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 ,  ,       XX.   ,         .      , .    ,   .  ,    ,      ,  .

  ,        .        (1918),      (19331936)  (19361940),       (1940).   ,  ,    ,  ,    .     .          ,      .

 ,  ,   ,     ,  . -      ꠫  . ࠖ    頖 ,    ,    ,          []    [1 - Reminiscences ofH. A. Wallace, kept intheOffice ofOral History ofColumbia University, p.1677.].

  ,       o ,   ,     렖  ,  [2 - Charles Bohlen. Witness toHistory, 19291969. NewYork: Norton, 1973,20.].    ,        ,       .       :   ,         [3 - George F. Kennan. Introduction to: Orwille H. Bullitt. ForthePresident. Personal andSecret. Correspondence between Franklin D. Roosevelt andWilliam C. Bullitt. Ed. byOrville H. Bullitt. NewYork: Houghton, 1972 (  FTP),XV.].    -    :      ,      ,   .   ,    ,    ,  .  ,  ,         . Ѡ   ,      ,      ,    .     ,    :   ,    , 蠫   , [4 - Through theHistory oftheCold War. TheCorrespondence between George F. Kennan andJohn Lucacs. Philadelphia: University ofPennsilvania Press, 2010,71.].      :   .    ,     ,          ,   [5 - Ibid.].

  ,    , 렖   , 蠖      .             ,    .   ,         .  ,   ,   ,    ,    .     XX,     ,     .      ,      ,      .  ,  ,       ,    .   ,    ,    ,         .

     ,      ,     .        ,  ,        .  ,  ,   .        ,        .      ;      ,      (fellow-traveller)    .  ,    ;     ,      ,      .        ,      .    ,       蠖  ,   XX.

        ,    . Ƞ    , , .   ,   ,    .    ,      ,    .             . ,,       .   ,  , ,  : o  , ,  , ,   ,  [6 - Orwille H. Bullitt. ForthePresident. Personal andSecret. With anIntroduction byGeorge F. Kennan. Correspondence between Franklin D. Roosevelt andWilliam C. Bullitt. Ed. byOrville H. Bullitt. NewYork, Boston: Houghton, 1972 (  FTP),XI.]. ,  ,      ,      .

  ,    ,     , ,   .    ,       蠖    ,   .    ;    XX,      ,   .      ,       .           ,    .    ,    .         .




1




 1891,     ,    :    ,  ,        .    ,  ,    1685;   ,    .     , ,    .   ,    ,    1710,   ,     ;    .  ,  ,     :         .   ,     -.    ;    ,     .    ,      .    ,     .        :   ;      .      .

   ,      ;     ,    .   ,     ,   ,      .    ,        .

      ;       ,      .     ,     ,    .        ,   -  .  ,    ,       ,      . ߠ  ,   . ߠ   ,  .   ,  , -   ,  :     . Ƞ [7 -       (BC)     , , , : 112/III/141/103.].

    ,    .       ,     .   ,   .   1910 -  ,        -;      ,   .              .   ;  1909-   ,  .   ,   . ߠ      - ; -     ,   .

      ,     ,     ;    , ,     (    , -  );  ,   ,       (1909).     ,    ,    ,   .       ,         ,         (19371951).   1913-,        ,  .     ;     ,     .    ,     ,   ,   ,   ,    ,   .

      ,       .    ,    ,   1920-,     .          ,   .

  1914   ,     ,   ;     ,    . ,     ,    .   28,  -     ,     .  , , ,    , : !  !  !. ,   ,    ,    .  ,     .

,    ;        .  ,   , o     6000  .   ,         ;   . ʠ     :  ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  , . E    ,       .    ,  ,   ,  ,    . ,         .     ,      .    ,    ,  . ,    ,      .   ,     , ,   .     ,   ,  ,  ,  , ,   .

   ,   ,    ,     ,   ,   ,     . ʠ      :   ,     ,   .    : ,         . ʠ   -: o   ,     ,     ,    , ,     .

    ,    Public Ledger,        .        ,     :  ,                ,     .

            ,      .       ,       ,     .      ,     .        ,      .  ,       ,     ,       ,    1915.

          ,     .    ࠫ   ,     .        ,       ,     ,   .      ,    .

