ,   .   .


* * *

            YouTube      .  ,       .      ,  -  ,     ,      ,      ,    -,   ,        .     1859      ,     ,      ,    .

 YouTube       .           .          YouTube   ,       ,   .        ;      ,  .

   ,  -,   .  ,    ,    ,         The New York Times[2 - Farhad Manjoo, Why the Google Walkout Was a Watershed Moment in Tech, The New York Times, November 8, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/technology/google-walkout-watershed-tech.html.     ,    .]:          ,      .    ,   :     ,            -,     .

     -    350   .     ,       11    . ,        Google,  ,   YouTube  2006 .   Google  2018   136  .           .     -     ,     .  ,            Google      ,      ,  ,     ,    .    .      Google      .

    , Google        . -   .            1950- ,      :  ,    Be Well   .  -         ,    .

     .         .  ,   Google       .       ,  Googlegeist,    [3 - Ellen Huet and Mark Bergen, Google Talent Advantage Erodes as More Workers Doubt CEO Vision, Bloomberg, February 1, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-01/google-talent-advantage-erodes-as-more-workers-doubt-ceo-vision.]:            ,    ,          .           Google       .            .   ,     ,   -   .  仠   .   ,      Google     .    !        ,     .

  YouTube  -   [4 -         YouTube.  YouTube ,       .]   .

             .            ;     ;    ; .  YouTube      Chaise Lounge       - .              Pepsi-Cola.     -     ;  ,  ,     YouTube, ,      : , ,  ,         .

     ,        YouTube.     .  -          .



YouTube:   [5 -    YouTube  ,  .]. 22  2017 . 1:48

         ,       .      ,   -  ;   ; ,    .    ,     .   . . .    .      YouTube. , ,   ,   , ,  ,   .   ,  ,    ,     ,  .   ,     ,   , ,     .


   ,    YouTube:   ,   .  ,  .       ,   2017        .    YouTube.            ,   -       .      .

 14     YouTube.com      .       -     -     . YouTube        .  ,    .         ,   YouTube      ( Google).           ( Google).   2019   1,7  [6 -      ,   .  YouTube   .]     -     YouTube.       .  ,      YouTube ,      ,     .         YouTube.      .  -        .       ,  YouTube     .

  ,       -,    , YouTube   .      ,   , , ,  , ,   ,    ,   ,            . YouTube   . YouTube   Gangnam Style, ,  ,  ,   ,   ,    Minecraft.    ,        .  ,  , ,   ,      ,     ,         .

YouTube      ,      -,    .            -,      . YouTube     ,  Facebook*       ,  Twitter   ,    TikTok    .      Google       ,  廠  -:            ,      .  , -,  , -,             Google  YouTube. Google  ,    Google.   -  .

 YouTube  ,  ,  ,  .    -    :       450  .     ,   - .  ,  .  ,                 ,   YouTube   .  2016           .  .      ? ,   . , , .  , , .     ,    ,       .

  YouTube.    ,       ,           .     ,   .    ,       ,     ;     ,   Google          .     ,      ,   ,  .

           ,    ,  YouTube.com,   .

   YouTube       .

       .   YouTube     ,   .      ,    ,     ,   ,     ,     Nightmare Fuel.

Nightmare Fuel,     ,  ,  -       ,       YouTube,    ,   -.       ,     .        ,    YouTube-     ,    .       - YouTube,          ,   ,       - . ,       ,         ,            .       ,    ASMR-    ,        ASMR , , -.        YouTube    ,   .             .  ,      ,  YouTube    .

       .      :  ,            YouTube    (PewDiePie).  ,   ,  ,  .     ,   Google    YouTube  2014 .

      .

 :  ; ;   ;    -       : --!      YouTube  ,  : .      ,      (      ,  ).  YouTube   ,       ,  -       .   2019        100  ,     ,    ,      .        (  YouTube      ), ,     ,      ,     ,    .        .

