      .  2
  


   2-  ,    1,5  .            20.000 ,        .     10.000 .  (2 )    ,             .          ,  .       ,    ,        .           ,           ,         ,    (, ) .





 

      .  2





 


   (  )

  ,                            .                .        , , , ,    ,     (),        .     ,   :  ,  ,   ,  ,    .     ,   - .        .           .    -     (),  . -   ,     ( 75.000  ),      ( 10.000 ),                ,            ().    (       ).     :   ,  , , ,   (   10     9   ).            .




  


   "     .   " . .        .     ,    ,     ,     .            .  , , ,     .  ,       ,    ,         .        ,              ,   ,   , ,   ,  1995            . . . ,          " "    ,   -     ,  ,         ().




 


           ,            ,         ,    (, ) .  ,     -.     ,   .  , ,           .         .  (2 )    ,               .                    ,   ,    ,    ,  . -        , ,      .         .           .    2-  ,    1,5  ,   13 .            20.000 ,        . ,      10.000 .                    ,         .



,    ,    .        .     ,          .       .     ,     .     ,   ,     .     ,     .




   


              ( ),        () .         ,      ( ),    B1      -.     :         .   ,   ,           .



        .  .      ,          .             2030     .   (   )       1520,      .



          ,  ,     (     ).



    :

 , "    ( )", ;

 , "   "




     


 ,      .   .  1, 

 , "      .   .  2", 

 , "    ( )", 

 , "   ", 

   ,    

 , "   (25- )     ", Ridero, 

 , "   (25- )     ", Ridero, 

 , "   25-      ", Ridero, 

 , " -       (25- )", Ridero, 

 , "  .  1", 

 , "   .  1",   

 , "   .  2",   

 , "   .  1",   

 , "   .  2",   

 , " ",   

 .  .




   


 , "   "

 ,    (, Ridero,    ..)

 , ":    ()", 

 , "    ( )", 

 , "  : ", 

 , "  ", 

 , " :   ", 

 , " ", 

 , "  ", 

 , " :  ", 

 , ". . :  ", 

 , " ", 

 , " :  ", 

 , " ", 

 , " ", 

 , " :  ", 

 , "   :  ", 

 , ". .  ", 

 , " : -", 

 , " ", 

 , ":  ", 

 , ":  ", 

 , " . ", 

 , " :  ", 

 , " :  ", 

 , "  :  ", 

 , "         ", 

 , "  "

 , ""

 , ":    ", 

 , "   : ", 

 .




 17


  35 :

job [] 

wages [] , 

raise [] , 

labourer []  ()

management [:] ,  ()

unemployment [] 

colleague [:] 

trade-union [ :] 

member [] 

negotiation(s) [()] ,  

employee [:] 

strike [] 

  35    :

member [] 

raise [] , 

unemployment [] 

wages [] , 

job []

management [:] ,  ()

trade-union [ :] 

employee [:] 

labourer []  ()

negotiation(s) [()] ,  

colleague [:] 

strike [] 



I have many colleagues. [   :]    .

There will be negotiations. [33  : ]  .

We are waiting for the management. [: :    :]    ().

He has lost his job. [:    ]   () .

The employees want to talk. [33 :   :]   .

Have you got a raise? [ :   ]   ?

Many members have already left. [   : ]    .

What will happen to the labourers? [     ]    ?

There will be a strike. [33  : ]  .

We shall talk about our wages. [:  :   ]      .

He will write to his trade-union. [:      :]     .

Unemployment has become worse. [   :]   (: ).



   ? Is there news about the strike? [?z ?e? nju:z ?'ba?t ?? stra?k?]

 . The negotiations have stopped. [?? n??g????'e???nz h?v st?pt]

   ? What kind of job have you got? [w?t ka?nd ?v ??b h?v ju: g?t?]

   . We have fewer members. [wi: h?v 'fju:? 'm?mb?z]

    . They get a raise every year. [?e? g?t ? re?z '?vri j??]

   . My colleagues help me. [ma? 'k?li:gz h?lp mi:]

 ? Is there much unemployment? ?z ?e? m?? ??n?m'pl??m?nt?

    (c:   ). Our wages are good. ['a?? 'we???z ?: g?d]

   . The management will meet tonight. [?? 'm?n??m?nt w?l mi:t t?'na?t]

  . The labourers are meeting now. [?? 'le?b?r?z ?: 'mi:t?n na?.]

   . The employees have worried for a long time. [?i ??mpl??'i:z h?v 'w?rid f?:r ? l?n ta?m]

  . The trade-unions do a lot of work. [?? 'tre?d'ju:nj?nz du: ?l?t ?v w?:k]



 job []

 colleagues [:]

 employee [:]

 wages []

 management [:]

 member []

 labourer []

 unemployment []

 trade-union [ :]

 wages []

 negotiation(s) [()]

 strike []

 management [:]

,  raise []



    :  (), ,   ,     () (),  ,    ,     ( ) ().

: The boy opened the window. [?? b?? '??p?nd ?? 'w?nd??]

()  ()

     

  .

     ,       () ,       "".       () .          (),    "",  ""  ,   . :

The window was opened by the boy. [?? 'w?nd?? w?z '??p?nd ba? ?? b??]

()  ()

   .

   ,  ,   ()   :  to be +     .

       ,   .

      :

 

The door is opened. [?? d?:r ?z '??p?nd]  .

We are visited. [wi: ?: 'v?z?t?d]  .

The letter is written. [?? 'l?t?r ?z 'r?tn]  .

The book is returned. [?? b?k ?z r?'t?:nd]  

The newspaper is read. [?? 'nju:z?pe?p?r ?z red]  .

 

The bread was eaten. [?? br?d w?z 'i:tn]   .

The money was paid. [?? 'm?ni w?z pe?d]   .

The car was shown. [?? k?: w?z ???n]   .

The songs were sung. [?? s?nz w?: s?n]   .

The chairs were made [?? ?e?z w?: me?d]   .



   ,          to be ()     .       ,    .       : The book has been returned. [?? b?k h?z bi:n r?'t?:nd]   .

  ( )        , :

 opened the door. [hi: '??p?nd ?? d?:]   .

The door was opened by him. [?? d?: w?z '??p?nd ba? h?m]    .



          (  ).      :

to negotiate [ , n?'g????e?t] negotiated negotiated [] []  

to raise [ ] raised raised [] [] , 

to fire [ ] fired fired [] [] 

to apply for [  ]  applied applied [] []

to earn [ :] ,  earned earned [:] [:]

to reduce [ ] ,  reduced reduced [] []



,           .            ,  ..

We negotiated for five hours. [:    ]     .

Our wages were raised. [  : ]    .

Two employees were fired. [: : : ]     .

I have applied for that job. [     ]     .

Do they earn less? [:  : ]   ?

Unemployment was reduced last year. [    ]   (:  )   .

They have negotiated all afternoon. [   : ::]       .

Wages have been raised. [  : ]   .

I have been fired. [  : ]   ( ).

Two men applied for a job. [:     ]     .

I have always earned enough. [  : : ]    .

They have reduced (cut) our wages. [   ()  ]   ()  .

The trade-union negotiated for us. [  :   ]     .

What job have you applied for? [   :  ]     ?

All labourers have been fired. [:   : ]   .



   .   ()   to be:

     . The money was earned in one day. [?? 'm?ni w?z ?:nd ?n w?n de?]

  . The car was driven by her. [?? k?: w?z 'dr?vn ba? h?:]

   ? How many bicycles were sold [ha? 'm?ni 'ba?s?klz w?: s??ld]

   . The book was given to me. [?? b?k w?z 'g?vn tu: mi:]

 . The kitchen is cleaned. [?? 'k???n ?z kli:nd]

      . They were fired last week. [?e? w?: 'fa??d l?:st wi:k]

      . These jobs were not applied for. [?i:z ??bz w?: n?t ?'pla?d f?:]

  . The letter has been sent. [?? 'l?t? h?z bi:n s?nt]

()   . This room is used by us. [??s ru:m ?z ju:zd ba? ?s]

()   . These clothes are worn by everybody. [?i:z kl???z ?: w?:n ba? '?vr?b?di]

()      . The hotel was opened last month. [?? h??'t?l w?z '??p?nd l?:st m?n?]

   . He was seen by us. [hi: w?z si:n ba? ?s]

   . Our wages have been raised. ['a?? 'we???z h?v bi:n re?zd]

  . Few suits are sold. [fju: sju:ts ?: s??ld]

   . The work is done in a hurry. [?? w?:k ?z d?n ?n ? 'h?ri]

   . The water has been drunk by the animals. [?? 'w?:t? h?z bi:n dr?nk ba? ?i '?n?m?lz]

    . The money has been paid too late. [?? 'm?ni h?z bi:n pe?d tu: le?t]

   . The children are brought by car. [?? '??ldr?n ?: br?:t ba? k?:]

   (:    ) We were thanked by the management. [wi: w?: ??nkt ba? ?? 'm?n??m?nt]

    (:  ). It was understood by everybody. [?t w?z ??nd?'st?d ba? '?vr?b?di]

  . It has been forgotten. [?t h?z bi:n f?'g?tn]

   . The music was heard by them. [?? 'mju:z?k w?z h?:d ba? ??m]

   ? Have you been fired? [h?v ju: bi:n 'fa??d?]

   . The coat was put on by her. [?? k??t w?z p?t ?n ba? h?:]

  . The coffee is poured out by us. [?? 'k?fi ?z p?:d a?t ba? ?s]

   . The door was shut by me. [?? d?: w?z ??t ba? mi:]

     ,   wages ['we???]                . ,       ,     ,     .    :

contents [] 

oats [] 

savings [] 

proceeds [:]  (   )

riches []  (   )

thanks []  (   )

surroundings []  (   )



 . The contents are expensive. [?? 'k?nt?nts ?:r ?ks'p?ns?v]

   (:   ) Oats are eaten by horses. [??ts ?:r 'i:tn ba? 'h?:s?z]

    ? What are the proceeds from this shop? [w?t ?: ?? 'pr??si:dz fr?m ??s ??p?]

     . His riches are known to all of us. [h?z 'r???z ?: n??n tu: ?:l ?v ?s]

   (:     ). I gave them my thanks. [a? ge?v ??m ma? ??nks]

  . These are nice surroundings. [?i:z ?: na?s s?'ra?nd?nz]

   . His savings have been used. [h?z 'se?v?nz h?v bi:n ju:zd]



    some  any.   some []  -, -, -, -, ,       :

There are some tools in the shed. [?e?r ?: s?m tu:lz ?n ?? ??d]    - .

        any []  -, :

Are there any tools in the shed? [?: ?e?r '?ni tu:lz ?n ?? ??d?]    -

?

There are not any tools in the shed. [?e?r ?: n?t '?ni tu:lz ?n ?? ??d]     .

 ,  not any          no []  :

There are no tools in the shed. [?e?r ?: n?? tu:lz ?n ?? ??d]     .



      ". ".   35 :

trolley []   

customer [] , 

shop-assistant [ ] 

receipt [:] 

shopping-list [ ]  

cash-desk [ ] 

shop-window [ ] 

exit [] 

bargain [:] ,  , 

discount [] 

sales [] 

shopping-bag [ ]   

  35    :

shopping-list [ ]  

shop-window [ ] 

sales [] 

exit [] 

bargin [:] ,  , 

shopping-bag [ ]   

discount [] 

receipt [:] 

customer [] , 

shop-assistant [ ] 

cash-desk [ ] 

trolley []   



We pay at the cash-desk. [:     ]    .

How much discount do I get? [   :  ]    ? (:    ?)

Ive lost my shopping-list. [    ]     .

