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WHEN MONEY TALKS: A HISTORY OF COINS

AND NUMISMATICS by Frank L. Holt

 Oxford University Press 2021



  ..,    , 2023

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      ,       ,          ,    .       , , - ,      ,   .    - . .  (19222013)       ,       ,      :      ,       ,     [6 - . . ,       (  XV    XVI. ) (.: , 1983), 67.].  , ,             ,             ,     ,        ,      .                            .       ,                 .

                ,            ,       [7 -           , , , ,        , , , .].   ,     -     ,      .        ,      XXI    ( ,      -)     ,                     .            ,         [8 - .    1968 : . ,  ,  .  (.: , 1999), 9799;  ,  ,  . . : . . ,  :    , :     (.: -   , 1997), 1021;        : . . ,   , . 1 (.:  - , 2011), 7778, 106.].              ,       XIX   XX          .        ,    ,          [9 -     . : T. Bennett, The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics (London  New York: Routledge, 1995), 6, 8, 24.].

,   ,  ,                ,               [10 - . ,      ,  .  (.:  : CORPUS, 2019), 1841, 130.].       ,   ,      (         ),      ,   XV ,    (collecting culture)[11 - J. Clifford, On Collecting Art and Culture, in Clifford J., The Predicament of Culture Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature and Art (Cambridge, MA  London: Harvard University Press, 1988), pp. 215251; S. M. Pearce, On Collecting. An Investigation into Collecting in the European Tradition (London  New York: Routledge, 1995), 150158; . ,  .     ,  . .  (:  , 2016), 167181.].   , ,                          ,          ,      -      .   ,  ,           [12 - . ,  , 177.].          ,  .      ,         ,             (       )   (..     )[13 -      (, ,    ) .: R. K. Merton, The Sociology of Science. Theoretical and Empirical Investigations (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1973), 267278.].

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 1862       ,       ,     [15 -   ,    , . : C. Goldin, F. Lewis, The Economic Cost of the American Civil War: Estimates and Implications, Journal of Economic History 35 (1975): 299326.].              .                      [16 -       25  1862. (HR 240, The Legal Tender Act of February 25, 1862).        ,       1764     .].  ,   -  ,      (. 1),   ,            [17 -           ; .: D. Richardson, Others: Third Party Politics from the Nations Founding to the Rise and Fall of the Greenback-Labour Party (New York: Universe, 2004).].      ,            ,             [18 -        (7  1870.)        ,  ,           (1  1871.)     .  . : J. Cormack, The Legal Tender Cases: A Drama of American Legal and Financial History, Virginia Law Review 16 (1929): 132148.].

           :      (coin)[19 -       XVIII  . : R. Natelson, Paper Money and the Original Understanding of the Coinage Clause, Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 31 (2008): 10171081.]?  ,    ,   ,     (to coin)    (coin)?   ,     1862       , , , ,    (.1.1)[20 - ,       1792  ,             .          ;     (5 ),  (10 ),  (25 ),  (50 )  ;       (2,5 ), - (5 )     (10 ).].                 ,      .  ,                  .






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                    ,      .      ,           , ,  ,    - .

     ,           [22 - .: N. Popper, Digital Gold (New York: HarperCollins, 2015).]. ,   ,   , , , , ,   ?         ,    [23 - B. Kelly, The Bitcoin Big Bang: How Alternative Currencies are about to Change the World (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2015); P. Franco, Understanding Bitcoin: Cryptography, Engineering, and Economics (Chichester: Wiley, 2015).].                    [24 -       ,     .: S. Asif, The Halal and Haram Aspect of Cryptocurrencies in Islam, Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance 35.2 (2018): 91101.].   ,     , , ,         ,     .   ,       (.1.2),           ,    ().   ,    ,          ,    ,   .