  Google    . Google   . Google  ;        (,    )         . Google     ,   YouTube.    ,   ,   2012 ,   130 322 387 624   .      38 814 561,79 .   (95%)       ,  YouTube         .  ,        , YouTube  55  ,  45             ,    . ,       YouTube   32  .       ,    ,   .

   .      .  ,   2017   The Wall Street Journal         YouTube      .      ,     ,   , Google      .                 ( ),        ,    .       ,     -.          :     ?        .

,   ,    ,           ,     .  ,  YouTube-          ,           .   !

      .                 .       Twitter.     :  ,   ,  .    ,    -,  . .   ,    YouTube.com,     ,  YouTube      .

       YouTube        ,        ,     .      .         .  , 14 ,  ,   ,     ,   .        .  ,        ;        ,         ,        .

        ,     ,      .        ,    .      .     ,          .          ,    ,    -   .        .     Facebook Live*   YouTube,      YouTube,     ,         .           .

     YouTube  .        .    ,      ,     -,   YouTube   ,       .      ,      -  .  2019        ,                . YouTube,  ,       .           ,       ,      , ,     .

   ,       ,            , , ;     .       .        .        ,     -  , ,       .  ,             ,  .

  ,     ,      .       ,    ,    ,     ?

     .       ,  ,   YouTube,     ,  ,   ,   .




 I





 1.  


 ո     - ,    ,  .

  2005 ,  ո    ,    . ո      [7 -           Marvel.   . . .]   .        ,  -   ,    ,   .      Philadelphia Eagles,        .               ,    ,   ,     .

,  -, ո ,     ,   ;         -,     ,   .     ո,   ,   .     ,          ,   -  .    ո     Web 2.0   ,     ,   . -   -, , , ,    , ,   .  ,    ո.            -;     ո  -          Web 2.0,     Friendster  -,     .        Hot or Not,           . ,   .       Hot or Not,   -       ;  ,     .   .

        -,          .          ո,         . ո  ,      ,      the boob tube.   ?       Google.  .      - YouTube.com,        .

   ո        : , .

   ,    . ,      .  ,  Hot or Not  Friendster,         ,     .      ,     

      . ,          .



/

-,    .         ,      .

  : stupidvideos.com,         .  ,     .  ,       ,      .


ո  .



      ,   Hot or Not. ,  Hot or Not    ,     .   .  ,  ,   ,    ,  stupidvideos. ?         ,       ,    .    ,   , .


ո  ,    ,          .       ,     .        YouTube:     , 15  2005 .

   . ո   ,  YouTube.com    .     ,   .  20  Yahoo    Flickr. Yahoo  -,    -,      . Flickr,   Web 2.0,     .  ,  Yahoo      25  .   Flickr  .          :



  ,        Flickr.  ,        .


   ո,           .   :    ? Hot or Not       ,       .  Flickr  ,    .    YouTube? ,    ? ո   Flickr  :   ,       .  ,         -  .   , 3 , ո    ,   ,         ,      ,  .

      . Google  -     ,         . ո    : , . Google  ,  Yahoo.  Google   ,         ,       .       .    2004       Gmail       ,       .        .   Google   ,       YouTube.

 ո       ,     :   ?


* * *

 ո    ( )      ,   ,    .      ,    -,      .     .        Wired      Confinity,             PalmPilot.  Confinity   .     ո  .     :        ?

   1999 ,            . Confinity  ո       PayPal      .     ,      ,    ,   .  ,     , -      .   ,   Confinity,         ;       ,  ,  -      ,   .

 Confinity ո      ,    , ,     .         ,      ,      .    ,          .      ,  -    .          .   15    -       ,       .            ,      ,   .       ,    .    ,    ,   ,     .   .      ,     .         .    Confinity,  ,   ,     ,   . -     [8 - JohnCloud, TheYouTubeGurus, Time, December 25, 2006, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570795,00.html.],     , , ,  ,    .     Confinity  ;   ,      ,   . .

   ,     ;  , ,     .        ;              ,   .         Python,     .    ,                ,     .

        ,        .       ,   .        MP3 Voyeur,          ,           Napster.