There are many customers. [33 :  ] ()  .

When do the sales begin? [ :   ]   ?

My shopping-bag is full. [    ]     .

We look at the shop-windows. [:     ]    .

Have you taken a trolley yet? [ :    ]    ?

Shes looking for bargains. [:   :]    .

How many shop-assistants are there? [    : ]   ?

We cannot find the exit. [:    ]     .

Have you got a receipt? [ :   :]   ?



 ? Are there enough cash-desks? [?: ?e?r ?'n?f k??-d?sks?]

  . I like sales. [a? la?k se?lz]

   . My trolley is already full. [ma? 'tr?li ?z ?:l'r?di f?l]

      . I have only one shopping-bag. [a? h?v '??nli w?n '??p?n-b?g]

  . There are four exits there. [?e?r ?: f?:r '?ks?ts ?e?]

  . This is a nice shop-assistant. [??s ?z ? na?s '??p??s?st?nt]

   . Many customers are already leaving. ['m?ni 'k?st?m?z ?:r ?:l'r?di 'li:v?n]

   . He has lost his receipt. [hi: h?z l?st h?z r?'si:t]

   ? Have you made a shopping-list? [h?v ju: me?d ? '??p?n-l?st?]

   . There is a nice radio in the shop-window. [?e?r ?z ? na?s 're?d??? ?n ?? ??p-'w?nd??]

   . We give large discounts. [wi: g?v l?:? 'd?ska?nts]



 ,  bargain [:]

   shopping-bag [ ]

 shop-window [ ]

 shop-assistant [ ]

 exit []

  shopping-list [ ]

 discount []

   trolley []

 sales []

,  customer []

 receipt [:]

 cash-desk [ ]



  ,           .            , :

My new suit [ma? nju: sju:t]   

My suit is new [ma? sju:t ?z nju:]   

These new suits [?i:z nju: sju:ts]   

These suits are new [?i:z sju:ts ?: nju:]   

Two new skirts [tu: nju: sk?:ts]    

Those two skirts are new [???z tu: sk?:ts ?: nju:]   

        :

new  newer  the newest [nju: 'nju:?  ?? 'nju:?st]

    

       .

  .   35 :

same []  ,  

important [:] 

satisfied [] 

hardly [:] , 

true [:] 

even [:] 

how much [ ] ,  

How much is? [  ]  ?

cash [] 

unskilled [] 

hardly any [: ]  

hardly ever [: ]   -, 

useful [:] , 



   35 :

true [:] 

unskilled [] 

hardly ever [: ]   - , 

same []  , 

cash [] 

useful [:] , 

important [:] 

hardly any [: ]  

satisfied [] 

even [:] 

hardly [:] , 

how much [ ] 



[  ]  ? How much is?

[33    :]    . This is the same car.

[    ]    ? How much is this clock?

[  : :   ]    ? How much do you want to pay?

[   ]   ? Is that customer satisfied?

[  :    ]       . I was hardly ever in this shop.

[   :]   ? Is that story true?

[: :  : ]     . He always buys useful things.

[33   ]  . That is not important.

[33  :  ]     . There is hardly any salt.

[33   :]   . This is even cheaper.

[:    ]    . You have to pay cash.



Are shop-assistants unskilled? [a:   ]  ?

I have hardly enough money. [  :  ]     .



   ? Are you satisfied with your job? [?: ju: 's?t?sfa?d w?? j?: ??b?]

 ,   . Everybody says it is true. ['?vr?b?di sez ?t ?z tru:]

    . We earn the same wages. [wi: ?:n ?? se?m 'we???z]

   ? How much is this bicycle? [ha? m?? ?z ??s 'ba?s?kl?]

     . He was even fired. [hi: w?z 'i:v?n 'fa??d]

  . They are unskilled labourers. [?e? ?:r ?n'sk?ld 'le?b?r?z]

   . We always pay cash [wi: '?:lwe?z pe? k??]

  . It is important to negotiate. [?t ?z ?m'p?:t?nt tu: n?'g????e?t]

  . She hardly spoke. [?i: 'h?:dli sp??k]

      . I hardly ever go to matches. [a? 'h?:dli '?v? g?? tu: 'm???z]

  ? Is a calendar a useful thing? [?z ? 'k?l?nd?r ? 'ju:sf?l ??n?]

     - . They have hardly any books. [?e? h?v 'h?:dli '?ni b?ks]



  35 :

  hardly any [: ]

,  useful [:]

 important [:]

,  hardly [:]

 unskilled []

 , -,  hardly ever [: ]

 ,   same []

 satisfied []

 ? How much is? [  ]

 how much [ ]

 true [:]

 even [:]

 cash []



  ,  ,   ,    ;   : ? ? ? ? ? ? ?;          .

He walks quickly.    ( ? ) [hi: w?:ks 'kw?kli]

     ,    ,    :

She is a very good teacher.     (   ? ) [?i: ?z ? 'v?ri g?d 'ti:??]

He speaks English quite well.   -   ( ? ). [hi: spi:ks '?ngl?? kwa?t w?l]



 ,      -l  ,   , :

 beautiful ['bju:t?f?l] ()

 loving ['l?v?n] ()

 week [wi:k] ()

 beautifully ['bju:t?f?li]

  lovingly ['l?v?nli]

 weekly ['wi:kli]



    :

 drives badly. [:  ]    .

She did it nicely. [:   ]    .

I can do it easily. [  :  :]     .

It happens daily. [  ]   .

 fully understands me. [:   :]    .

I shall do it gladly. [  :  ]      (: ).

She sang beautifully. [:  :]   .

The sky was strangely dark. [33    :]    .

This woman is widely known. [33    ]    .

They are truly great. [33 a: : ]   .



        :

to serve [ :] ,  served served [:] [:]

to wrap (up) [ ]  wrapped wrapped [] []

to deliver [ ]  delivered delivered [] []

to stock [ ]    (  ) stocked stocked [] []

to start [ :] ,  started started [:] [:]

to support [ :]  supported supported [:] [:]



Did he serve you badly? [ : : : ]    ?

I have wrapped it up. [    ]   .

It will be delivered. [  : ]   .

We have never stocked it. [:    ]        .

The sales started yesterday. [33  : ]   .

They supported him gladly. [33 :  ]    .



  somebody []  -,  ,    , :

Somebody will buy it. ['s?mb?di w?l ba? ?t] -  .

           anybody [], :

Will anybody buy it? [w?l '?n??b?di ba? ?t?]  - ?

There isnt anybody who will buy it. [?e?r '?znt '?n??b?di hu: w?l ba? ?t]  ,   .

 ,  not anybody  .        nobody [], :

There is nobody who will buy it. [?e?r ?z 'n??b?di hu: w?l ba? ?t]  ,   .



             something.

  something []  -, - , , -    , :

There is something I want to tell you. [?e?r ?z 's?m??n a? w?nt tu: t?l ju:]  -,     .

       anything [], :

Is there anything I can do for you? [?z ?e?r '?n???n a? k?n du: f?: ju:?]  -,      ?

There isnt anything you can do. [?e?r '?znt '?n???n ju: k?n du:]  ,    .

 ,  not anything  .     nothing [], :

There is nothing you can do. [?e?r ?z 'n???n ju: k?n du:]  ,    .



       :

)  ,   -ll,   -, :

full [f?l]   fully ['f?li]  , 

)  -l,    ,   -l, :

simple ['s?mpl]   simply ['s?mpli]  

)  -  , :

true [tru:]   truly ['tru:li]  

)   ,   -,     -i   -l, :

day [de?]   daily ['de?li]  

)          ,   -, :

easy ['i:zi]   easily ['i:z?li]  



  . The surroundings were beautiful. [?? s?'ra?nd?nz w?: 'bju:t?f?l]

  . The contents were eaten. [?? 'k?nt?nts w?:r 'i:tn]

  - ? Were there any colleagues? [w?: ?e?r '?ni 'k?li:gz?]

   . Five labourers were fired. [fa?v 'le?b?r?z w?: 'fa??d]

 - ? Have you seen anything? [h?v ju: si:n '?n???n?]

  . The cheap bargains are wrapped. [?? ?i:p 'b?:g?nz ?: r?pt]

   . The money was earned easily. [?? 'm?ni w?z ?:nd 'i:z?li]

   . There are hardly any strikes. [?e?r ?: 'h?:dli '?ni stra?ks]

    . These things are delivered daily. [?i:z ??nz ?: d?'l?v?d 'de?li]

    . It can be done simply. [?t k?n bi: d?n 's?mpli]

   . You havent bought anything. (You have bought nothing). [ju: h?vnt b?:t '?n???n. (ju: h?v b?:t 'n???n)]

    . A trolley is very useful. [? 'tr?li ?z 'v?ri 'ju:sf?l]

   . The work was done badly. [?? w?:k w?z d?n 'b?dli]

  ? Was the job applied for? [w?z ?? ??b ?'pla?d f?:?]

 . The customers are served. [?? 'k?st?m?z ?: s?:vd]

    (:   -). I hardly ever pay cash. [a? 'h?:dli '?v? pe? k??]

   . It has been beautifully wrapped up. [?t h?z bi:n 'bju:t?f?li r?pt ?p]

   . We were supported by the trade-unions. [wi: w?: s?'p?:t?d ba? ?? 'tre?d'ju:nj?nz]

    . They did it gladly. [?e? d?d ?t 'gl?dli]



  :

wrap  cash  cat  hat [r?p  k??  k?t  h?t]

trolley  stock  job  clock  shop ['tr?li  st?k  ??b  kl?k  ??p]

true  blue  do  too  shoe [tru: blu: du: tu: ?u:]

day  sales  pay  wages  say [de?  se?lz  pe?  'we???z  se?]



   17

17.1.   :  to be +     .   to be   , ,     ,    .   (   )        .

I give the book. [a? g?v ?? b?k]   .

The book is given to me. [?? b?k ?z 'g?vn tu: mi:]   .

17.2. ,    ,      to be   , :

The surroundings are beautiful. [?? s?'ra?nd?nz ?: 'bju:t?f?l]  .

Oats are cheap. [??ts ?: ?i:p]  .

Our wages are rising. ['a?? 'we???z ?: 'ra?z?n]   .

17.3.   some    .         any. Not any     no.

17.4.        .

17.5.      ,     ? ? ? ? ? ? ?;    , , , ;     -l  , , .

We can do it easily. [wi: k?n du: ?t 'i:z?li]     .

She sings beautifully. [?i: s?nz 'bju:t?f?li]   .

They were coming daily. [?e? w?: 'k?m?n 'de?li]   .

17.6.   somebody ['s?mb?di]    ; anybody ['?n??b?di]     ; not anybody [n?t '?n??b?di]      nobody ['n??b?di].

17.7.   something ['s?m??n]    ; anything ['?n???n]     ; not anything [n?t '?n???n]      nothing ['n???n].

17.8.             :

full  fully [f?l  'f?li]

true  truly [tru: 'tru:li]

simple  simply ['s?mpl  's?mpli]

easy  easily ['i:zi  'i:z?li]

day  daily [de?  'de?li]

17.9.          .  :

to negotiate [tu: n?'g????e?t]    negotiated negotiated [n?'g????e?t?d n?'g????e?t?d]

to raise [tu: re?z]   raised raised [re?zd re?zd]

to fire [tu: 'fa??]     fired fired ['fa??d 'fa??d]

to apply (for) [tu: ?'pla? (f?:)]   applied applied [?'pla?d ?'pla?d]

to reduce [tu: r?'dju:s]   reduced reduced [r?'dju:st r?'dju:st]

to serve [tu: s?:v]   served served [s?:vd s?:vd]

to wrap [tu: r?p]   wrapped wrapped [r?pt r?pt]



   17

We fully support him. [wi: 'f?li s?'p?:t h?m]    .