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    ,          . ,       ,  ,    .             ,   QuadrigaCX  ,           190  .    , 115           ,        ,   Quadriga[25 - https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-07/quadriga-ceo-s-widow-agrees-to-return-estate-assets.]. ,         .     ,    ,   ;      ,   [26 -       CoinOut,    Shark Tank (18  2018.).].       ,     . , ,    COVID-19,   2020 ,                     .     ,     ,      .  ,     ,        ,     [27 - J. K. N. Kuria et al., Profile of Bacteria and Fungi on Money Coins, East African Medical Journal 86 (2009): 151155; . : E. Angelakis et al., Paper Money and Coins as Potential Vectors of Transmissible Disease, Future Microbiology 9 (2014): 249261.].   ,      , -, ,     -     ,   ,          [28 - https://www.forbes.com/sites/lisettevoytko/2020/01/23/new-york-city-poised-to-ban-cashless-businesses/#265444fe5781.].        ,    -         .           (      ).

 ,         .    1963      ,         (The Man from the Diners Club[29 -  Diners Club International      .         1950              (. .).])        (Cash Died Today)[30 - M. Simmons, The Day Cash Died, Saturday Evening Post 288 (March/April, 2016): 8285.].  ,  , : ,     ,      ,    ,  ,       -. ,       . ,         : 1963        ,         .




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.1.3.   , , 98117.   /   . ANS 1961.56.1.      .



    Moneta,     monere ,      ,       .           ,   ,     ,   [32 - A. Meadows, J. Williams, Moneta and the Monuments: Coinage and Politics in Republican Rome, Journal of Roman Studies 91 (2001): 2749; P. Tucci, Where High Moneta Leads Her Steps Sublime: The Tabularium and the Temple of Juno Moneta, Journal of Roman Archaeology 18 (2005): 633.].

  coin      coing     ,    [33 -     coin  ,          ,   monnaie  .].    coing     cuneus ,       (cuneiform)      ,    .

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.1.4.         , , 19691970.  / . ANS 2018.14.4.      .



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 1961          ,       ;   2014    ,     ,           ,    [38 - J. Cribb, ed., Money: From Cowrie Shells to Credit Cards (London: British Museum, 1986), 189 (no. 794).].              (.1.5),        ;     ,   ,     . ,    ,   ,       ,    :    2007   500         Ich bin ein Berliner     1963    ,          .       ,       -   [39 -           26  1963   ظ     .             1961     ,           1958    (. .).].

     ,    , ,         [40 - ., : D. Baker, Stealmint and Juicy Loot: Gum Stolen from the UK Being Used as Currency on Black Market in Romania, Daily Mail February 27, 2012.]. ,   raha     ,   .     (buck),    , -     (buckskin),     .   salary      salarium,    ,   ;          ,   .         (shell),    , , ,         shell out cash  [41 - M. Shell, Wampum and the Origins of American Money (Champaign: University of Illinois, 2013).     shell out cash            .].

  ,      ,    [42 - C. McNeil, ed., Chocolate in Mesoamerica: A Cultural History of Cacao (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2009)].     ,               (.1.6).   XVI  :   ,         ,     ,  [43 - P. Martire dAnghiera, De Novo Orbe, Vol. 2, Trans. F. MacNutt (New York: G. P. Putnams Sons, 1912), 102.].       ,   [44 -  , 354.]. ,        ,   ,        , ,           .                     .






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    ,         .        ,  ? (.1.7)[46 - R. Port?res, La monnaie de fer dans lOuest-Africain au XXe si?cle, Recherches Africaines 4 (1960): 313; J. Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 14001800, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 4448.].  ,      XIX     ,      (),     (?).   ,             ,        .          .     ,         .






.1.7.     . ANS 0000.999.75838.      .



        .         [47 -   ( . votivus  )  ,    .             (. .).],        ,     -[48 - -      ,  ,      1950-       (. .).],            -[49 - ., .: N. M. Burstr?m, G. T. Ingvardson, eds., Divina Moneta: Coins in Religion and Ritual (New York: Routledge, 2018).].






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         ,     (.1.8)[50 - C. Houlbrook, The Wishing-Tree of Isle Maree: The Evolution of a Scottish Folkloric Practice, in The Materiality of Magic: An Artifactual Investigation into Ritual Practices and Popular Beliefs, ed. by C. Houlbrook, A. Natalie, pp. 123142 (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2015)].        ,       .        ,     .        ,          . ,          ,        ,       [51 - C. Houlbrook, Small Change: Economics and the Coin-Tree in Britain and Ireland, Post-Medieval Archaeology 49 (2015): 114130.].




