Level up!     
 


  . -
     ,      ,   ,   ,      !       -,      ,  Pac Man World, Maximo  SpongeBob SquarePants.       ,     !        ,  ,        .

  PDF A4   .





 

Level up!     



 ,   ,       .

 


Level Up! The Guideto Great Video Game Design 2ed

Scott Rogers



This edition first published 2014

 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

All rights reserved. Authorised translation from the english language edition published by John Wiley & Sons Limited. Responsibility for the accuracy of the translation rests solely with the Publishing House EKSMO and is not the responsibility of John Wiley & Sons Limited.

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the original copyright holder, John Wiley & Sons Limited



  ..,    , 2023

   , 2023




   


    ,     -.   ,       .    ,  ,  Level Up,    -           ,    .

    ,    ,      .  ,      ,      .   , ,  -   , -   (,     ,      boss),      ,       .

 ,        , polishing (     )  ,   , ,   ,      .      ,       , ,   ,      .

  ,          (,    stealth,       ,  ),     .

  ,     2010.     ,     ,       .   ,  -  ,    ,     2010,           .

 ,  ,      -.     (,    蠫,    )    .    ,      -   ,        .







   .       -,       ,      .       Farmers Almanac,   .               ,       .

  ,           ,    .       .      -    -      .        .

,  :     ,  -  .     ,         ,      .



 ,
 - Core Games, THQ




   


       ,      ,      ,       ,         .        ,            - .         AB-,        ,    -        .      ,   ,            .

         .   ,    ,      ,        ,   .                   ,     ,      .

       ,      .    ,        -,   .             ,     .              .     ,   .       ,        .

  , ,    Level Up    10 ,  ,       .          ,  -  . - ,             . -      ,   .

            ,    ,      .  ,      .  !



 ,
  -, Pixonic




 


,  -    ,              .        ,   Pac-Man World,  Maximo, God of War,  Drawn to Life Darksiders.         THQ     -  ,      ,    ,     .









 Start!





      


    ,    .    :    ,      .  ,          ,    .  :



       ,     ,   .         ,   ,   .         ,      .         ,   -  .      .

 !     !  ,      .

, !  ,   .   !


   , ,       .    ,            .    :



    Level Up   ,         !

  -[1 - ,  ,   ,   ,    -    .        ,  Mario. !      !    . ,    .]

 ,        .        ,    ,       .    , , ,      .   ,    ,   , , ,    ,    , , ,  , -, ,  ,  ,   ,   , , ,   (the triangle of weirdness),  , FPS, ,  , , ,   , ,    .

   ,  ,   -   .          .   ,  Level Up,   .

  .   :    ,  .     , ,   ,          ,     [2 -   .   !   ,      .].     .

 ,    ,  ,   Level Up      .     . ,  ,        .      , -         .

 .          .     .     ,     ,   ,        -    .

     ,     .     [3 -    ,         ,     ----.     .   .   .].

           ,   .    ,        .  , ,  ,    ,   ,  ,  .

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,      


     -       .         .

      .     .      :



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  ,        [4 -       蠫軠     .]. ,   16- ,      -.       ,     ,  Metal Slug    Capcom;           .      :








 ,  -  뻠         [5 -      ,  .. .].   ,    -       .  ,     . -   :   -  ,  !      !  !   -!

   .          .     ,        :



 Š   [6 - ,  - (design document),  ( ),    ,     . -  ,     .. .]







      .     , ,  , -,   ,  , -,     !     ?         ,       .   ? .      .         ,     ,   .                .  ,         .




   ?


  ?    -,   . , ,  -   .

,    .      ,    .        .   ,    ,            - (   ).       ,   [7 -  .   ,       .],     ,        .  ,   ,    Level Up  . ,   ,    ,     .     .

-,  ,  -. ,    ,   ?      ,   :    . ,      ,  -    .  , ,       ,  ,      .   ,    - ,   .     -,           .  :    ,     .        ,  .        .      ,    ,   .

    ,  -.      ,      -     !        !    .           ,     .

,    ,   .    .    .   ;    ,   .     , ,  . , :     ,  ,       .   ,  - .     ,       ? .          ,   .  .

? !   ,   !