The work is done easily. [?? w?:k ?z d?n 'i:z?li]   .

There isnt anything to deliver. [?e?r '?znt '?n???n tu: d?'l?v?]   .

The books were wrapped. [?? b?ks w?: r?pt]   .

A large discount was given. [? l?:? 'd?ska?nt w?z 'g?vn]    .

Are all customers served nicely? [?:r ?:l 'k?st?m?z s?:vd 'na?sli?]     ?



   . We will be happy to help you. [wi: w?l bi: 'h?pi tu: h?lp ju:]

  . Information is submitted weekly. [??nf?'me???n ?z s?b'm?t?d 'wi:kli]

        . There are hardly shopping carts in this store. [?e?r ?: 'h?:dli '??p?n k?:ts ?n ??s st?:]

      . We are applying for the same job. [wi: ?:r ?'pla??n f?: ?? se?m ??b]

   . The day was surprisingly sunny. [?? de? w?z s?'pra?z?nli 's?ni]

   . She was expensively dressed. [?i: w?z ?ks'p?ns?vli dr?st]




 18


  35 :

towel [] 

bucket [] 

fridge [] 

mop [] 

sink [] 

tile [] 

gas-cooker []  

tap [] 

cupboard [, 'k?b?d] ,   

rubbish-bin [ ]   

saucepan [:] 

oven [] 

wire [] , 



   35 :

tap [] 

oven [] 

fridge [] 

tile [] 

gas-cooker []  

saucepan [:] 

sink [] 

bucket [] 

cupboard [] ,   

towel [] 

rubbish-bin [ ]   

mop [] 

wire [] , 



Are these towels clean? [a: 33:  :]   ?

We keep meat in the fridge. [:  :   ]   ()   .

All the cupboards are full. [:   : ]   .

Im looking for the saucepan. [    :]   .

Where have you left the mop? [  :   ]    ?

Put those cups into the sink. [      ]    .

Do they stock gas-cookers? [:    ]       ?

Put them in the oven. [    ]    .

Bring me a bucket, please. [ :  :] ,   !

Water comes out of the tap. [     ]    .

Is the rubbish-bin empty? [    ]    ?

We want tiles on the walls. [:     :]     .

I need a wire to switch on a radio. [        ]   ,   .



   . We clean the floor with a m [wi: kli:n ?? fl?: w?? ? m].

    . The rubbish-bin was wrapped up. [?? 'r?b??-b?n w?z r?pt ?p]

   . They have two taps. [?e? h?v tu: t?ps]

   - ? Is there anything in that bucket? [?z ?e?r '?n???n ?n ??t 'b?k?t?]

  . A fridge is very useful. [? fr?? ?z 'v?ri 'ju:sf?l]

  . The gas-cooker is heavy. [?? g?s-'k?k?r ?z 'h?vi]

  . The plates are in the sink. [?? ple?ts ?:r ?n ?? s?nk]

   . I like brown tiles. [a? la?k bra?n ta?lz]

  . The saucepan is not large enough. [?? 's?:sp?n ?z n?t l?:? ?'n?f]

     ? Have you looked in the cupboards? [h?v ju: l?kt ?n ?? 'k?b?dz?]

   . Give me some towels. [g?v mi: s?m 'ta??lz]

    . The baker puts the bread into the oven. [?? 'be?k? p?ts ?? br?d '?ntu: ?i '?vn]



  35 :

   rubbish-bin [ ]

 oven []

 towel []

 mop []

 cupboard []

  gas-cooker [ ]

 saucepan [:]

 tap [:]

 sink []

 tile []

 bucket []

 fridge []

,  wire []



         ,       . :

a monthly visit [? 'm?n?li 'v?z?t]  

She visits me monthly. [?i: 'v?z?ts mi: 'm?n?li]      (: )

a late bus [? le?t b?s]  

She came late. [?i: ke?m le?t]   .

a wide street [? wa?d stri:t]  

The door was wide open. [?? d?: w?z wa?d '??p?n]    .

the early afternoon [?i '?:li '?:ft?'nu:n]   

She left early. [?i: l?ft '?:li]   .

a hard job [? h?:d ??b]  

We work hard. [wi: w?:k h?:d]   .

 cheap [?i:p]  wide [wa?d]       -ly: cheaply ['?i:pli]  widely ['wa?dli].



  35 :

insulated [] 

to let [ ]  

for sale [ ]  

usually [:] 

out of order [  :] 

greasy [:]  ()



Is this wire insulated? [   ]   ?

My sisters house is for sale. [     ]      .

The fridge is out of order. [     :]  .

The greasy plates are cleaned. [ :  : :]    (: ).

There are few rooms to let. [ : : :  ]    .

He usually leaves early. [: : : :]    .



     . There are hardly any houses for sale. [?e?r ?: 'h?:dli '?ni 'ha?z?z f?: se?l]

  . Their toaster is out of order. [?e? 't??st?r ?z a?t ?v '?:d?]

  . The oven is very greasy. [?i '?vn ?z 'v?ri 'gri:zi]

  -  ? Are there any houses to let? [?: ?e?r '?ni 'ha?z?z tu: l?t?]

  . It is usually delivered. [?t ?z 'ju:???li d?'l?v?d]

  . Insulated wires are more expensive. ['?nsj?le?t?d 'wa??z ?: m?:r ?ks'p?ns?v]



  35 :

  to let [ ]

 insulated []

 gresy [:]

 usually [:]

 out of order [  :]

  for sale [ ]



  somewhere [] -     , :

I have left it somewhere. [a? h?v l?ft ?t 's?mwe?]   - .

       anywhere []  -, -, , :

Have you seen it anywhere? [h?v ju: si:n ?t '?n?we??]  -  ?

I cant find it anywhere. [a? k?:nt fa?nd ?t '?n?we?]      .

      , not anywhere  , ,     nowhere, :

I can find it nowhere. [a? k?n fa?nd ?t 'n??we?]      .



      .   35 :

to mop [ ]  mopped [] mopped []

to iron [ ,  ]  ironed [, ] ironed [, ]

to dust [ ]   dusted [] dusted []

to peel [ :] () (, ) peeled [:] peeled [:]

to empty [ ] ,   emptied [] emptied []

to turn off [ : ] ,  () turned [: ] turned [: ]

to turn on [ : ] ,  () turned [: ] turned [: ]



They mopped the kitchen floor. [    :]     .

Have you ironed the shirts? [ :   :]   ?

We dusted the chairs. [:   ]     .

He has peeled potatoes. [:  : ]   .

She emptied the ashtrays. [:   ]    (    ,   ).

I have turned off the radio. [  :   ]   .

He has turned on the television. [:  :   ]   .

Have you mopped it? [ :  ]   ?

We ironed fewer shirts. [:  : :]    .

Have you dusted everything? [ :  ]     ?

He has emptied the rubbish-bin. [:     ]     .

Turn it off, please. [:   :]  , .



   . The floor was mopped badly. [?? fl?: w?z m?pt 'b?dli]

  ? Who is peeling the potatoes? [hu: ?z 'pi:l?n ?? p?'te?t??z?]

     . She has dusted the bookcase. [?i: h?z 'd?st?d ?? 'b?kke?s]

 ? Have the shirts been ironed? [h?v ?? ??:ts bi:n 'a??nd?]

    . The rubbish-bin is emptied daily. [?? 'r?b??-b?n ?z '?mptid 'de?li]

  . Ill turn it on. [a?l t?:n ?t ?n]

    . They were dusting everything. [?e? w?: 'd?st?n '?vr???n]

   . The bucket was not emptied. [?? 'b?k?t w?z n?t '?mptid]



  35 :

 to turn off  turned off  turned off [tu: t?:n ?f  t?:nd ?f  t?:nd ?f]

 to mop mopped mopped [tu: m?p m?pt m?pt]

 to iron  ironed  ironed [tu: 'a??n  'a??nd  'a??nd]

,  to peel  peeled  peeled [tu: pi:l  pi:ld  pi:ld]

 to turn on  turned on  turned on [tu: t?:n  ?n t?:nd ?n  t?:nd ?n]

 to empty  emptied  emptied [tu: '?mpti  '?mptid  '?mptid]

   to dust  dusted  dusted [tu: d?st  'd?st?d  'd?st?d]



  ( ,    ?)    ,    ,     .

)  ,    early ['?:li]   often ['?f?n]        -r,        -est.

      the   (     ):

fast faster fastest [f?:st 'f?:st? 'f?:st?st]       ()



  . She left earlier. [?i: l?ft '?:l??]

   . We have waited longest. [wi: h?v 'we?t?d 'l?ng?st]

   . It happened oftener then. [?t 'h?p?nd '?f(?)n? ??n]

   . You work hardest. [ju: w?:k 'h?:d?st]

  . He came later. [hi: ke?m 'le?t?]

   . They opened the door wider. [?e? '??p?nd ?? d?: 'wa?d?]

    . I have bought it cheapest. [a? h?v b?:t ?t '?i:p?st]

  ,   . She sang higher than her sister. [?i: s?n 'ha?? ??n h?: 's?st?]

  . They walked faster. [?e? w?:kt 'f?:st?]



)          more clearly [m?: 'kl??li],       most clearly [m??st 'kl??li], :

  ,      () clearly  more clearly  most clearly ['kl??li  m?: 'kl??li  m??st 'kl??li]



You can do it more easily. [ju: k?n du: ?t m?:r 'i:z?li]     .

She sang more beautifully. [?i: s?n m?: 'bju:t?f?li]   .



 ,     ,      .   35 :

well better best [w?l 'b?t? b?st]    

badly worse worst ['b?dli w?:s w?:st]    

much more most [m?? m?: m??st]    

little less least ['l?tl l?s li:st]    

far farther farthest [f?: 'f?:?? 'f?:??st]    



  - well:

    . He does his job well. [hi: d?z h?z ??b w?l]

  . You sing well. [ju: s?n w?l]

   . I know them well. [a? n?? ??m w?l]



         .

   . The shirts were ironed well. [?? ??:ts w?:r 'a??nd w?l]

    ? Can he do it better? [k?n hi: du: ?t 'b?t??]

     . They did their homework worst. [?e? d?d ?e? 'h??m?w?:k w?:st]

    ? Can you open the door wider? [k?n ju: '??p?n ?? d?: 'wa?d??]

   . They walked fastest. [?e? w?:kt 'f?:st?st]

   . We came oftenest. [wi: ke?m '?f(?)n?st]

   ? Who left earliest? [hu: l?ft '?:l??st?]

   . They sang best. [?e? s?n b?st]

     . He can peel potatoes fastest. [hi: k?n pi:l p?'te?t??z 'f?:st?st]

     . That window was open widest. [??t 'w?nd?? w?z '??p?n 'wa?d?st]

    . She understands him best. [?i: ??nd?'st?ndz h?m b?st]

    . We cannot wait longer. [wi: 'k?n?t we?t 'l?ng?]

  ? Have you worked harder? [h?v ju: w?:kt 'h?:d??]

   . He has wrapped it up worse. [hi: h?z r?pt ?t ?p w?:s]

     . She usually walks to the office. [?i: 'ju:???li w?:ks tu: ?i '?f?s]

    . I got a badly-written letter. [a? g?t ? 'b?dli-'r?tn 'l?t?]