  


,     ,     ,            ,    , ,     .       ,       ,            .        ,       .       ,             ,       ?                   .           ,    ,  ,     ,    ?      ,         , ,  Decus et tutamen (  )         Annuit cCptis (  )   ,  -   (.1.9,  )?






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   ,     ,    ,      X [54 -         ;        fibers .].            ,     (cash)[55 -   cash     casse   ,     capsa  (  ,    cassa,     ).    cash                  a ,     ,   . 10 .     cash        (?)   (. ?, . ?);              (. .)].      ,        ,            (.1.10).  ,     XIII ,   ,   [56 -  (12601271)  ,      (12601271)      (12711294),    (. .).]      ,  ,   ,    .     ,      [57 -  ,    , . 96       .].  ,         ,      ,         ,       )[58 -         .: W. Cobbett, Paper Against Gold: Or, The History and Mystery of the Bank of England, of the Debt, of the Stocks, of the Sinking Fund, and of All the Other Tricks and Contrivances, Carried on by the Means of Paper Money (London: Wm. Cobbett, 1828).].  1878  1963   ,       ,     ,   ,  ,           (.1.9,  : one dollar in silver payable to the bearer on demand, ..   ,     )[59 - G. Cuhaj, ed., Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money, 32nd edition (Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 2013), 12.]. ,    .      ,      ,  ,      .

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.1.11.   , , 1988.   / . ANS 1988.144.8.      .




  


              ,           . ,       , ,    ,    ,        . ,  ,    ,     .    ,     . ,         We the People (, )[67 -     ,    ,         (. .).],       ,        .     ,  [68 -    ,       ,   ..   ,          ,           ;          (. .).],       .     Liberty ()       Peace ()  Love ()  Tolerance ()  Respect ().  ,         E pluribus unum.      #MeToo[69 - #MeToo  ,       2017         (. .).],         #MeQuoque.

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.1.12. -  , -, 1979.  .  /    . ANS 1983.156.41.      .



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 ,         ,     ,     [74 - https://treasury.un.org/operationalrates/OperationalRates.php.].        ,      ,   2600  ,    VII   ..     .      (   ),    ,    ,      ,   ,   ,              ,  .         ,    ,            .             .     ,        ,    .         ,   ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    ,      ,  ,       [75 -       .: D. Schaps, The Invention of Coinage and the Monetization of Ancient Greece (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004); R. Seaford, Money and the Early Greek Mind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004); A. Meadows, K. Shipton, eds., Money and its Uses in the Ancient Greek World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001); L. Kurke, Coins, Bodies, Games, and Gold (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999); T. Martin, Sovereignty and Coinage in Classical Greece (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985); S. von Reden, Money in Classical Antiquity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010); A. Bresson, The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016).].

   -,    ,        ,  ,   .    ,    ,                 ,         .                   ,    , , , ,   [76 -    typus   legendus,    ,   . ,      ,  ,  ,      . [ c ,            .  ,                   (. .)].].     ,        ,       .      ,   ,      ,   ,         . ,        ,  ,     (A?E),   (     )   ,      (.1.14).  ,      ,    ,     ,  ,   .           ,    -   ,     .






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  ,      ,     ,  ,  .      ,   ,    :       ,    ,     ,    ,        .    :    ,    ,            , ,   ,          .   -[79 -  - (16321706)    ,      .    ,       ,     . - ,     XIV (16431715),        .      ,          ,         .            .  , ,           ,     .    1702      .     ,    (. .).],      XIV,  1674      [80 - F. Holt, Lost World of the Golden King (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012), 710.]      ,   ,    .    ,      ,      ,       .  XIX   ,   [81 -   (18071842)  , , .    ,    -      .        (. .).],     ,             .   ,     ,   ,  , ,     [82 -     ,      : J. Wolff, Narrative of a Mission to Bukhara, in the Years 18431845 (London: J. W. Parker, 1845), v.].  1841            [83 -   (18051841)  ,     .     ( 1834),          (. .)]            - [84 - Holt, Lost World of the Golden King, 34. [ -         18381842 ,   . C      (. .)].].        ,     ,    ,   ,              [85 -     (18531942)  ,        .                    (. .).],   [86 -   (18511941)    ,   .       ,      (. .).],   [87 -    (19272017)  ,    .    (. .).]   [88 -   (19041978)  ,          ,      (. .)] (   )[89 - M. Drower, Flinders Petrie: A Life in Archaeology (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995); S. Horwitz, The Find of a Lifetime: Sir Arthur Evans and the Discovery of Knossos (New York: Viking Press, 1981); I. Hume, A Passion for the Past (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2010); M. Mallowan, Mallowans Memoirs (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1977).].