:     


, Level Up       .      ,      ,             ,   .        Level Up   :   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    THQ,  ,     ,  ,  ,  ,   (  ),  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  Β,  ,   ,  ,  ,  GDC (Game Developers Conference) 2008,    ,   -,    John Wiley & Sons:  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  .          GDC,     .   .

     ,   .      !     !




 1

, !



       ,       ,   .    [8 -       newbie     .        ,      -.  ,       , ,   ,  ,   !],   .       .  .

       .  ,       ,    [9 - The Art of Computer Game Design: Reflections Of AMaster Game Designer, Crawford Chris, 1984.].      ,       [10 - What is aGame? Kevin Langdon in The New Thesaurus, 1979.].   ,        .








   ,      .   ,        [11 - The Grasshopper: Games, Life and Utopia, Bernard Suits, 1978.].  ,   ,   , - .  .   .            ?         ,       (      ).  :            .

- ,         ,     ,        .  :    ,   .   .    , ,      .         ,   .      ,   . ,     ,       ,          , Tennis for Two.








,  .

:   ?

:     ,   :

   ;

;

 .

  .

,   ,   ,   .

:   ?

:    ,     .

, ,   ,     ,  ,  ,      ( ,     ).    ,     .

 ,             .    ,       .   ,  .

Ӡ ,  - Core Games (THQ),   .  ,         ,        .     .



 :    .

:     .      .

:   ,   ,   ,     .      .        ,          . -         -   ,     .     ,        ,      ,        .



, , ,   .   ,       .             ? Ѡ-   ?




  


.  , 3D-  --.     ,            .            MIT     .      OXO (1952), Spacewar! (1962) Colossal Cave (1976)       .     -  .








   Atari         Spacewar!           Computer Space (1971).      ,           1970-.

   Asteroids, Battlezone Star Castle    (     ).     (   , )  ,        .       (Namco, 1980)   (Nintendo, 1981)    -.








  1980-       :  (   ),  (       ,    )   (  ,        ,    ).








  1980-   ,    .      ,    .   ;          .               Tail Gunner (Vectorbeam, 1979);   ,      ʸ Star Trek (Sega, 1982);    Ferrari Testarossa Out Run (Sega, 1986),     .   1990-           (   ),     ,       .      BattleTech Virtual World:             -    [12 -   1990-        BattleTech.      .         .         .          .            -  ,          .   ,      ,     (- )!      .].

          .   1990-      -     ,      .    .          -[13 - -     ,       .      ,     ,     () .   -  ,       ,    .]       [14 -   (game of skill) ,       ,   .         , ,   ,     ,   .        .. .].   ,     .    .

,     .  ᠖  ,           .        ,      .     -          .

     .   Disney  Sally Corporation    ⠫ [15 -   (dark ride)    ,     ,      .        蠫   .],      ,   . ,  , Toy Story Midway Mania (2008)   :        ,      ,      .      ,        .        Wii (Toy Story Mania! 2009),          .

 ,  ,          ,      .








    ,    .   ,     [16 -         Vectrex (Smith Engineering, 1982). , ,           ,   .]  .       :    ,    ,          .  ,          ,    , CD- DVD-,   .   1970-   .        Atari2600 Atari Jaguar, Mattel Intellivision, ColecoVision, Nintendo Entertainment System Super Nintendo, Sega Genesis Dreamcast,   3DO.         PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 Nintendo Wii[17 -    .     ,        ,     .      2022   PlayStation 5, Xbox SeriesX S Nintendo Switch.. .].








  ,    ,  ,   ,      ,      .        . ӠAuto Race (Mattel Electronics, 1976), ,   ,   Game& Watch (Nintendo, 1980)    .          Microvision (Milton Bradley, 1979),     ,    Tetris Game Boy (Nintendo, 1989)  Nintendo DS[18 -    ,    Nintendo DS       Game & Watch.].       .  Sony PSP  ,       PlayStation One.        Mattel Football!

 ,    ,   ,         .         .       ?[19 -  ,    : 2020            (,     ,  )     .. .]








  ()     1970-.         .    ,        .         .     ;          ,       .    ,   .           ,     :    ,   .  ,  ,   (  CD-,   DVD-);   , ,      .            (FPS).   1990-      .         ,  ,  ,  -.