  . She writes beautifully. [?i: ra?ts 'bju:t?f?li]

    . I shall gladly do this job. [a? ??l 'gl?dli du: ??s ??b]



 17          ,           , :

He opened the door. [hi: '??p?nd ?? d?:]

The door was opened by him. [?? d?: w?z '??p?nd ba? h?m]

       ,  , :

He gave the English book to John. [hi: ge?v ?i '?ngl?? b?k tu: ??n]

 = -1 -2

-2      (. .     ,    ),  -1   (. . ) .         :

John was given the English book. [??n w?z 'g?vn ?i '?ngl?? h?k]

The English book was given to John. [?i '?ngl?? b?k w?z 'g?vn tu: ??n]

   (1)  (2)   .   (1)     the English book,    (2)  to John.       .      ,   (1)  (2)      -:

   .

   .



     ,     .   35 :

to offer [ ] , ,  offered [] offered []

to permit  permitted permitted [ :] [:] [:]

to promise  promised promised [ ] [] []

to refuse [ :] ,  refused [:] refused [:]

to allow [ ay]  allowed [] allowed []

    ,  ,    ,       (   ? ?), : ask him, to give a book, to leave the town [?:sk h?m, tu: g?v ? b?k, tu: li:v ?? ta?n]  ..

                 :    ,       ,     ,      .      :

 

     . My brother gave me a new dictionary. [ma? 'br??? ge?v mi: ?nju: 'd?k?(?)n(?)ri]

 

1)    . I was given a new dictionary. [a? w?z 'g?vn ? nju: 'd?k?(?)n(?)ri]

2)    . A new dictionary was given to me. [? nju: 'd?k?(?)n(?)ri w?z 'g?vn tu: mi:]

      ,      :

    . They gave him some apples. [?e? ge?v h?m s?m '?plz]

   . He was given some apples. [hi: w?z 'g?vn s?m '?plz]

    . His parents have permitted him to go. [h?z 'pe?r?nts h?v p?'m?t?d h?m tu: g??]

  . He has been permitted to go. [hi: h?z bi:n p?'m?t?d tu: g??]

     . The management has promised them good wages. [?? 'm?n??m?nt h?z 'pr?m?st ??m g?d 'we???z]

     . They have been promised good wages. [?e? h?v bi:n 'pr?m?st g?d 'we???z]

Ÿ      (:   )  . Her mother refused her the money for the earrings. [h?: 'm??? ?ri:'fju:zd h?: ?? 'm?ni f?: ?i '???r?nz]

      . She was refused the money for the earrings. [?i: w?z ?ri:'fju:zd ?? 'm?ni f?: ?i '???r?nz]

     . They have allowed us a long break. [?e? h?v ?'la?d ?s ? l?n bre?k]

    . We have been allowed a long break. [wi: h?v bi:n ?'la?d ? l?n bre?k]



        18 :

    (: ). This wire is more fully insulated. [??s 'wa??r ?z m?: 'f?li '?nsj?le?t?d]

     . She was shown a faster car. [?i: w?z ???n ? 'f?:st? k?:]

      . You have to empty the rubbish-bins earlier. [ju: h?v tu: '?mpti ?? 'r?b??-b?nz '?:l??]

     . We were paid higher wages. [wi: w?: pe?d 'ha?? 'we???z]

     . I cant find the bucket anywhere. [a? k?:nt fa?nd ?? 'b?k?t '?n?we?] I can find the bucket nowhere. [a? k?n fa?nd ?? 'b?k?t 'n??we?]

   ()  . He was allowed more breaks. [hi: w?z ?'la?d m?: bre?ks]

   . The fridge was sold cheap. [?? fr?? w?z s??ld ?i:p]

   . They worked even harder. [?e? w?:kt 'i:v?n 'h?:d?]

    . She was offered a large discount. [?i: w?z '?f?d ? l?:? 'd?ska?nt]

 -  ? Have you seen the towel anywhere? [h?v ju: si:n ?? 'ta??l '?n?we??]

  . We worked longer. [wi: w?:kt 'l?ng?]

   . The floor has to be mopped oftener. [?? fl?: h?z tu: bi: m?pt '?f(?)n?]

   () . You have been told the news. [ju: h?v bi:n t??ld ?? nju:z]

     . I can peel the potatoes better than you. [a? k?n pi:l ?? p?'te?t??z 'b?t? ??n ju:]

     . He usually drives best. [hi: 'ju:???li dra?vz b?st]

    . Clean this greasy gas-cooker. [kli:n ??s 'gri:zi g?s-'k?k?]

 ? Has the fridge been turned on? [h?z ?? fr?? bi:n t?:nd ?n?]

 . The radio is out of order. [?? 're?d??? ?z a?t ?v '?:d?]

   . We were promised a raise. [wi: w?: 'pr?m?st ? re?z]

    . I was asked not to leave yet. [a? w?z ?:skt n?t tu: li:v j?t]

   ? Can he sing higher? [k?n hi: s?n 'ha???]

  . The letters are sent monthly. [?? 'l?t?z ?: s?nt 'm?n?li]

  . The windows are wide open. [?? 'w?nd??z ?: wa?d '??p?n]



    .  .

Peel seen leave green [pi:l si:n li:v gri:n]

dust bucket but sun begun [d?st 'b?k?t b?t s?n b?'g?n]

iron tiles wide drive smile ['a??n ta?lz wa?d dra?v sma?l]

sale make late date pay [se?l me?k le?t de?t pe?]



Houses are usually to let. ['ha?z?z ?: 'ju:???li tu: l?t]     .

But it is often very expensive. [b?t ?t ?z '?f(?)n 'v?ri ?ks'p?ns?v]     .

Sometimes they are for sale. ['s?mta?mz ?e? ?: f?: se?l]     .

If you want to buy a house you have to earn much. [?f ju: w?nt tu: ba? ? ha?s ju: h?v tu: ?:n m??]     ,    .

Not many houses are offered cheap. [n?t 'm?ni 'ha?z?z ?:r '?f?d ?i:p]      .

You have to buy also all the other things. [ju: h?v tu: ba? '?:ls?? ?:l ?i '??? ??nz]       .

Gas-cookers, fridges and television sets are expensive. [g?s-'k?k?z, 'fr???z ?nd 't?l??v???n s?ts ?:r ?ks'p?ns?v]  ,     .

Tiles can be kept clean easily. [ta?lz k?n bi: k?pt kli:n 'i:z?li]     .

It is not so bad if they become greasy. [?t ?z n?t s?? b?d ?f ?e? b?'k?m 'gri:zi]     ,    .

It is worse when the fridge is out of order. [?t ?z w?:s w?n ?? fr?? ?z a?t ?v '?:d?] ,     .

The meat has to be kept somewhere. [?? mi:t h?z tu: bi: k?pt 's?mwe?]   - .

The rubbish-bin has to be emptied often. [?? 'r?b??-b?n h?z tu: bi: '?mptid '?f(?)n]     .

And the floor has to be mopped almost daily. [?nd ?? fl?: h?z tu: bi: m?pt '?:lm??st 'de?li]      .

There are also nice things. [?e?r ?:r '?:ls?? na?s ??nz]    .

In the shops we are sometimes offered large discounts. [?n ?? ??ps wi: ?: 's?mta?mz '?f?d l?:? 'd?ska?nts]       .

The shop-assistants can wrap up things beautifully. [?? '??p??s?st?nts k?n r?p ?p ??nz 'bju:t?f?li]     .

Then it is even harder to refuse what is offered. [??n ?t ?z 'i:v?n 'h?:d? tu: ?ri:'fju:z w?t ?z '?f?d]      ,  .

We all want to be served in a hurry. [wi: ?:l w?nt tu: bi: s?:vd ?n ? 'h?ri]   ,     .

The things we buy can often be delivered. [?? ??nz wi: ba? k?n '?f(?)n bi: d?'l?v?d] ,   ,    .

We stop at the cash-desk to pay. [wi: st?p ?t ?? k??-d?sk tu: pe?]    ,  .

Sometimes we are told that they dont stock the things we want. ['s?mta?mz wi: ?: t??ld ??t ?e? d??nt st?k ?? ??nz wi: w?nt]   ,       ,   .

Many people look for bargains. ['m?ni 'pi:pl l?k f?: 'b?:g?nz]     .

We are promised that, the things we buy will work well. [wi: ?: 'pr?m?st ??t, ?? ??nz wi: ba? w?l w?:k w?l]  ,  ,   ,   .

But we are not always satisfied. [b?t wi: ?: n?t '?:lwe?z 's?t?sfa?d]     .

We want to return the things that dont work or are soon out of order. [wi: w?nt tu: r?'t?:n ?? ??nz ??t d??nt w?:k ?:r ?: su:n a?t ?v '?:d?]    ,        .

We are not always allowed to return them. [wi: ?: n?t '?:lwe?z ?'la?d tu: r?'t?:n ??m]      .

Then we do not return to that shop. [??n wi: du: n?t r?'t?:n tu: ??t ??p]       .



The shops have many employees. [?? ??ps h?v 'm?ni ??mpl??'i:z]    .

They have to serve the customers nicely. [?e? h?v tu: s?:v ?? 'k?st?m?z 'na?sli]     .

That is the least they can do. [??t ?z ?? li:st ?e? k?n du:]   ,    .

If they work well they will get a raise. [?f ?e? w?:k w?l ?e? w?l g?t ? re?z]     ,     .

Their wages are not very high. [?e? 'we???z ?: n?t 'v?ri ha?]      .

They work longer than many other people. [?e? w?:k 'l?ng? ??n 'm?ni '??? 'pi:pl]   ,    .

But every day they are allowed a few breaks. [b?t '?vri de? ?e? ?:r ?'la?d ? fju: bre?ks]        .

Some of them are members of trade-unions. [s?m ?v ??m ?: 'm?mb?z ?v 'tre?d'ju:nj?nz]      .

The unions help them to get what they want. [?? 'ju:nj?nz h?lp ??m tu: g?t w?t ?e? w?nt]     ,   .

It hurts when they are fired. [?t h?:ts w?n ?e? ?: 'fa??d]  ,   .

That is the worst thing that can happen. [??t ?z ?? w?:st ??n ??t k?n 'h?p?n]   ,   .

Do you know anything worse? [du: ju: n?? '?n???n w?:s?]   - ?

Unskilled labourers earn less than others. [?n'sk?ld 'le?b?r?z ?:n l?s ??n '???z]    ,  .

They cannot apply for the most difficult jobs. [?e? 'k?n?t ?'pla? f?: ?? m??st 'd?f?k?lt ??bz]        .

They hardly ever earn a lot. [?e? 'h?:dli '?v?r ?:n ? l?t]      .

If they learn things they earn more. [?f ?e? l?:n ??nz ?e? ?:n m?:]   - ,   .

But for some people it is difficult to learn, even if they want to. [b?t f?: s?m 'pi:pl ?t ?z 'd?f?k?lt tu: l?:n, 'i:v?n ?f ?e? w?nt tu:]     ,     .

We can try to help and support them. [wi: k?n tra? tu: h?lp ?nd s?'p?:t ??m]       .



    . These labourers work hardest. [?i:z 'le?b?r?z w?:k 'h?:d?st]

 -,      ? Is there anything I can do for you? [?z ?e?r '?n???n a? k?n du: f?: ju:?]

    . They have been fired. [?e? h?v bi:n 'fa??d]

      ? Did they apply for the same job? [d?d ?e? ?'pla? f?: ?? se?m ??b?]

    . We have been promised high wages. [wi: h?v bi:n 'pr?m?st ha? 'we???z]

    . The management doesnt want to negotiate. [?? 'm?n??m?nt d?znt w?nt tu: n?'g????e?t]

  . There are fewer members now. [?e?r ?: 'fju:? 'm?mb?z na?]