,   ,    -  ,      .   ,      ,       ,        .   ,   630   ..     ,      ,   ,   ,     .    -      (  ),           ,     .        175  ,       [90 -    : H. Berlin, The Numismatourist (Irvine, CA: Zyrus Press, 2014).].

        ,        .     ,               -,   [91 - ,    2022 ,   Chainalysis ,       ,      ,     ,    (CEX)      .              - (. .).].     ,         ,          ,      .          ,       .

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1


F.Holt, When Money Talks. A History of Coins and Numismatics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021).




2


       ,       .     .




3


   . : F. Holt, Lost World of the Golden King. In Search of Ancient Afghanistan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012).




4


   ,       ,            XIX     .            ;                , -,         . ,            ; , ,            ,      (, ,      ).




5


          .  : . . ,   ? (     ),  ,    4 (2022): 263273.




6


. . ,       (  XV    XVI. ) (.: , 1983), 67.




7


          , , , ,        , , , .




8


.    1968 : . ,  ,  .  (.: , 1999), 9799;  ,  ,  . . : . . ,  :    , :     (.: -   , 1997), 1021;        : . . ,   , . 1 (.:  - , 2011), 7778, 106.




9


    . : T. Bennett, The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics (London  New York: Routledge, 1995), 6, 8, 24.




10


. ,      ,  .  (.:  : CORPUS, 2019), 1841, 130.




11


J. Clifford, On Collecting Art and Culture, in Clifford J., The Predicament of Culture Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature and Art (Cambridge, MA  London: Harvard University Press, 1988), pp. 215251; S. M. Pearce, On Collecting. An Investigation into Collecting in the European Tradition (London  New York: Routledge, 1995), 150158; . ,  .     ,  . .  (:  , 2016), 167181.




12


. ,  , 177.




13


     (, ,    ) .: R. K. Merton, The Sociology of Science. Theoretical and Empirical Investigations (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1973), 267278.




14


   Johnnys Cash        (19322003)   -,        - (. .).




15


  ,    , . : C. Goldin, F. Lewis, The Economic Cost of the American Civil War: Estimates and Implications, Journal of Economic History 35 (1975): 299326.




16


      25  1862. (HR 240, The Legal Tender Act of February 25, 1862).        ,       1764     .




17


          ; .: D. Richardson, Others: Third Party Politics from the Nations Founding to the Rise and Fall of the Greenback-Labour Party (New York: Universe, 2004).




18


       (7  1870.)        ,  ,           (1  1871.)     .  . : J. Cormack, The Legal Tender Cases: A Drama of American Legal and Financial History, Virginia Law Review 16 (1929): 132148.




19


      XVIII  . : R. Natelson, Paper Money and the Original Understanding of the Coinage Clause, Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 31 (2008): 10171081.




20


,       1792  ,             .          ;     (5 ),  (10 ),  (25 ),  (50 )  ;       (2,5 ), - (5 )     (10 ).




21


            . ANS     , Zeno      Zeno.Ru (. .).




22


.: N. Popper, Digital Gold (New York: HarperCollins, 2015).




23


B. Kelly, The Bitcoin Big Bang: How Alternative Currencies are about to Change the World (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2015); P. Franco, Understanding Bitcoin: Cryptography, Engineering, and Economics (Chichester: Wiley, 2015).