 Confinity ,   ո   .      ,    ,  ,           180 . Confinity               .     ,       -,      PayPal.  - , PayPal     2002      eBay.

  PayPal     ,     eBay            : Yelp, LinkedIn, SpaceX.     (    )   PayPal.    YouTube,   PayPal     . ո      eBay,     .     PayPal  ,     , ,      ,    .

   2005        ,     .      -   .

!      PayPal.   .       ? (    .)   ,     ,   :     ?

      ,   ,        .      .      :  , ,   .


* * *

       YouTube.    Google    -.   , Google   .    Microsoft,     ,   Revver  Metacafe;    crass shock,    Big Boys  Ebaums World.       -   ,            . YouTube  .

      PayPal     .  Flash,  .   Flash,     , -  , YouTube     box   -.        , ,   YouTube   .         ;    Flash,    PayPal    . ո               ,        .

    Flash  .       .      ,    -   ,      ,   ,       .    ,        , 18-    .



:   . 23  2005 . 0:18

       -. ,    ,    ,    . ,    ,  ,    .      ,    , ,  ,  .  ,  , ,   .


  ,       -747.    tunafat      .

     .       ,    ,     . YouTube    !     Craigslist.           18  45        ,     , ,       20 .   :   YouTube.com,   ,     .      :  ,      18  45 .

      -  -.   .

     . ո ,        ,  ,      ,    .        ,      .    ?           ?  -      ,       .       ?  :   .     ,   -    .  .   .   , ,      ,  .       :  ,   .

       .     , ,  ,    YouTube    .          ,     .   ,    ,   ,               .   -    ,        ,   .


* * *

      YouTube,   ,   NBC, ABC, CBS  Fox,      ,  !        ,  .       1990-       ,      ,        .  .     24/7 (MSNBC, Fox News)  : Viacom,  CBS,      TNN, BET  MTV.      -.        (   )    ,    .

  2005    .       .  -   ;   ,     ,             15  .  .      (,   ABC    )    ,  :    Fox     ,  26    .    NBC,  -   ,    -    .   ,     . -     Napster    ,   .  ,     -.

  ,    ,     .            Comedy Central.      MySpace.   2005  MySpace      ;   16    ,       -.   News Corporation,   Fox,  580     MySpace    .

         MySpace,    YouTube.

  MySpace      ,    .   .  ,   MySpace      YouTube.    .    ?   Flash YouTube        MySpace,       -.  :     ,      ,     .    MySpace            YouTube   ,    .

,      .    PayPal      Facebook*,     ,   .

     ,     YouTube.com   .     YouTube,       ,      YouTube    ,         . (  ;  ,           .         [9 -  Facebook,      Meta (      ),   .  .*   Meta,        .].)

     .         MySpace   ,  YouTube      .        PayPal.    ,  ,      .      PayPal,               .         PayPal.

     :    YouTube.com .    -      .       ,  YouTube,          ,      . ,   ,                .      YouTube     ,      .      42U   ,  ,    .     .     YouTube   100 000    .        ,      ,        ,    .

 PayPal       ,  ;               ,    ,        .        YouTube. ,     ,   -   .

     .        ,    .   ո       budlight      .    ,   .         ; ո ,        Budlight,   YouTube     .    c ո   28  .     ,               .  .

ո  : , ,        !;)

   ո      ,    YouTube     ,    CNN.   :    Ҹ[10 -  CNN.]    ,   ?    ,      ,      .

 ո  -  Ҹ,       ,    .   ,   ,       -.    ,          PayPal     .     YouTube.    :    ,        .      .   ,     YouTube     ,   ,         2004        .     ,      ?   ,              .


* * *

   YouTube  - ,      .                  .

         ,     . ,  ,     .   ,               ,      ,    .        ,     .      ,    ,       Lucky 99   ( ).

 2005           .



Brookers:   NUMA![11 -         ,        .]. 4:03

   :         .           .           .         : 1 numa fan  -.


   YouTube,    ,           Brookers.        ,  .    Numa!        -   ,      2004 ,    YouTube,     Newgrounds.com.           -  .   ,     -     ,    -.    ,       ,   .         -   .  ,   YouTube,     ,         [12 -    ,      .      . . .].