  . It is important to reduce unemployment. [?t ?z ?m'p?:t?nt tu: r?'dju:s ??n?m'pl??m?nt]

    . These people have waited longest. [?i:z 'pi:pl h?v 'we?t?d 'l?ng?st]



,   ? Is it true there will be a strike? [?z ?t tru: ?e? w?l bi: ?stra?k?]

    . We were told to keep the receipt. [wi: w?: t??ld tu: ki:p ?? r?'si:t].

  - ? Do you see the exit anywhere? [du: ju: si: ?i '?ks?t '?n?we??]

    . He showed his riches to me. [hi: ???d h?z 'r???z tu: mi:].

     . Oats are not stocked by us. [??ts ?: n?t st?kt ba? ?s].

  . We started late. [wi: 'st?:t?d le?t].

    . They were supported worst. [?e? w?: s?'p?:t?d w?:st].

    . We were asked many questions. [wi: w?:r ?:skt 'm?ni 'kw?s??nz].

   . My shopping-list has fallen. [ma? '??p?n-l?st h?z 'f?:l?n].

    . They were permitted to leave earlier. [?e? w?: p?'m?t?d tu: li:v '?:l??].

-   ,    ? Can anybody tell me how much that saucepan is? [k?n '?n??b?di t?l mi: ha? m?? ??t 's?:sp?n ?z?]

   . The potatoes havent been peeled yet. [?? p?'te?t??z h?vnt bi:n pi:ld j?t].

    . There are no bargains today. [?e?r ?: n?? 'b?:g?nz t?'de?].

()   . The radios were paid for in cash. [?? 're?d???z w?: pe?d f?:r ?n k??].

   . We wrote most often. [wi: r??t m??st '?f(?)n].

   . A cupboard is a useful thing. [? 'k?b?d ?z ? 'ju:sf?l ??n].

  ? What is less useful? [w?t ?z l?s 'ju:sf?l?]

    . He was refused a ticket. [hi: w?z ?ri:'fju:zd ? 't?k?t].

  ()   . I want the oven in the shop-window. [a? w?nt ?i '?vn ?n ?? ??p-'w?nd??].

 . The shop-assistants are busy. [?? '??p??s?st?nts ?: 'b?zi]

      . They are even busier during the sales. [?e? ?:r 'i:v?n 'b?z?? 'dj??r?n ?? se?lz].

    . We have insulated our house well. [wi: h?v '?nsj?le?t?d 'a?? ha?s w?l].

   . I have been offered a cheap room. [a? h?v bi:n '?f?d ? ?i:p ru:m]

   . These customers have come earlier. [?i:z 'k?st?m?z h?v k?m'?:l??]

   ? Did he come earliest? [d?d hi: k?m '?:l??st?]

   . She has a hard job. [?i: h?z ? h?:d ??b].

     . The table was dusted well. [?? 'te?bl w?z 'd?st?d w?l].

    (:   ). He earns hardly enough. [hi: ?:nz 'h?:dli ?'n?f].

    . The job was not applied for. [?? ??b w?z n?t ?'pla?d f?:].

   . He was given a receipt. [hi: w?z 'g?vn ? r?'si:t].

    . I could easily see the ship. [a? k?d 'i:z?li si: ?? ??p].

    . She wasnt given anything. [?i: w?znt 'g?vn '?n???n]. She was given nothing. [?i: w?z 'g?vn 'n???n].



   18

18.1.

        ,       , :

   . They walked fast. [?e? w?:kt f?:st]

  . I shall leave early. [a? ??l li:v '?:li]

   . He bought it cheap. [hi: b?:t ?t ?i:p]

  . She works hard. [?i: w?:ks h?:d]

18.2. Somewhere ['s?mwe?]    , anywhere ['?n?we?]     . Not anywhere [n?t '?n?we?]   nowhere ['n??we?].

18.3.     :

a) often ['?f(?)n]  oftener (more often) ['?f(?)n? (m?:r '?f(?)n)]  oftenest (most often) ['?f(?)n?st (m??st '?f(?)n)]      

b) little  less  least ['l?tl  l?s  li:st]      

c) early  earlier  earliest ['?:li  '?:l??  '?:l??st]      

18.4.  well [w?l]    good [g?d].

18.5.               ,    .         :

He was promised a room. [hi: w?z 'pr?m?st ? ru:m]    .

We are offered a discount. [wi: ?:r '?f?d ? 'd?ska?nt]   . :   .

They were asked difficult questions. [?e? w?:r ?:skt 'd?f?k?lt 'kw?s??nz]   ( )  .

She was told bad news. [?i: w?z t??ld b?d nju:z]   ( )  .

They were paid less. [?e? w?: pe?d l?s]   ( ) .

18.6.      :

,  to apply [tu: ?'pla?] applied [?'pla?d] applied [?'pla?d]

 to empty [tu: '?mpti] emptied ['?mptid] emptied ['?mptid]

   to fire [tu: 'fa??] fired ['fa??d] fired ['fa??d]

 to mop [tu: m?p] mopped [m?pt] mopped [m?pt]

  to negotiate [tu: n?'g????e?t] negotiated [n?'g????e?t?d]

 to permit [tu: 'p?:m?t] permitted [p?'m?t?d]

 to promise [tu: 'pr?m?s] promised ['pr?m?st] promised ['pr?m?st]

,  to raise [tu: re?z] raised [re?zd] raised [re?zd]

,  to reduce [tu: r?'dju:s] reduced [r?'dju:st] reduced [r?'dju:st]

,  to refuse [tu: ?ri:'fju:z] refused [?ri:'fju:zd] refused [?ri:'fju:zd]

,  to serve [tu: s?:v] served [s?:vd] served [s?:vd]

 to wrap (up) [tu: r?p (?p)] wrapped [r?pt] wrapped [r?pt]



   18

Are these houses to let? [?: ?i:z 'ha?z?z tu: l?t?]      ?

It can be ironed easily. [?t k?n bi: 'a??nd 'i:z?li]    .

She was offered a cheap fridge. [?i: w?z '?f?d ? ?i:p fr??]    .

I cant find the mop anywhere. [a? k?:nt fa?nd ?? m?p '?n?we?]      .

We were shown a fast car. [wi: w?: ???n ? f?:st k?:]    .

They left earlier. [?e? l?ft '?:l??]   .



   . The song was sung beautifully. [?? s?n w?z s?n 'bju:t?f?li]

 -  . I left it somewhere. [a? l?ft ?t 's?mwe?]

   . We are given a big discount. [wi: ?: 'g?vn ? b?g 'd?ska?nt]

   . She worked the hardest. [?i: w?:kt ?? 'h?:d?st]

    . He doesn't love her any less. [hi: d?znt l?v h?:r '?ni l?s]

    . He is promised a higher salary. [hi: ?z 'pr?m?st ? 'ha?? 's?l?ri]



   17  18

to allow [ ay] , 

any [] -, -

anybody [] -, -

anything [] -, -

anywhere [] -, -

to apply(for) [ ] , 

bargain [:] ,  

bucket [] 

cash [] 

cash-desk [ ] 

colleague [:] 

contents [] 

cupboard [] ,   

customer [] , 

to deliver [ ] 

discount [] 

to dust [ ]  , 

to earn [ :] , 

employee [:] 

to empty [ ] 

even [:] 

to fire [ ]   

for sale [ ]  

fridge [] 

gas-cooker [ ]  

greasy [:]  ()

hard [:] , ,  (.,  )

hardly [:] , 

hardly any [: ]  

hardly ever [: ]   -, 

how much [ ] ,  

How much is? [  ]  ?

important [:] 

insulated [] 

to iron [ ] , 

job [] 

labourer []  ()

to let [ ]  

management [] ,  (   ,          ,    , ,  , )

member [] 

mop [] 

to mop [ ] 

negotiations [] 

to negotiate [ ]  

not any [ ]  

not anybody [ ] 

not anything [ ] 

not anywhere [ ] 

nowhere [] 

oats [] 

to offer [ ] , 

out of order [  :] , 

oven [] , 

to peel [ :]  (, )

to permit [ :] 

proceeds [:] 

to promise [ ] 

raise [] , 

to raise [ ] , 

receipt [:] 

to reduce [ :] , 

to refuse [ :] , 

riches [] 

rubbish-bin [ ]   

sales [] 

same []   ,  

satisfied [] 

saucepan [:] 

savings [] , 

to serve [ :] , 

shop-assistant [ ] , 

shopping-bag [ ]   

shopping-list [ ]  

shop-window [ ] 

sink [] 

somebody [] -

somewhere [] -

to start [ :] , 

to stock [ ]   

strike [] 

to support [ :] 

surroundings [] 

tap [] 

thanks [] 

tile [] 

towel [] 

trade-union [ :] 

trolley []   

true [:] 

to turn off [ : ] , 

to turn on [ : ] , 

unemployment [] 

unskilled [] 

useful [:] , 

usually [:] 

wages [] , 

well [] 

wire [] , 

to wrap (up) [ ] 



.

 :

one [w?n] two [tu:] three [?ri:] four [f?:] five [fa?v] six [s?ks] seven ['s?vn] eight [e?t] nine [na?n] ten [t?n] eleven [?'l?vn] twelve [tw?lv]

 :

first [f?:st]

second ['s?k?nd]

third [??:d]

fourth [f?:?]

 :

Who is that man? [hu: ?z ??t m?n?]   ?

Which of these cars is cheap? [w?? ?v ?i:z k?:z ?z ?i:p?]     ?

What have you done? [w?t h?v ju: d?n?]   ?

 :

Two employees have been fired. [tu: ??mpl??'i:z h?v bi:n 'fa??d]    .

Their wages were raised. [?e? 'we???z w?: re?zd]    .

The kitchen is cleaned. [?? 'k???n ?z kli:nd]  .

I was asked not to leave. [a? w?z ?:skt n?t tu: li:v]    .

He is allowed more breaks. [hi: ?z ?'la?d m?: bre?ks]    .

We have been told the news. [wi: h?v bi:n t??ld ?? nju:z]    .

 to be +   




 19


     ,      .   35       :

gale [] ,  

hail [] 

shower [] 

ice [] , 

shade [] 

dew [:] 

thunderstorm [:] 

umbrella [] 

road [] 

hurricane [] 

thaw [:] 

sunny spell(s) [ ]  

   35 :

thaw [CCo:] 

umbrella [] 

shade [] 

hail [] 

sunny spell(s) [ ]  

road [] 

thunderstorm [:] 

ice [] , 

gale [] ,  

hurricane [] 

dew [:] 

shower [] 



There were many gales in January. [33 :    ]     .

There was some hail this morning. [33     :]     .

Where were you during that heavy shower yesterday? [ : :     ]        ?

There is ice on the water. [33     :]   .

People are sitting in the shade. [: :    ]    .

The dew is on the grass. [33 :    :]   .

There will be a thunderstorm. [33  : :]  .

Dont forget your umbrella. [  : ]    .

The road is narrow. [33   :]  .

Hurricanes bring much rain. [   ]    .

Will there be a thaw? [  : :]  ?

The weather forecast says: sunny spells. [33  ::   ]    (: )  .



   . I dont like thunderstorms. [a? d??nt la?k '??nd?st?:mz]

  ? Is there much dew in summer? [?z ?e? m?? dju: ?n 's?m??]

  . We are waiting for a thaw. [wi: ?: 'we?t?n f?:r ? ??:]

  . The roads are bad in winter. [?? r??dz ?: b?d ?n 'w?nt?]

   . You have a nice umbrella. [ju: h?v ? na?s ?m'br?l?]

   . There have been showers all day. [?e? h?v bi:n '?a??z ?:l de?]