24


      ,     .: S. Asif, The Halal and Haram Aspect of Cryptocurrencies in Islam, Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance 35.2 (2018): 91101.




25


https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-07/quadriga-ceo-s-widow-agrees-to-return-estate-assets.




26


      CoinOut,    Shark Tank (18  2018.).




27


J. K. N. Kuria et al., Profile of Bacteria and Fungi on Money Coins, East African Medical Journal 86 (2009): 151155; . : E. Angelakis et al., Paper Money and Coins as Potential Vectors of Transmissible Disease, Future Microbiology 9 (2014): 249261.




28


https://www.forbes.com/sites/lisettevoytko/2020/01/23/new-york-city-poised-to-ban-cashless-businesses/#265444fe5781.




29


 Diners Club International      .         1950              (. .).




30


M. Simmons, The Day Cash Died, Saturday Evening Post 288 (March/April, 2016): 8285.




31


 ,  ,    ,    ,       (     ,   , ,   ..)     . ,   ,     ,           (., .: . . ,        ,    .  . . . , . .   . (., 2019), 288290) (. .).




32


A. Meadows, J. Williams, Moneta and the Monuments: Coinage and Politics in Republican Rome, Journal of Roman Studies 91 (2001): 2749; P. Tucci, Where High Moneta Leads Her Steps Sublime: The Tabularium and the Temple of Juno Moneta, Journal of Roman Archaeology 18 (2005): 633.




33


    coin  ,          ,   monnaie  .




34


J. Cribb, ed., Money: From Cowrie Shells to Credit Cards (London: British Museum, 1986), 17 (no. 23).




35


A. Keller, Das Notgeld besonderer Art (1959, reprint: Munich: Battenberg, 1977).




36


 2021      (. .).




37


       ,       (. .).




38


J. Cribb, ed., Money: From Cowrie Shells to Credit Cards (London: British Museum, 1986), 189 (no. 794).




39


          26  1963   ظ     .             1961     ,           1958    (. .).




40


., : D. Baker, Stealmint and Juicy Loot: Gum Stolen from the UK Being Used as Currency on Black Market in Romania, Daily Mail February 27, 2012.




41


M. Shell, Wampum and the Origins of American Money (Champaign: University of Illinois, 2013).     shell out cash            .




42


C. McNeil, ed., Chocolate in Mesoamerica: A Cultural History of Cacao (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2009)




43


P. Martire dAnghiera, De Novo Orbe, Vol. 2, Trans. F. MacNutt (New York: G. P. Putnams Sons, 1912), 102.




44


 , 354.




45


,   2.1.11.  ,         . : D. Hollander, Farmers and Agriculture in the Roman Economy (New York: Routledge, 2018).




46


R. Port?res, La monnaie de fer dans lOuest-Africain au XXe si?cle, Recherches Africaines 4 (1960): 313; J. Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 14001800, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 4448.




47


  ( . votivus  )  ,    .             (. .).




48


-      ,  ,      1950-       (. .).




49


., .: N. M. Burstr?m, G. T. Ingvardson, eds., Divina Moneta: Coins in Religion and Ritual (New York: Routledge, 2018).




50


C. Houlbrook, The Wishing-Tree of Isle Maree: The Evolution of a Scottish Folkloric Practice, in The Materiality of Magic: An Artifactual Investigation into Ritual Practices and Popular Beliefs, ed. by C. Houlbrook, A. Natalie, pp. 123142 (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2015)




51


C. Houlbrook, Small Change: Economics and the Coin-Tree in Britain and Ireland, Post-Medieval Archaeology 49 (2015): 114130.




52


A. Mooney, The Language of Money (New York: Routledge, 2018), 77.




53


     : R. J. van der Spek, B. van Leeuwen, eds., Money, Currency and Crisis: In Search of Trust; 2000 BC to AD 2000 (London: Routledge, 2018).




54


        ;        fibers .




55


  cash     casse   ,     capsa  (  ,    cassa,     ).    cash                  a ,     ,   . 10 .     cash        (?)   (. ?, . ?);              (. .)




56


 (12601271)  ,      (12601271)      (12711294),    (. .).




57


 ,    , . 96       .