   , ,   .      .      (  ) ,   ,   .  , ,   ,         .  ,      ;     [8 - Steven Watts. ThePeoples Tycoon: Henry Ford andtheAmerican Century. London: Vintage, 2007, 228240.].

  1916      .    ,    : , ,       .     ,      ,     ,   ,   . , ,   ,    ,   [9 - Michael Casella-Blackburn. TheDonkey, theCarrot, andtheClub. William C. Bulllitt andSoviet-American Relations, 19171948. Praeger: Westport, Conn.: 2004,13.].     ,  :    . Ѡ     ; ,  ,     1914,         , 1941.    89  .

   1916-   ,     ;     ,    -.         .    ,       .    ,    ,       ,    .       ,  ,    .

 ,      ; ,       .         ,  .  ,     ,  1917      -,       .       ,         .     ,      .        ,    .    ,    .     ,   ,       .   ,    ,  ; ,   ,  , , ,  .       ,      .       ;      .   ,        .         ,   .    , ,   ,   , , ,   ࠖ ,     .       1916 ,     ,  ;        .

 1916 1917 Philadelphia Ledger   , ,  ,    :   ,  ,     ;    ,       ; ,   1917-     ;   ,  ,  ; ,  ,    , .   1916      500 , ; ,    ,   .   ,   ,          .  ,     ; ,   ,    .      ,      .       ,  ,   ; ,    ,  ,    .

        ,  ,            1922.      ,     , 1918-,   .    , ,      .         ⠖ , , ;       .       ,     .

 ,   , .       (   ),   ,          . ,  .     ,   .  ,   .       ,        ,     .

 :      .   ,  ;          :       -  ,    . ,    ,       .       .  ,    ; ,     :   ,     ,    ,  ,       .

       ,    .   ,    堖 ,   ⠖    ,      .     .          ,      ,     . ,                ,  ,     ,   [10 - Ernesta Drinker Bullitt. AnUncensored Diary from theCentral Empires. NewYork, 1917, 161, 189, 163, 26,92.].

  ,      .      , , , . ,  ,     堖 ;     ,      ,      ,     .      , ,   - .  , ,      ,    .   -   ,        . ʠ          :           .        ,    ,       .    ;      , .     -         ;       ,       1917-      . ʠ     ,        .

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  ?

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,   ?  .  ,       ?

ߠ . ,    ,  .    .

!

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   , [11 - William C. Bullitt. Its not Done. NewYork: Harcourt Brace, 1926, 253254.].


           ,    .       ,     .         ,         ꠫  [12 - George F. Kennan. Soviet-American Relations, 19171920. Princeton, 1956, v. 1, 1416;Casella-Blackburn. TheDonkey, 1617.].    ,  1917-    ,      .     ,    , ,   ,    .           .

   1917-,    ,       ,         .       ,   .  ,     ,  ,     .    ,     ,   . , ,  ,      ;         .       .   ,    .

,       , ,    (   ,    ,   ),     ( )  ( )    .     ,  -,        .      ,      ,      .  ,       ,     [13 - Sigmund Freud, William C. Bullitt. Thomas Woodrow Wilson. APsychological Study. London: Weidenfeld, 1967, 151 (  FBWW).].            ,       .     ,      -    .




2

 


  1917   ,   .   Philadelphia Ledger        ,         .     ,     ,   ,      ,  1912    , .

,    ,      , ,     ,  .         ;  ,      ,         .     ,   ; ,  ,      ?       ,  ,   . ʠ    ,  ,  -.      ,  ,     , ,  ,     .

 ,        ,     ,    .   ,     1915-,   .        , -       .    ,   ,    ,   .   ,     ,  .

         ,     ,   .  ,       1918-     1800 .        ,       .   27    .            .   ,      ,       .

         ;       .    ,  , ,    ,     .  ,  ,   ,     ;       , .

- 1912  ,     .   1920-.       ,      蠖  .   ,      ,      .         ,    ,   ,    ,  .          ,  ,     .

       :   ,  70% ,    ,    ;      ;        ,    ;       ,      ;   ,      .     ,     ;   ,   ,     ;     ,     .