 


         .        .

 (action) ,  -  (   ).    .

  (action adventure).         ,       ,   . :  Prince of Persia Tomb Raider.

- (action arcade).        ,      ,         . : Dig Dug, Diner Dash.

 (platformer).     ,  ,  -       ,  砫.     . -       . :    (Super Mario World, Super Mario 64, Super Mario Galaxy).

 (stealth).  ,      ,    . :  Metal Gear Thief: The Dark Project.

 (fighting).             .          . :  Street Fighter Mortal Kombat.

--  -- (beatem up / hacknslash).     ,      . : Double Dragon, Castle Crashers.

 (shooter) ,     ,        .   ,     ,     .       ,  ,       .

    (first person shooter, FPS).          ,       . : Quake, Team Fortress 2.

 (shootem up, shmup).    ,     ,    .     ,    (,  ).     . : Space Invaders,  Contra.

    (third person shooter, TPS).        ,       ,   .        ,      . : Star Wars Battlefront   Grand Theft Auto.

 (adventure[20 -      .     ,     ,        ;   adventure  ,      .            RPG,         .. .]) ,    ,      .     . : Colossal Cave Adventure,  Kings Quest Leisure Suit Larry.

 (graphical adventure). ,            . : Myst, Monkey Island,  Sam & Max.

  (RPG).         Dungeons and Dragons.      ,   ,     .      ,       . : Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic,  Mass Effect.

 -RPG (MMORPG).  RPG,        . MMORPG       (PvP),     ( )   ( ). : World of Warcraft, DC Universe Online.

- (survival horror).       ,     ,   . :  Resident Evil Silent Hill.

/ (construction/management)     ,        -   .     ,       . : SimCity, Zoo Tycoon.

  (life simulation) ,   ,          . : The Sims, Princess Maker.

   (pet simulation).     ,       .        . : World of Zoo.

  - (music/rhythm)   ,     .       ,  Simon,   ,  Rock Band.

  ,    (party games), ,  ,    .    -. : Mario Party Buzz!

 (puzzles) ,       .   ,    - . : The Incredible Machine, Tetris.

  (sports) ,   ,   .    . :  Madden NFL,  Tony Hawk.

  (sports management).     ,     . :  FIFA Manager,  NFL Head Coach.

 (strategy).     Civilization,       .       ,   .

    (real-time strategy, RTS).   , ,    ,     :  (expansion),  (exploration),  (exploitation)   (extermination).             . :  Command and Conquer Dawn of War.

  (turn-based strategy).    ,          . :  XCom Advance Wars.

- (tower defense).   ,     .       ,     . : Defense Grid: The Awakening, Locks Quest.

  (vehicle simulation) ,    ,     .        . : Lunar Lander, Densha de Go! 64.

 (driving).              .      ,       . :  Gran Turismo NASCAR Racing, Wave Race, SSX.

 (flying). ,  Microsoft Flight Simulator,   , ,   Ace Combat  Blazing Angels, .    Star Fox Star Wars: X-Wing vs. TIE Fighter     .

       .    ,   , ,   ,  [21 - ,     ,   .      ,       ..,   ,     .. .], ,             .      ,   . ,    Grand Theft Auto    ,    , ,    !  Tuper Tario Tros[22 -    Tuper Tario Tros Swing Swing Submarine  : https://www.newgrounds.com/portal/view/522276.]  Super Mario Bros. Tetris!    ?      ?  , ,   !




   ?



         .        : ,  Prince of Persia   [23 -  -  .]    ,  ,  .    !          ,       ,    .

        .        ,       .  ,     ,     ,    .        ,      ,      ,    .

,  ,   (developers).             ,     .        ;     .




 (programmer)


   ++  Java   ,      ;   ,     ,    ,    ;   ,        ;           ,  .








,      ,  ,     .       ,        .     .          .

   ,         .       ,      , 2D- 3D-, ,  , ,  ,      .      ,     ,      .     ,  ,        .




 (artist)


    ,     .       ;              [24 -     ,   .    .].  ,      .          ,      .               .     !








, ,       . , Dragons Lair (Cinematronics, 1983) Space Ace (Cinematronics, 1984)          Disney   .        ,      .