  . There are few sunny spells. [?e?r ?: fju: 's?ni sp?lz]

      (:   ). In the shade the heat is not so bad. [?n ?? ?e?d ?? hi:t ?z n?t s?? b?d]

    ? Can planes fly in a hurricane? [k?n ple?nz fla? ?n ? 'h?r?k?n?]

  . There will be a gale tomorrow. [?e? w?l bi: ?ge?l t?'m?r??]

   . There is much ice in the streets. [?e?r ?z m?? a?s ?n ?? stri:ts]

    . There was a hail five minutes ago. [?e? w?z ? he?l fa?v 'm?n?ts ?'g??]



  35 :

 [] hurricane

  [ ] sunny spells

 [] hail

   [:] thunderstorm

 [] road

 [:] dew

,   [] gale

 [] shower

 [] umbrella

 [] ice

 [] shade

 [:] thaw



   .   .     ?   .

13 thirteen [Ѹ::]

14 fourteen [::]

15 fifteen [:]

16 sixteen [:]

17 seventeen [:]

18 eighteen [:]

19 nineteen [:]

20 twenty []

21 twenty-one [ ]

22 twenty-two [ ]

23 twenty-three [ :]

24 twenty-four [ :]

25 twenty-five [ ]

26 twenty-six [ ]

27 twenty-seven [ ]

28 twenty-eight [ ]

29 twenty-nine [ ]

30 thirty [Ѹ:]

40 forty [:]

50 fifty []

60 sixty []

70 seventy []

80 eighty []

90 ninety []

100 one hundred [ ]



  12 . A year has twelve months. [? j?? h?z tw?lv m?n?s]

  27 . My sister is twenty-seven. [ma? 's?st?r ?z 'tw?nti-'s?vn]

  24 . A day has twenty-four hours. [? de? h?z 'tw?nti-f?:r 'a??z]

  52 . There are fifty-two weeks in a year. [?e?r ?: 'f?fti-tu: wi:ks ?n ? j??]

  31 . May has thirty-one days. [me? h?z '??:ti-w?n de?z]

  15 . He has waited for fifteen days. [hi: h?z 'we?t?d f?: 'f?f'ti:n de?z]

  60 . An hour has sixty minutes. [?n 'a?? h?z 's?ksti 'm?n?ts]

  30 . June has thirty days. [?u:n h?z '??:ti de?z]

  40 . She has forty books. [?i: h?z 'f?:ti b?ks]

  4 . There are four weeks in a month. [?e?r ?: f?: wi:ks ?n ? m?n?]



  .    35 ,    :

slippery [] 

severe [] , 

changeable [] 

dense [] 

oppressive [] , 

dangerous [] 



  35 :

dense [] dense [] 

dangerous [] dangerous [] 

slippery [] slippery [] 

severe [] severe [] , 

changeable [] changeable [] 

oppressive [] oppressive [] , 



In August the weather is often oppressive. [ :     ]     .

In winter the roads are slippery. [    : ]   .

Fog is dangerous. [  ]  .

In this country the weather is changeable. [      ]     .

Last winter was severe. [:   ]    .

There was a dense fog. [33    ]   .



   . This road is very dangerous. [??s r??d ?z 'v?ri 'de?n?r?s]

       (:  ). We cant work in this oppressive heat. [wi: k?:nt w?:k ?n ??s ?'pr?s?v hi:t]

    (:  ). People can be changeable too. ['pi:pl k?n bi: '?e?n??bl tu:]

 . The floor is slippery. [?? fl?:r ?z 'sl?p?ri]

    . This winter was not severe. [??s 'w?nt? w?z n?t s?'v??]

      . We saw nothing in the cense fog. [wi: s?: 'n???n ?n ?? s?ns f?g]



 35 :

 [] changeable

 [] dense

 [] slippery

,  [] severe

,  [] oppressive

 [] dangerous



 ,       ?    .          :

first [f?:st] 

second ['s?k?nd] 

third [??:d] 

fourth [f?:?] 

          -th.        the,   ,     .        1  90.

1-  12-

1. first [:]

2. second []

3. third [Ѹ:]

4. fourth [:]

5. fifth []

6. sixth []

7. seventh []

8. eighth []

9. ninth []

10. tenth []

11. eleventh []

12. twelfth []

13-  19-

13. thirteenth [Ѹ::]

14. fourteenth [::]

15. fifteenth [:]

16. sixteenth [:]

17. seventeenth [:]

18. eighteenth [:]

19. nineteenth [:]

20-  90-

20. twentieth []

21. twenty-first [ :]

22. twenty-second [ ]

23. twenty-third [ Ѹ:]

30. thirtieth [Ѹ:]

40. fortieth [:]

50. fiftieth []

60. sixtieth []

70. seventieth []

80. eightieth []

90. ninetieth []



  :

) 

 to need needed needed [ :] [:] [:]

 to melt melted melted [ ] [] []

 to drizzle drizzled drizzled [ ] [] []

,  to drop dropped dropped [ ] [] []

) 

 to blow blew blown [ ] [:] []

,  to freeze froze frozen [ :] [] []

 to set (in) set set [  ()] [] []



I needed a hammer. [ :  :]    .

The wind blew very hard. [33  :  :]    .

The water has frozen. [33 :  ]  .

The thaw has set in. [33 :   ]  .

All the ice has melted. [:    ]   .

It drizzled all day. [  : ]   .

The temperature has dropped. [   ]  .

I dropped my cup. [   ]    .

He has always needed help. [:  : : ]     .

It has drizzled for hours. [    ]   .

The wind has blown the newspaper from the table. [33     :   ]     .

It froze hard last winter. [  : : ]      (:  ).

The ice melted in a short time. [33     : ]     .

The temperature dropped on the seventh day. [33      ]     .

You have dropped that magazine. [:    ]    .

The thaw set in during the fifth week. [33 :      :]      .



-   . Something dropped from the table. ['s?m??n dr?pt fr?m ?? 'te?bl]

˸  . The ice melts in spring. [?i a?s m?lts ?n spr?n]

  ( ). The gale was blowing. [?? ge?l w?z 'bl???n]

     (:  ). It didn't freeze for three weeks. [?t d?dnt fri:z f?: ?ri: wi:ks]

    . She often needed her umbrella. [?i: '?f(?)n 'ni:d?d h?:r ?m'br?l?]

  . The thaw set in late. [?? ??: s?t ?n le?t]

  . It is still drizzling. [?t ?z st?l 'dr?zl?n]

 - ? Have you dropped anything? [h?v ju: dr?pt '?n???n?]

   . The temperature hasnt dropped much. [?? 't?mpr??? 'h?znt dr?pt m??]

˸   . The ice in the street has melted. [?i a?s ?n ?? stri:t h?z 'm?lt?d]

  (: ) . The wind made the cold worse. [?? w?nd me?d ?? k??ld w?:s]

    . The cold wind blew in January. [?? k??ld w?nd blu: ?n '??nj??ri]

  . My fingers froze. [ma? 'f?ng?z fr??z]

 -   ? Have you ever needed tools? [h?v ju: '?v? 'ni:d?d tu:lz?]

     . The summer set in early that year. [?? 's?m? s?t ?n '?:li ??t j??]

 ,   . If it is drizzling, Ill take a bus. [?f ?t ?z 'dr?zl?n, a?l te?k ? b?s]

   . The temperature dropped less. [?? 't?mpr??? dr?pt l?s]



 35 :

double bed [ ]  

sheet [:] 

blanket [] 

pillow [] 

bedspread [] 

alarm clock [: ] 

wardrobe [:]  

rug [pa] 

dressing-gown [] 

single bed [ ]  

dream [:] 

nightmare [ ]  



     35 :

rug [pa] 

dream [:] 

bedspread [] 

double bed [ ]  

pillow [] 

nightmare []  

blanket [] 

wardrobe [:]  

alarm clock [: ] 

sheet [:] 

dressing-gown [] 

single bed [ ]  



There is a double bed in every bedroom. [       :]      .

There are large sheets on them. [ : : :  ]    .

We have thirty woollen blankets. [:  Ѹ:  ]   30  .

There are twenty-two pillows here. [ :  :  ]  22 .

The bedspreads have many colours. [    ] ()   .

We always hear the alarm clock. [: :   : ]    .

Our clothes are in the wardrobe. [  :   :]     .

Theres a rug on the floor. [  pa   :]   .

My wife likes to wear a dressing-gown. [      ]      .

The children sleep in single beds. [  :   ]     .

Dreams are often nice. [: :  ]   .

But nightmares are not. [  : ]     .



()   . The single bed is narrow. [?? 's?ngl b?d ?z 'n?r??]

    . We have a tall wardrobe. [wi: h?v ? t?:l 'w?:dr??b]

()  . The pillows are white. [?? 'p?l??z ?: wa?t]

()    . The double beds are very wide. [?? 'd?bl b?dz ?: 'v?ri wa?d]

()     . The sheets have to be wide too. [?? ?i:ts h?v tu: bi: wa?d tu:]

  . Bedspreads are often beautiful. ['b?dspr?dz ?:r '?f(?)n 'bju:t?f?l]

  . The alarm clock is out of order. [?i ?'l?:m kl?k ?z a?t ?v '?:d?]

()  . The rugs are not large. [?? r?gz ?: n?t l?:?]

    . She often has nightmares [?i: '?f(?)n h?z 'na?tme?z]

  . Dreams are usually short. [dri:mz ?: 'ju:???li ??:t]

()  ? Is the dressing-gown expensive? [?z ?? 'dr?s?nga?n ?ks'p?ns?v?]

    . In winter we need more blankets [?n 'w?nt? wi: ni:d m?: 'bl?nk?ts]



 35 :

 [:] dream

 [] blanket

 [] dressing-gown

 [] pillow

 [: ] alarm clock

 [pa] rug

 [:] sheet

 [] bedspread

  [] nightmare

  [:] wardrobe

  [ ] double bed

  [ ] single bed



      .      ,    ? ?,      :

     :

) 

 to kill [ ] killed [] killed []

 to drown [ ] drowned [] drowned []

 to wreck [ ] wrecked [] wrecked []

) 

,  to blow [ ] blew [:] blown []

 to burn [ :] burnt [:] burnt [:]

       :

 killed his enemy. [:   ]    .

The man drowned his dog. [33    ] ()    .

 has wrecked his fathers car. [:    :33 :]     .

The wind blew very hard. [  :  :]    .

Wood burns easily. [ : :]   .

He burns a piece of paper. [: :  :  ]    .



        ,      .        :

to be killed [ : ] , 

to be drowned [ : ] 

to be wrecked [ : ]  

to be blown down [ :  ]  

to be blown out [ :  ]  , 

to be burnt down [ : : ]  



Fifty two people were killed. [ : : : ] 52   .

The soldier was killed. [   ]  .

Her sister has been drowned. [:   : ] Ÿ  .

The ship was wrecked in a hurricane. [      ]     .

The fire was blown out. [    ]   .

Many trees have been blown down. [ :  :  ]    .



  . The hurricane wrecked the hotel. [?? 'h?r?k?n r?kt ?? h??'t?l]

    . It is bad to drown animals. [?t ?z b?d tu: dra?n '?n?m?lz]

   . A child was killed in the accident. [? ?a?ld w?z k?ld ?n ?i '?ks?d?nt]

      . Our house was burnt down last week. ['a?? ha?s w?z b?:nt da?n l?:st wi:k]

    . The trees were blown down in the gale. [?? tri:z w?: bl??n da?n ?n ?? ge?l]

   ,    . More than a hundred people were drowned when the ship was wrecked. [m?: ??n ? 'h?ndr?d 'pi:pl w?: dra?nd w?n ?? ??p w?z r?kt]



     . People kill other people every day. [pi:pl k?l '??? 'pi:pl '?vri de?]