 ,   YouTube  2006 ,    ,  .     ,     ,   .    ,       .       YouTube: , , .    ,        ,   .




 2.   


.   .       ,  . ,      .

  2006  YouTube     ,       .    .        -, - -,    ,         ,      [13 -    ,     ,     ,      .]. -     YouTube      .           ,       . ո       . ո            ,     , ,  .      ,   .   Google,         Costco,       .             IKEA        .

ո          -,      ,        .          ,   ,                .           YouTube (: Hammer Time!).  Forbes    ,        :      ,      ,       .   ,   ,     YouTube.  .    Forbes,        .

      YouTube -     ,      .  , YouTube  .   ո,         ,     :  .    .  PayPal                    Sequoia Capital,   ,  -  Google.     ,    ,                   .      ,      PayPal.  ,     .   Slashdot,     ,    Google,   YouTube       .       PayPal            Sequoia,     YouTube.

    YouTube    ,    15  .    : YouTube      4000   ,              . YouTube         ,   ,     ,    Google.           Web 2.0   ,   Flickr     Tripadvisor      . YouTube        [14 -  ,   ,  Flickr    PayPal    YouTube,     Flickr    .].

   .   Sequoia      3,5  ,  - YouTube,     ,             Blockbuster     ,     - .    Sequoia     YouTube[15 - Steven Levy, In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 249.    Amazon, Microsoft  Google  Sequoia Capital.]      Amazon, Microsoft  Google. Sequoia     YouTube   30%  .

     ,         -,     .             ,      .   -     ,     , ո  ,     , -  ,       .      ,        .  , 25-    ,      ,       YouTube.

   ,  .

    ,   YouTube       .   ,  -,     . ,      .     , ,    ,    .              .        ,        .         ,     MPEG Nation,    25 .     YouTube,       ,  .  ,  ո,    ,   .            ,    ,   .          ,       ,     ,    ,   .        ,   ո.    .

   ,    , ո   .    -.

  -      .      .          .       .


* * *

      . ո    .

 YouTube       ,         .      .        ,      ,           .        ,     .        .

        SQUAD (  safety, quality and user advocacy,   ,     );      .    ,      ,  .         . Approve ()     . Racy ()    18+. Reject ()   . Strike (  )  ,    .        .                  ,      .        ,   YouTube , , ,       ,   .   .

       .              : ,   ,       ,   ,          Racy,  Strike.   :  YouTube   Disney    ,   ,   YouTube     .     - ,      .          ,             .  :      .

       ,    .     ,   YouTube   ,         .            :          ,     .   -    ?      ?  -   :      !

 2006    SQUAD   -,   . YouTube   45 000   ,       ,     .           ,   .    ,     ,       .    ,  [16 - Catherine Buni and Soraya Chemaly, The Secret Rules of the Internet, The Verge, April 13, 2016, https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/13/11387934/internet-moderator-history-youtube-facebook-reddit-censorship-free-speech.]:  !  - ,              .     :  Strike,        ,         .

,   ,   ,    ,        SQUAD.     ,     .       ,      .   ,     -,       ,      ,    .    -  -  ,     .

-                      ,                  - YouTube.

   :      YouTube.  ո    ,       YouTube;  ,  YouTube  .  ,       ?  ո.

      ո    ,        .    YouTube      ,     . ( ,      ,      ,         .)  ո  ,      ,  YouTube     ,    .   2005     joeB         ,    Nike.     ?    ,  YouTube   .   ,  joeB     Nike[17 -         YouTube  .         Nike  .].     : YouTube       ,          ,  .

  2006   YouTube     joeB;     (Lazy Sunday).

  NBC   Saturday Night Live           .   ,        ,    ,        .    廠          軠   YouTube     . ո   NBC  :      ,      .    .     ,      .  3   NBC    , ,  YouTube         Saturday Night Live  SNL.  - YouTube     NBC      .  YouTube    :     ,      ,     :  .    YouTube -     [18 -     -   ,       .     YouTube,      ,     .    NBC   ,        ,      .],   ,    ,   .       ,      ,     :  ,  -       - .