   ,   ,             .          , ,   Darkstalkers (Capcom, 1994) Metal Slug (SNK, 1996)   ,   .

         ,      3D-,        (Disney, 1982)      - (1986).  Myst (Broderbund, 1993) Donkey Kong Country (Nintendo, 1994)  3D-[25 - 3D-,      ,     .      16.. .].  3D      , Battlezone (Atari, 1980),               PlayStation 1994.

   ,     .    (concept artist)   ,          .  (storyboard artist) ,      (    ),        . 3D- (3D modelers)     (environmental artists)         Maya 3D Studio Max.    (texture artists)     3D-.    (visual effects artists)       2D- 3D-.   (UIartist)       ,     HUD[26 - Heads-Up Display  ,         .. .].  (animators)     -       .   (technical artists)   ,   : ,   ,     ꠫,     ,         .        - (art director),      .        ,  ,     ,   !




 (designer)


-, [27 -      .      .      ?],  ,  -  ,   ,  :     ,    ,  .  -    [28 -        The Art of Game Design (2008) [ -.   ,     ,  , 2019.. . ],   -    , , , ,  , ,  , , ,   , , ,   , ,  , , ,    .   .],        .             ,   .  ,    黠  .

 ,    ,     .  ,  - (level designers),    ,  3D-  砫 ,   (grey box)[29 -      .. . .],       .   (system designers) ,         ,        .  (scripters)        ,       ,  ,     .   (combat designers)         .        ,      ,   (creative director)[30 -       -.       - (game director).. .].       .








 ,        .         . ,     .




 (producer)


    .      ,       ,       .

     ;  ;     ;   ;   ;         ;        ;        ,   -;    .            .       ,       [31 -     ,       ,     ,  !].

   ,             (associate producers).     ,     .       ,    .








  ,     ,   ,     ,          ,    .         (    ).




 (tester/QA)


   ?     ?         ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ?    !








  ,         ,        ;     .   ,       ,      (),      .     ,        ,      ,    ,   ,    .

      QA (quality assurance,  )[32 -       .].  ,              ()  .      ,   .     QA   ,     .

        .   ,   , ,     .          .     .  ,        .




 (composer)


   ,        .               The Legend of Zelda  Super Mario Bros.

,   ,      ,    .       ,    .                ,      ,  .   ,    -     !

             ,      .     ,  ,  ,         .       ,     .  ,           ,       ,       . ,        . ,  ,    .     蠫  -     ,         .

       ,     .      ,  .            ,     ,  ,    [33 -      .     ,     -.].  ,        15.




- (sound designer)


   ,     , -    .  - ,      .    , ?         .     -.

  ,     .   .  ,      ,   .     ,   ,     .  -   ,   ,   ,      .      ,  ,   -   , ,   .         ,    .  -  ,    ,  ,      .     !

   -,      ,   ,   . ,       :  ,           ,  [34 - , ,     -.  ,      .]. ? !     -.




  (writer)


        .    :      .    ,    [35 - ,          .   -,      ,  ,       (,  ).. .].

        ,          .     ,      :

 ,   ,         ,    - ,     ;

      -    ,    - ,     ;

  ,   ;

         ,     ;

  軠          ,         .

     ,    ,           .     , ,    ,  ,      ,   .    ,    .       .  ,      [36 -  3,  .].  ,     !

,          . ? !     , -,        ,  .




 -    ?



   ,   ,   ,    ,    .       .        .




- (product manager)


-      ,      .      . -   ;          ;  [37 -  (milestone)   .        ,        ,    .. .]   .      ESRB[38 - Entertainment Software Ratings Board  ,    (  , ).],      .

   -     ,   .      ,    .     ,      .




  (creative manager)


  ,      THQ  ,  :   ,   ,       . ,                 .    .

     -  ,   .     -,        .          ,  [39 -  (pitch)  ;          .        .. .]      .       ,    [40 -      ,        .]     ,         .

            ( ,      )      ,  .             .    -  ,     ,       .

            ,    ,    ,      .




- (art director)


-     ,      . -          ,      ,      ,   . -         (,  ),      ,   .




  (technical director)


   .  ,      ,    ;      ,      .            ,      ,    .