   ? Do you burn wood in winter? [du: ju: b?:n w?d ?n 'w?nt??]

  . The fire has been blown out. [?? 'fa?? h?z bi:n bl??n a?t]



    ,  35 :

sleepy [:] sleepy [:] , 

quiet [] quiet [] , 

unpleasant [] unpleasant [] 

noisy [] noisy [] , 

dirty [:] dirty [:] 

modern [] modern [] 



I feel sleepy this morning. [ : :  :]      .

Our street is very quiet. [ :   ]    .

Nightmares are unpleasant. [ : ]   .

I cant sleep when it is noisy. [ : :    ]    ,  .

Some stations are very dirty. [  :  :]    .

Our town has modern offices. [    ]     .



 ,     . The woman saw that her child was sleepy. [?? 'w?m?n s?: ??t h?: ?a?ld w?z 'sli:pi]

   . We have noisy neighbours. [wi: h?v 'n??zi 'ne?b?z]

    ! Look at your dirty hands! [l?k ?t j?: 'd?:ti h?ndz!]

   . The children were very quiet. [?? '??ldr?n w?: 'v?ri 'kwa??t]

  . Modern clothes are expensive. ['m?d?n kl???z ?:r ?ks'p?ns?v]

    . (:     ,     ) We spent unpleasant time there. [wi: sp?nt ?n'pl?znt ta?m ?e?]



 35 :

,  [] quiet

 [] modem

 [:] dirty

 [] noisy

,  [:] sleepy

 [] unpleasant



    .    ,     ,    . ,       .  35 :

trousers [] 

spectacles [] 

scissors [] 

binoculars [] 

glasses [:] ,  



         ,       pair [, pe?] .     pair []    -s.

  :

I want to buy a pair of trousers. [       ]     .

Where are my binoculars? I dont see them. [ a:  ?   : ]   ?    .

She cannot find her glasses. [:   : :]      .

I need a pair of glasses. [ :    :]   .

We have sold three pair of spectacles. [:   :   ]     .

 has two pair of scissors. [:  :   ]     .



 pair       ""   ,   .     pair      -s:

She has five pairs of shoes. [?i: h?z fa?v pe?z ?v ?u:z]     .

Ten pairs of children went for a walk. [t?n pe?z ?v '??ldr?n w?nt f?:r ? w?:k]      .



    :

a) 

 to shave  shaved shaved [ ] [ ] []

 to undress  undressed undressed [ ] [] []

) 

,  to get  got got [ ] [] []

,  to wake up  woke woken [  ] [] []

 to snore  snored snored [ :] [:] [:]

 to dream  dreamt dreamt [ :] [] []



I always get sleepy late at night. [ :  :   ]      .

They undressed in a hurry. [    ]    .

We woke up at seven. [:    ]    .

He has snored for hours now. [:  :   ]     .

She dreamt of nice things. [:    ]    .

Have you shaved yet? [ :  ]   ?



 . It is getting foggy. [?t ?z 'g?t?n 'f?gi]

 . The children have undressed. [?? '??ldr?n h?v ?n'dr?st]

    . She has never dreamt. [?i: h?z 'n?v? dr?mt]

   . We have to shave earlier. [wi: h?v tu: ?e?v '?:l??]

  ? Do you usually snore? [du: ju: 'ju:???li sn?:?]

    . We have hardly woken up. [wi: h?v 'h?:dli 'w??k?n ?p]

   . They woke up before six. [?e? w??k ?p b?'f?: s?ks]

    () . Alex always shaved in the bedroom. ['?l?ks '?:lwe?z ?e?vd ?n ?? 'b?dru(:)m]



 35 :

 [ :] to snore

 [ ] to undress

,  [ ] to get

 [ ] to shave

 [ :] to dream

,  [  ] to wake up



     . There were four gales last month. [?e? w?: f?: ?e?lz l?:st m?n?]

  . Thunderstorms are always dangerous. ['??nd?st?:mz ?:r '?:lwe?z 'de?n?r?s]

     . In the third gale six people were killed. [?n ?? ??:d ?e?l s?ks 'pi:pl w?: k?ld]

    ? Do you like this changeable weather? [du: ju: la?k ??s '?e?n??b?l 'w????]

     . Your trousers are in the wardrobe. [j?: 'tra?z?z ?:r ?n ?? 'w?:dr??b]

     . That severe winter there was a lot of ice. [??t s?'v?? 'w?nt? ?e? w?z ? l?t ?v a?s]

   . In April there are many showers. [?n 'e?pr?l ?e?r ?: 'm?ni '?a??z]

     . The ship was wrecked in a dense fog. [?? ??p w?z r?kt ?n ? d?ns f??]

    .  . Your trousers have to be cleaned. [j?: 'tra?z?z h?v tu: bi: kli:nd] They are dirty [?e? ?: 'd?:ti]

    ,  . He sleeps well only when it is quiet. [hi: sli:ps w?l '??nli w?n ?t ?z 'kwa??t]

     . She doesnt want this noisy alarm clock. [?i: d?znt w?nt ??s 'n??zi ?'l?:m kl?k]

    . You need a new pair of glasses. [ju: ni:d ? nju: pe?r ?v '?l?:s?z]

    . They were killed on a slippery road. [?e? w?: k?ld ?n ? 'sl?p?ri r??d]

     . Their daughter was drowned last year. [?e? 'd?:t? w?z dra?nd l?:st j??]

    . We need five pair of scissors. [wi: ni:d fa?v pe?r ?v 's?z?z]

    . We were shown two pairs of shoes. [wi: w?: ???n tu: pe?z ?v ?u:z]



       :

shower drown brown down bum dirty third bird wreck get dense set met fire ice nice find I

['?a?? dra?n bra?n da?n b?m 'd?:ti ??:d b?:d r?k ??t d?ns s?t m?t 'fa??r a?s na?s fa?nd a?]



   19

19.1.      ?

 fourteen ['f?:'ti:n]

  twenty-one ['tw?nti-w?n]

 thirty ['??:ti]

 one hundred [w?n 'h?ndr?d]

 forty ['f?:ti]

  twenty-two [ 'tw?nti-tu:]

 fifty [ 'f?fti]

19.2.      ?.       the:

 first [f?:st],  fifth [f?f?],   twenty-first ['tw?nti-f?:st],  second ['s?k?nd],  eight [e?t],   forty-second ['f?:ti-'s?k?nd],  third [??:d],  ninth [na?n?],   eighty-third ['e?ti-??:d],  fourth [f?:?],  twentieth ['tw?nt???],  one hundredth [w?n 'h?ndr?d?]

19.3.  :

The trees were blown down. [?? tri:z w?: bl??n da?n]    .

They were killed in an accident. [?e? w?: k?ld ?n ?n '?ks?d?nt]      .

The ship was wrecked in a gale. [?? ??p w?z r?kt ?n ? ?e?l]      .

    :

The wind blew the trees down. [?? w?nd blu: ?? tri:z da?n]   .

He killed a man. [hi: k?ld ? m?n]   .

I wrecked my car. [a? r?kt ma? k?:]    .

19.4. Pair of ( -s  . .)  ,  ,    ,       .

He has bought a pair of trousers. [hi: h?z b?:t ? pe?r ?v 'tra?z?z]    .

I want two pair of scissors. [a? w?nt tu: pe?r ?v 's?z?z]     .

I was shown five pair of glasses. [a? w?z ???n fa?v pe?r ?v '?l?:s?z]     .

 -s  .  ,      "" :

I want three pairs of socks. [a? w?nt ?ri: pe?z ?v s?ks]     .

 :

to blow   blew blown [tu: bl??  blu: bl??n]

to freeze  ,  froze frozen [tu: fri:z  fr??z 'fr??zn]

to set in  ,  set in set in [tu: s?t ?n  s?t ?n s?t ?n]

to get  ,  got got [tu: ??t  ??t ??t]

to wake up  ,  woke up woken up [tu: we?k  ?p w??k ?p 'w??k?n ?p]

to dream  ,    dreamt dreamt [tu: dri:m  dr?mt dr?mt]

to burn  ,  burnt burnt [tu: b?:n  b?:nt b?:nt]

    :

to drizzle   drizzled drizzled [tu: 'dr?zl  'dr?zld 'dr?zld]

to drop   dropped dropped [tu: dr?p  dr?pt dr?pt]

to snore   snored snored [tu: sn?: sn?:d sn?:d]

to shave   shaved shaved [tu: ?e?v  ?e?vd ?e?vd]



   ,    . Hardly any people were killed when the house was burnt down. ['h?:dli '?ni 'pi:pl w?: k?ld w?n ?? ha?s w?z b?:nt da?n]

   . I was offered these glasses. [a? w?z '?f?d ?i:z '?l?:s?z]

   ,     . When the sunny spells set in, the ice melted in a short time. [w?n ?? 's?ni sp?lz s?t ?n, ?i a?s 'm?lt?d ?n ? ??:t ta?m]

     ? Will three pairs of shoes be enough? [w?l ?ri: pe?z ?v ?u:z bi: ?'n?f?]

   . Today is the thirtieth day of the month. [t?'de? ?z ?? '??:t??? de? ?v ?? m?n?]

    . He bought three pair of trousers. [hi: b?:t ?ri: pe?r ?v 'tra?z?z]

  ,    . I often wake up when it's noisy outside. [a? '?f?n we?k ?p w?n ?ts 'n??zi ?a?t'sa?d]

Ÿ   ,  ? Are her glasses more modern than yours? [?: h?: '?l?:s?z m?: 'm?d?n ??n j?:z?]

()     . (These) trees were felled by that hurricane. [(?i:z) tri:z w?: f?ld ba? ??t 'h?r?k?n]

 ()      . In (this) nightmare, I drown five times. [?n (??s) 'na?tme?, a? dra?n fa?v ta?mz]

  ()      . In this (stifling) heat, I don't sleep under a blanket. [?n ??s ('sta?fl?n) hi:t, a? d??nt sli:p '?nd?r ? 'bl?nk?t]

  -   ? Have you ever seen dirtier trousers? [h?v ju: '?v? si:n 'd?:t?? 'tra?z?z?]




 20


   " ".  35 :

zebra-crossing [ ]  ()

traffic-lights [ ] 

pedestrian [] 

right of way [  ]   (  )

time-table [ ] 

cab [] 

destination []  ,  

underground [] 

witness [] , 

ambulance []  ,   

onlookers [] , 

    :

destination []  ,  

pedestrian [] 

witness [] , 

zebra-crossing [ ]  ()

underground [] 

time-table [ ] 

traffic-lights [ ] 

onlookers [] , 

ambulance []  ,   

cab [] 

right of way [  ]   (  )



   ,     : There were many witnesses of that accident. [33 :     ]     .

A boy was taken to hospital in an ambulance. [        ] (-)        .

The onlookers wanted to see everything. [33    : ]    .

Even a zebra-crossing can be dangerous. [:     : ]      .

Arent there any traffic-lights there? [:     ]   ?

Some pedestrians do not look well enough. [  :    ]     .

Sometimes we have to give right of way. [ :      ]     .

Where can I get a time-table? [      ]     ?

I took a cab to my destination. [      ]      .

It is faster by underground. [  :  ]  .



   . This time-table is old. [??s 'ta?m?te?bl ?z ??ld]

  . There were few pedestrians. [?e? w?: fju: p?'d?str??nz]

  . The onlookers soon left. [?i '?n?l?k?z su:n l?ft]

    . The zebra-crossings are not used by everybody. [?? 'z?br?-'kr?s?nz ?: n?t ju:zd ba? '?vr?b?di]

  . The traffic-lights were out of order. [?? 'tr?f?k'la?ts w?:r a?t ?v '?:d?]