 2006   YouTube      ,      .          :   ,  ,     ,       !  ,  .   .  ,    NBC,           :  YouTube      .


* * *

       .    ,       Philadelphia Spectrum   Kiss     : hout it out loud!       ,   -   ,      .         ;          .     ,    ,     , ,          .

   1990- . ,        ,   .  1995  16       ; 1998        .   ,          .             :    .         ;         ;        .      ,     ,   .  1996            (Communications Decency Act),        ;     ( 230)  -          ,  .   1998         (Digital Millennium Copyright Act, DMCA)      ,           -.      -        .

        .         ,     ,      ,   -  .        ,    ,     .  2001    ,        . Listen.com   - Rhapsody,           ,       Napster.

Napster   -.       ,     .        Napster    . Napster ,    VHS-:     VHS     ,      .     .  2001  Napster      ,      .          ,        .      ,   .     ,        . Microsoft   ,  Apple  iTunes (99   ).

    Rhapsody  ,     YouTube  -,            :    .  ,    .    YouTube      Rhapsody:               .   YouTube    ,     .     ո          . YouTube   ,   ,            .     -             Rite Spot Caf, -     -.             .         512.

-  ,   , ,   Sunday Night Live,     ,      : 1)  -    ,     ; 2) -        ,   ;  3) -   ,    .

  ?  .      YouTube?    ,   ,           ,   . YouTube     ,   ,        .          ,   ?        . Newsweek     [19 - Brad Stone, Video Napster?, Newsweek, February 28, 2006, https://www.newsweek.com/video-napster-113493.],    YouTube  -Napster.    ?

,        :

    ?

 , ,  .

     ?

  ?

           ,    .          ,  Yahoo            . (Yahoo .)            (Electronic Frontier Foundation, EFF),         .    ,    ,      Grateful Dead,        .    1994 [20 - John Perry Barlow, The Economy of Ideas, Wired, March 1, 1994, https://www.wired.com/1994/03/economy-ideas/.]           :



   ,       , -   ,           ,       :  ,      ,  ,              ;               .


    YouTube.   ,            ,  ,       .  YouTube     EFF     (Cult of the Dead Cow),   ,   .         ,        .     Rotten.com      ,              . (     .)   , ,    .    ,    .    ,    YouTube   ,    Napster,                .

  .      YouTube  -,      37 .      .    ,  ,      ,  YouTube      !.       .  YouTube      ,       . (      ,  YouTube,      ,     .)  :   .   ,       ,     .

               .      PETA    YouTube  ,      .  ,   .   ?     ?



freddiew: . 22  2006 . 1:22

 ,      ,  -.      .   ,   .   ,    . , , .  :    .     ,      , ,     .


 ,     ,        -,       .      -    .          -,       FireWire,  ,   .     50   ;               YouTube.       :     nigahiga,       ; -   Little Loca, - 22-    .   , , .     ,  ,  ,        .     ,  YouTube   ,  . ,  ,   YouTube,     .

 -  YouTube,   ,   . , ,          ,         .      ,     .        ,   .

 YouTube     .  ,   ,   -,           BrainWash,     ,    .    YouTube     -    ,     .                ,     .      15  ,     .

           MySpace    ,   .    ,      ;     YouTube        ,    .      ,    , ,     ,  :    ,      .      ,   .       .     YouTube     ,      ,  ,   ,      .

      .      ,         ,       ,      iJustine  2006 .     ,    -        ,    ,       Brookers.          (YouTubers).      Brookers    .    ,        -.    YouTube    ,        ,   - .            NBC     ,         .   ,    ,  ,  YouTube.   , .

            ,    ,        [21 -       .]   .       ,    .       (Guitar Hero).          ,   ,      .        ,      ,   .      freddiew   YouTube.

      TikTok        ,  ,         .

       ,  .



lonelygirl15:   酻. 4 2006 . 01:01

-     -     ,     .                 .    ,  .