 


     ,      ,    .  (business development)    ,  ,    ,   .          .    -   ,    .  (lawyer)   ,         ,       . - (brand manager)    ,  ;            .    (PRmanager)   ,             . QA- (QAmanager)   ,         .

      ,        .  (talent recruiter)        .  (game reviewer)             .  (licensor)          ,          ,     .

 ,      ,  .         .   ,    , ?  ,     !

      .    ?  !




      1

     ,       .

     ,    1950-.

    .   .

    .   ,  .

     .





 2





   ,   .       .       - :








      ,    .    ,      ,     [41 -       ,    .].

 ,    .

  ,        .      :    ?




:      


      .

 [42 -     ,     :    ,   蠫.        .]

  ,       .  :

   ,    ;

      ;

  ,       .

    ,     ,    . ,      .     :   ,     .

     ,     ?     .    ,       .   ,   .   ,       ,   -  .

1.  ,    . -          -  .  ,           ,   .  :       ,   .       ,   ?  ,    ,    .   ,       .     ,   ,   ;            ,   .    ,  ,        .       .   .      ,       [43 - -    1997      :   蠫.].          .        .    ,          .  ,           !

2.,      .          ,        ,     .       .     ,   -      .       ,      ,     .

3.  .  Game Developers Conference (GDC)      -      .       .      .          .     ,     [44 -  -        !].

4.  ,  .  [45 -      ,  黠  .       ,  ,      !]    ,    .    , ,          .  ,          .         .

5.       .  ,        -,   .       ,         .              .            God of War.        .  ,  ,      .

    ;   ,   .       (      ),    ,     ,      ,      .

 ,       .   ,       .         .   ,      ,      ,    . ,        ,    ,       .        ,   PaRappa the Rapper, The Sims  Braid      .

, -      .  , ,  , ,  !  , .



 -   , ,  - .

 

 ,  - ,   ,     ,          .   ,       .    ,  , PaRappa the Rapper, The Sims Braid,    : Simon, SimCity[46 -  ,  The Sims,        .     ,         .  : SimCity, SimAnt, SimEarth, SimCity 2000, The Sims Spore          (  ),       .              ,      .] Blinx: The Time Sweeper.

    :     .   ATheory of Fun for Game Design (2004)[47 -  .     .  , 2018.. .]      .   ,       .

 Space Panic (Universal, 1980)   ,      ,   .

 Donkey Kong (Nintendo, 1981)      ,   .

 Popeye (Nintendo, 1982)    ,    ,     .

 Pitfall! (Activision, 1982)    (,         ).

 Mario Bros. (Nintendo, 1983)     ,     ,    .

 Pac-Land (Namco, 1984)    ,        .

 Ghosts n Goblins (Capcom, 1985)  ,     ,     (    )  ,    .

Super Mario Bros. (Nintendo, 1985)    ,    ,      .

  Dark Castle (Silicon Beach Software, 1986)    .    ,  , ,   ,    .

 Mega Man (Capcom, 1987)   ,         .     ,   ,     .

 Crash Bandicoot (Universal, 1996)   3D-       ,   2.5D.

Super Mario 64 (Nintendo, 1996)        3D-.








 ,     .     ,    .     ,   ,   .

,      .    




  ?


  ,      ,   -,     .       ,    ,      .  ,      ,   ,     .    :    ,        ,   .

    , ? ,   . .



   [48 - -,  ,    ,    - .]


,  ,     .        ,     .   ?        .

 ,  Psychonauts Br?tal Legend, ,            -,       .   ,      .        ,    : , , , , , , .

 ,  :    ?             ,        . ,    :   .      ,     ,      .

    :    ?               :     ,      .       .     .     .        .   ,  ,       . ,      !

,  ,       ,         .  :      ,    .    .  ,   ,      .      .     ,      . ,          .  ,     ( 67)          .    .




    蠫


  ?  ?    ?[49 -    fun      蠫.         ,   ,        .            ,      .. .]  ,       ,     .        .        :  ,  , [50 -  . escape ,          ,    .. .], , , ,   [51 - .   GDC   : http://algorithmancy.8kindsoffun.com/.].   ,     ,  ,   , -,    . ,  ,    ( ,    ,   )    ,       .  ,    .