58


        .: W. Cobbett, Paper Against Gold: Or, The History and Mystery of the Bank of England, of the Debt, of the Stocks, of the Sinking Fund, and of All the Other Tricks and Contrivances, Carried on by the Means of Paper Money (London: Wm. Cobbett, 1828).




59


G. Cuhaj, ed., Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money, 32nd edition (Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 2013), 12.




60


   ,    ,       .            ,  , , ,    (. .).




61


. . ,  ,  1.




62


       ;       19281966        .




63


        .            dime (),   disme   .      dixi?me .  ,    (   )            DIX ; .: B. Bryson, Made in America (New York: Harper Collins, 1994), 6768.




64


      ,  Nemo me impune lacessit (    ;    )  Pleidiol wyf im gwlad (   ;    ).




65


J. Keenan, Kick Andrew Jackson Off the $20 Bill! https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2014/03/andrew-jackson-should-be-kicked-off-the-20-bill-he-ordered-a-genocide.html. .  https://billofrightsinstitute.org/educate/educator-resources/lessons-plans/current-events/down-with-hamilton-and-jackson-why-our-currency-may-be-changing/.




66


https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/27/us/tubman-money-stamp-trnd/index.html.




67


    ,    ,         (. .).




68


   ,       ,   ..   ,          ,           ;          (. .).




69


#MeToo  ,       2017         (. .).




70


   (18201906)            (. .).




71


 (. 17881812)     ,      .  18041806            -      ,       .       ,         (. .).




72


  (18901969),     껠     ,   ( 1944 ),   (19531961) (. .).




73


    1, 5, 10  25  (. .).




74


https://treasury.un.org/operationalrates/OperationalRates.php.




75


      .: D. Schaps, The Invention of Coinage and the Monetization of Ancient Greece (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004); R. Seaford, Money and the Early Greek Mind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004); A. Meadows, K. Shipton, eds., Money and its Uses in the Ancient Greek World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001); L. Kurke, Coins, Bodies, Games, and Gold (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999); T. Martin, Sovereignty and Coinage in Classical Greece (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985); S. von Reden, Money in Classical Antiquity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010); A. Bresson, The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016).




76


   typus   legendus,    ,   . ,      ,  ,  ,      . [ c ,            .  ,                   (. .)].




77


, -       , ,      (2007),     (1986)      (2008).        (1987),              (2010).




78


        .




79


 - (16321706)    ,      .    ,       ,     . - ,     XIV (16431715),        .      ,          ,         .            .  , ,           ,     .    1702      .     ,    (. .).




80


F. Holt, Lost World of the Golden King (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012), 710.




81


  (18071842)  , , .    ,    -      .        (. .).




82


    ,      : J. Wolff, Narrative of a Mission to Bukhara, in the Years 18431845 (London: J. W. Parker, 1845), v.




83


  (18051841)  ,     .     ( 1834),          (. .)




84


Holt, Lost World of the Golden King, 34. [ -         18381842 ,   . C      (. .)].




85


    (18531942)  ,        .                    (. .).




86


  (18511941)    ,   .       ,      (. .).




87


   (19272017)  ,    .    (. .).




88


  (19041978)  ,          ,      (. .)




89


M. Drower, Flinders Petrie: A Life in Archaeology (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995); S. Horwitz, The Find of a Lifetime: Sir Arthur Evans and the Discovery of Knossos (New York: Viking Press, 1981); I. Hume, A Passion for the Past (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2010); M. Mallowan, Mallowans Memoirs (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1977).




90


   : H. Berlin, The Numismatourist (Irvine, CA: Zyrus Press, 2014).




91


,    2022 ,   Chainalysis ,       ,      ,     ,    (CEX)      .              - (. .).




92


      ,     -      .           XIX     (17991804),     (. .)




93


        ,   ,         (. .).




94


Holt, Lost World of the Golden King.




95


-  (Actor-network theory, ANT)     ,   (-, non-humans, .. ,  ,   .)        .        -,      ,     ( ),    ( ).    1980-    ,     . .:  .,  :   - ,  . ;  . .  (.:     , 2014) (. .).