  ,    ,   ,   . ,  ,             ,            .       .       ,     YouTube, -,  -,   , ,  .  -      ,    ,          .    .      ,  ,     .

    YouTube   lonelygirl15   .   ,  ,     .     ,    ,    . (      ,     ,   .) -       ,  .    ,           Wired[22 - Joshua Davis, The Secret World of Lonelygirl, Wired, December 1, 2006, https://www.wired.com/2006/12/lonelygirl/.], ,    .         ,  ,    :  ,  .      .    .    4     ,       ,    ,      .             .

      .       Target,    ,     -.   ,           YouTube.          ,      ,       .      ,   ,     ,   .    ,        .    ,        ,   . ,     .

  4        ,      .    . ,  .      ,   .




 3.  


             ,   Google      .

-  Hilton  -    (  )    .    2006       (Consumer Electronics Show, CES)    ,   Google   .       Google      ;        .                     ,   .

 ,   Google Video,   ,    Google  ,     .  ,        .   Google       .    Google   :      Nasdaq       23  ,         ,    . Google     ;      ,  ,  ,       ,      ,      .

  ,   . Google Video    -            ,   Google.com  -.   Google   ,    ,        .         ,    :   Google, -    .  ,       ,   NBA     .   CBS       ,        ,     .         .   ,  ,   .      YouTube  ,      ;     Google Video       - CBS.         ,   ,         .

           Google Video  -   YouTube.          .      Sequoia  :  ,       .

      -      ,     ideas@google.com  ,     .     Β       .   , Β ,     -             .         YouTube,    ,     -  (  Yahoo!),  Β.

         ,   :       ?


* * *

   Google    ,         ,     Google;     ,           .  2006     Google,      ,     .    ,   -,     ,      ,     .  .     Google,   [23 - Levy, In the Plex, P. 121.]  -   ,   ,   ,     .     ,    ,         .       .     ?  .    ? ? ? ?     -   .                ,   YouTube,     ,       ,     .

       ,     ,    ,   . Google.com  -   ,     ,    ,   ,    .    Google   .   ,     ,          : Google     ,     .  2006  Google     ,   .  . . . .   .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=69191452)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


    : . .: , 2012. . .




2


Farhad Manjoo, Why the Google Walkout Was a Watershed Moment in Tech, The New York Times, November 8, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/technology/google-walkout-watershed-tech.html.     ,    .




3


Ellen Huet and Mark Bergen, Google Talent Advantage Erodes as More Workers Doubt CEO Vision, Bloomberg, February 1, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-01/google-talent-advantage-erodes-as-more-workers-doubt-ceo-vision.




4


        YouTube.  YouTube ,       .




5


   YouTube  ,  .




6


     ,   .  YouTube   .




7


          Marvel.   . . .




8


JohnCloud, TheYouTubeGurus, Time, December 25, 2006, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570795,00.html.




9


 Facebook,      Meta (      ),   .  .

*   Meta,        .




10


 CNN.




11


        ,        .




12


   ,      .      . . .




13


   ,     ,     ,      .




14


 ,   ,  Flickr    PayPal    YouTube,     Flickr    .




15


Steven Levy, In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 249.    Amazon, Microsoft  Google  Sequoia Capital.




16


Catherine Buni and Soraya Chemaly, The Secret Rules of the Internet, The Verge, April 13, 2016, https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/13/11387934/internet-moderator-history-youtube-facebook-reddit-censorship-free-speech.




17


        YouTube  .         Nike  .




18


    -   ,       .     YouTube,      ,     .    NBC   ,        ,      .




19


Brad Stone, Video Napster?, Newsweek, February 28, 2006, https://www.newsweek.com/video-napster-113493.




20


John Perry Barlow, The Economy of Ideas, Wired, March 1, 1994, https://www.wired.com/1994/03/economy-ideas/.




21


      .




22


Joshua Davis, The Secret World of Lonelygirl, Wired, December 1, 2006, https://www.wired.com/2006/12/lonelygirl/.




23


Levy, In the Plex, P. 121.