  ,  ,   ,  .       - ,     .     ,   .           .     ,       :








 ,         :



  


    ,     ,  ,    ,  ,  -. ,        .

      ,    .



   :   ,    .         -,   ,   -.  ,  ,   ,  ,   .


 , ?     ,     ,      ,       ,     .     ,  ,  -   .  ,     . ,    ,   ,     !

         .     .   ,      .  .  .  .  .  .  - -        :  .   ,      .  ,   .         .







       ().     :

1).  ;

2). -,  ;

3). -,   ;

4).  ;

5).  (      ).

     . :      .      . ,          ,   : , , , .   ,  [52 -    ,  ,   , ,   ,        .].      ,       .








,     .   .       ,  .    .     ,         . , ,     ,    :








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  ,    ?  .     .   ,      .

1. . ,      .   ,        ,  .   ,        ,      .     .

2.,   .  ,     .         . , .   ,    .

3.  ,   .   ,       - . ,        .       .      !

4.   .     ,    ,  - .       ,     .      ,    .       !  .    ,      .     ,    ,   ,    .     . - .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/skott-rodzhers/level-up-rukovodstvo-po-sozdaniu-klassnyh-videoigr-69360298/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


,  ,   ,   ,    -    .        ,  Mario. !      !    . ,    .




2


  .   !   ,      .




3


   ,         ,     ----.     .   .   .




4


      蠫軠     .




5


     ,  .. .




6


,  - (design document),  ( ),    ,     . -  ,     .. .




7


 .   ,       .




8


      newbie     .        ,      -.  ,       , ,   ,  ,   !




9


The Art of Computer Game Design: Reflections Of AMaster Game Designer, Crawford Chris, 1984.




10


What is aGame? Kevin Langdon in The New Thesaurus, 1979.




11


The Grasshopper: Games, Life and Utopia, Bernard Suits, 1978.




12


  1990-        BattleTech.      .         .         .          .            -  ,          .   ,      ,     (- )!      .




13


-     ,       .      ,     ,     () .   -  ,       ,    .




14


  (game of skill) ,       ,   .         , ,   ,     ,   .        .. .




15


  (dark ride)    ,     ,      .        蠫   .




16


        Vectrex (Smith Engineering, 1982). , ,           ,   .




17


   .     ,        ,     .      2022   PlayStation 5, Xbox SeriesX S Nintendo Switch.. .




18


   ,    Nintendo DS       Game & Watch.




19


 ,    : 2020            (,     ,  )     .. .




20


     .     ,     ,        ;   adventure  ,      .            RPG,         .. .




21


,     ,   .      ,       ..,   ,     .. .




22


   Tuper Tario Tros Swing Swing Submarine  : https://www.newgrounds.com/portal/view/522276.




23


 -  .




24


    ,   .    .




25


3D-,      ,     .      16.. .




26


Heads-Up Display  ,         .. .




27


     .      .      ?




28


       The Art of Game Design (2008) [ -.   ,     ,  , 2019.. . ],   -    , , , ,  , ,  , , ,   , , ,   , ,  , , ,    .   .




29


     .. . .




30


      -.       - (game director).. .




31


    ,       ,     ,  !




32


      .




33


     .     ,     -.




34


, ,     -.  ,      .




35


,          .   -,      ,  ,       (,  ).. .




36


 3,  .




37


 (milestone)   .        ,        ,    .. .




38


Entertainment Software Ratings Board  ,    (  , ).




39


 (pitch)  ;          .        .. .




40


     ,        .




41


      ,    .




42


    ,     :    ,   蠫.        .




43


-    1997      :   蠫.




44


 -        !




45


     ,  黠  .       ,  ,      !




46


 ,  The Sims,        .     ,         .  : SimCity, SimAnt, SimEarth, SimCity 2000, The Sims Spore          (  ),       .              ,      .




47


 .     .  , 2018.. .




48


-,  ,    ,    - .




49


   fun      蠫.         ,   ,        .            ,      .. .




50


 . escape ,          ,    .. .




51


.   GDC   : http://algorithmancy.8kindsoffun.com/.




52


   ,  ,   , ,   ,        .