      ,          ,  ,   ,        ,  .     ; ,        XVIII,      (     ,  ).

       ,         . ,,   ,        .     ;  ,   XXI.   ,        ,    .

 , ,              ,    ,  , ,  .  , ,   ,    :        .            ,   :    ,      ,      . Ƞ    - ; 젫         ,         .      , -          ,        . ,    - ,      -    ,      .

   XX    ,       ,      ,   .     ,    ;     ,         ,     ,     .  ,         ,          ,        .       ,     .    ,       1916,  ,   ,     .             ,     ,     .    ࠖ     ࠖ ,   ,  ,   -  .           :   ,  1912 1914,       " , "     ,  1914   " "   .   " "       [14 - Ibid,132.]. ,    ; ,         ;  ,   -  .          -  , , .

  ,  -   ,   ,    .    :       ,    ?                ,      .         ,       .   ,     ,      ,           .

                (Looking Backward, 1887);    ,    .   ,   ,         . -,       ,    .     ,       .         ,     :   ,  蠖 , 蠖    .  , ,     ,  ,      .

  1930-      ,     ࠖ        ,            .   ; ,     ,   .      .  1936         ,   ,    [15 - John Lewis Gaddis, George F. Kennan. AnAmerican Life. NewYork: Penguin, 2012, 111114.].

      ,     .    ,       , XX          .    ,     蠫  :   ,   ,       ,   .      ,   ,     .               ,      ,    , , ,   .                XXI;    , ,   .      頖  .    ,       ,        .   ,       ,         .          ,   .

   ,      .  ,      ,  ,     젖  .  150  ,     ,   .   ,     ,  :       ,           ,   ,      .   ,   ,        ,         ,   [16 -       , 19 1919, BC 112/II/110/376.].

, ,     ,       . , , -    ,   think-tanks ( ),   TheInquiry.         ,    .      ,      ,     . ,      :  , ,    .

  TheInquiry      -,    ,  .          . . ,      ,    TheNew Republic.            , .         ,      ,       ,     ,      .




  .


   .

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notes









1


Reminiscences ofH. A. Wallace, kept intheOffice ofOral History ofColumbia University, p.1677.




2


Charles Bohlen. Witness toHistory, 19291969. NewYork: Norton, 1973,20.




3


George F. Kennan. Introduction to: Orwille H. Bullitt. ForthePresident. Personal andSecret. Correspondence between Franklin D. Roosevelt andWilliam C. Bullitt. Ed. byOrville H. Bullitt. NewYork: Houghton, 1972 (  FTP),XV.




4


Through theHistory oftheCold War. TheCorrespondence between George F. Kennan andJohn Lucacs. Philadelphia: University ofPennsilvania Press, 2010,71.




5


Ibid.




6


Orwille H. Bullitt. ForthePresident. Personal andSecret. With anIntroduction byGeorge F. Kennan. Correspondence between Franklin D. Roosevelt andWilliam C. Bullitt. Ed. byOrville H. Bullitt. NewYork, Boston: Houghton, 1972 (  FTP),XI.




7


      (BC)     , , , : 112/III/141/103.




8


Steven Watts. ThePeoples Tycoon: Henry Ford andtheAmerican Century. London: Vintage, 2007, 228240.




9


Michael Casella-Blackburn. TheDonkey, theCarrot, andtheClub. William C. Bulllitt andSoviet-American Relations, 19171948. Praeger: Westport, Conn.: 2004,13.




10


Ernesta Drinker Bullitt. AnUncensored Diary from theCentral Empires. NewYork, 1917, 161, 189, 163, 26,92.




11


William C. Bullitt. Its not Done. NewYork: Harcourt Brace, 1926, 253254.




12


George F. Kennan. Soviet-American Relations, 19171920. Princeton, 1956, v. 1, 1416;

Casella-Blackburn. TheDonkey, 1617.




13


Sigmund Freud, William C. Bullitt. Thomas Woodrow Wilson. APsychological Study. London: Weidenfeld, 1967, 151 (  FBWW).




14


Ibid,132.




15


John Lewis Gaddis, George F. Kennan. AnAmerican Life. NewYork: Penguin, 2012, 111114.




16


      , 19 1919, BC 112/II/110/376.