     . The ambulance came too late. [?i '?mbj?l?ns ke?m tu: le?t]

    . I often go by Underground. [a? '?f?n ??? ba? '?nd??ra?nd]

  . There were no witnesses. [?e? w?: n?? 'w?tn?s?z]

  ? (:    ?) What is your destination? [w?t ?z j?: ?d?st?'ne???n?]

   ? Do we have right of way? [du: wi: h?v ra?t ?v we??]



   audience, spectators, viewers, onlookers ['?:di?ns, sp?k'te?t?z, 'vju:?z, '?n?l?k?z]?

    ,   ,   a spectator [spek'te?t?].

Spectator [spek'te?t?]   ,        .

Viewer ['vju:?]         ,   .

Audience ['?:di?ns]   ,  ,    (,  ),  ( ),  - ,   ..

Onlookers ['?n?l?k?z]   ,    - ,     ,      ,       ,      .



 35   :

 [] cab

,  [] onlooker

  [ ] time-table

 [] underground

  [  ] right of way

  [] destination

  [ ] zebra-crossing

 ,    [] ambulance

 [] pedestrian

 [] witness

 [ ] traffic-lights



       -s.     ,  , :

Irinas dog [i:'ri:n?z d??]  

fathers bicycle ['f?:??z 'ba?s?kl]  

 ,  ,     of, :

the windows of the office [?? 'w?nd??z ?v ?i '?f?s]  

the months of the year [?? m?n?s ?v ?? j??]  



 35   :

injured [] 

unconscious [] ,  

mainly []  , 

in vain [ ] , 

serious [] , 

necessary [] 



     .     .       -:

Many labourers of that factory were injured. [     : ]      .

Some of them were unconscious. [   : ]      .

Johns brother works mainly at night. [  :   ]     .

We tried to help in vain. [:     ]    .

It was a serious accident. [    ]    .

She is too serious for me. [:  :   :]     .

What is necessary to do that? [    : ]  ,   ?



   . Our questions were in vain. ['a?? 'kw?s??nz w?:r ?n ve?n]

    . They sell mainly vegetables. [?e? s?l 'me?nli 'v??t?b?lz]

   . It is not necessary to go there. [?t ?z n?t 'n?s?s?ri tu: ??? ?e?]

     . She has been unconscious for two days now. [?i: h?z bi:n ?n'k?n??s f?: tu: de?z na?]

    . My father asked a serious question. [ma? 'f?:??r ?:skt ? 's??r??s 'kw?s??n]

   . Seven pedestrians were injured. ['s?vn p?'d?str??nz w?:r '?n??d]



 35   :

,  [] serious

 ,   [] mainly

 [] injured

 [] unconscious

,  [ ] in vain

 [] necessary



         ().     .   :

Her telephone number is nine,  (oh), two, one. [:      : ] Ÿ    9 0 2 1.

      [].

The result of the match is four nil. [      : ]    -.

       nil [].

It is six degrees below zero. [   :  ]    .

  ,  .. ,    zero [].

Two minus two leaves nought. [:  : : :]     .

All her work was for nought. [: : :   :]      .

     nought  naught    [:].        .

     zero,    nought, :

You have to write it with 6 zeros [ju h?v tu ra?t ?t w?? 6 'z?ro?z] (.)

You have to write it with 6 noughts [ju: h?v tu: ra?t ?t w?? 6 n?:ts] (.)

     6  (  6 ).



  

   .

   

  .

 , 2023 .



Good Doctor Aibolit knows Russian and Hebrew.

He often speaks English and German, too.

Denis Shevchuk, 2023



[??d 'd?kt? Aibolit n??z 'r???n ?nd 'hi:bru:.

hi: '?f?n spi:ks '?n?l?? ?nd '??:m?n, tu:]



Dobryj doktor Ajbolit

znaet russkij i ivrit.

Na anglijskom i nemeckom

tozhe chasto govorit.

Denis Shevchuk, 2023



 35   :

number [] 

result [] 

minus [] 

below [] , , 

degree [:] , 



They live below us. [33   ]    .

Its there, below. [ , ]  , .

He has a doctors degree. [:    ]    .

I like it only to some degree. [      ]       .



       :

) 

to prevent [ ]  prevented [] prevented []

to direct [ ]  directed [] directed []

to cause [ :]  ,  caused [:] caused [:]

to travel [ ]  travelled [] travelled []

) 

to run over [  ]  ran [] run []

to hit [ ] ,  hit [] hit []



I could not prevent the accident. [     ]     () .

A boy was run over by a car. [       :]    .

The car hit him on a zebra-crossing. [ :     -]      ().

Nobody knows what caused the accident. [   :  ]   ,     .

A policeman directed the traffic. [    ]   .

Have you ever travelled in Russia? [ :    ?]  -   ?

The bus hit the building. [    ]    .

He often hits other cars. [:    :]     .

The snow has caused a lot of accidents. [   :    ]     .

They travelled for six days. [    ]    .

We have prevented a strike. [:    ]   .

I ran over a cat last night. [     : ]     .

I think we have hit something. [  :   ]  ,    - .

What caused their departure? [ :  :]    ?



        who, which [hu:, w??].

1.       - ,      :

a) Who is that girl? [hu: ?z ??t ??:l?]   ? (Who      ?)

b) What man did you meet? [w?t m?n d?d ju: mi:t?]    ? (  what       , ?)

2.    ,  what [w?t].

a) What are you doing? [w?t ?: ju: 'du:?n?]   ? (What      ?)

b) What music do you like? [w?t 'mju:z?k du: ju: la?k?]    ?

(     what   ?).

3.            ,       which , , , ?.

:

     ? Which of these boys is your son? [w?? ?v ?i:z b??z ?z j?: s?n?]

  ,   ? Which girl is taller, Jane or Mary? [w?? ??:l ?z 't?:l?, ?e?n ?: 'me?ri?]

 ()  ,   ? Which car is faster, his or yours? [w?? k?:r ?z 'f?:st?, h?z ?: j?:z?]

    ? Which is the cheapest of these radios? [w?? ?z ?? '?i:p?st ?v ?i:z 're?d???z?]



   ,         .      ,       ,  -      .



  ? Who comes today? [hu: k?mz t?'de??]

    ? What came with the post yesterday? [w?t ke?m w?? ?? p??st 'j?st?de??]

       ? Which of you went to the cinema this morning? [w?? ?v ju: w?nt tu: ?? 's?n?m? ??s 'm?:n?n?]



       .      .      .      .



   ? What kind of fruit do you like? [w?t ka?nd ?v fru:t du: ju: la?k?]

     ? Who is this man in the brown coat? [hu: ?z ??s m?n ?n ?? bra?n k??t?]

 :     ? Which is older, your brother or your sister? [w?? ?z '??ld?, j?: 'br???r ?: j?: 's?st??]

 () :   ? Which is Johns, the coat or the hat? [w?? ?z ??nz, ?? k??t ?: ?? h?t?]

  ( )   ? Who was killed in that accident? [hu: w?z k?ld ?n ??t '?ks?d?nt?]

     ? What friends do you often go to? [w?t fr?ndz du: ju: '?f?n ??? tu:?]

  ? What are you doing? [w?t ?: ju: 'du:?n?]

()   :   ? Which country is more beautiful, yours or mine? [w?? 'k?ntri ?z m?: 'bju:t?f?l, j?:z ?: ma?n?]

     ? Which is the oldest of these houses below? [w?? ?z ?i '??ld?st ?v ?i:z 'ha?z?z b?'l???]

     ? Which of these girls is the cleverest? [w?? ?v ?i:z ??:lz ?z ?? 'kl?v?r?st?]

    ? What animals live in trees? [w?t '?n?m?lz l?v ?n tri:z?]

    ? What labourer doesnt like a raise? [w?t 'le?b?r? d?znt la?k ? re?z?]



     ? Which is the shortest of these streets? [w?? ?z ?? '??:t?st ?v ?i:z stri:ts?]

    ? Which of these people are richer? [w?? ?v ?i:z 'pi:pl ?: 'r????]

  ? What are you writing? [w?t ?: ju: 'ra?t?n?]

  ? Who are your colleagues? [hu: ?: j?: 'k?li:?z?]

   :   ? Which animal is heavier, a horse or a cat? [w?? '?n?m?l ?z 'h?v??, ? h?:s ?:r ? k?t?]

   (   )  :   ? Which man is your father, the baker or the butcher? [w?? m?n ?z j?: 'f?:??, ?? 'be?k?r ?: ?? 'b????]

   ? What vegetables are cheap now? [w?t 'v??t?b?lz ?: ?i:p na??]

  ? What customer is not satisfied? [w?t 'k?st?m?r ?z n?t 's?t?sfa?d?]



    .  ,   

 to be +   

     :

  (: ). We are tired. [wi: ?: 'ta??d]

  . That shop is closed. [??t ??p ?z kl??zd]

   . The table is made of wood. [?? 'te?b?l ?z me?d ?v w?d]

  . This seat is taken. [??s si:t ?z 'te?k?n]

  . It is known to everybody. [?t ?z n??n tu: '?vr?b?di]



      .        ,   to be   .         ,     .



     . These witnesses saw the accident best. [?i:z 'w?tn?s?z s?: ?i '?ks?d?nt b?st]

 5   . It was five degrees below zero. [?t w?z fa?v d?'?ri:z b?'l?? 'z??r??]

   . I see the door of the hotel. [a? si: ?? d?:r ?v ?? h??'t?l]

  ? Is this James bicycle? [?z ??s ?e?mz 'ba?s?kl?]

    ? Which of the pedestrians has seen it? [w?? ?v ?? p?'d?str??nz h?z si:n ?t?]

  ? What is the result of the match? [w?t ?z ?? r?'z?lt ?v ?? m???]



   . It is necessary to prevent these things. [?t ?z 'n?s?s?ri tu: pr?'v?nt ?i:z ??nz]

      ? Which of the ambulances came first? [w?? ?v ?i '?mbj?l?ns?z ke?m f?:st?]

     . We travelled to our destination. [wi: 'tr?vld tu: 'a?? ?d?st?'ne???n]

   190520. My number is one nine o five two o. [ma? 'n?mb?r ?z w?n na?n ?? fa?v tu: ??]

    ? Did they have right of way? [d?d ?e? h?v ra?t ?v we??]

    . These people tried to help in vain. [?i:z 'pi:pl tra?d tu: h?lp ?n ve?n]

     . He travels mainly by underground. [hi: 'tr?vlz 'me?nli ba? '?nd??ra?nd]

   ? Who has made this time-table? [hu: h?z me?d ??s 'ta?m?te?b?l?]

    ? By which people was it caused? [ba? w?? 'pi:pl w?z ?t k?:zd?]

  () . She has been hit by a bus. [?i: h?z bi:n h?t ba? ? b?s]

  ? Is he seriously injured? [?z hi: 's??r??sli '?n??d?]

  ? (2 ) What has been promised to you? [w?t h?z bi:n 'pr?m?st tu: ju:?] What have you been promised? [w?t h?v ju: bi:n 'pr?m?st?]

  :   ? Which is noisier, a cab or a bus? [w?? ?z 'n??z??, ? k?b ?:r ? b?s?]

40  40  . Forty minus forty leaves nought. ['f?:ti 'ma?n?s 'f?:ti li:vz n?:t]

      .   .

Vain  rain  train  mainly [ve?n  re?n  tre?n  'me?nli]

cause  nought  brought  thought  taught [k?:z  n?:t  br?:t  ??:t  t?:t]

degree  least  leave  sleeve [d?'?ri: li:st  li:v  sli:v]

direct  right  minus  light  find [d?'r?kt  ra?t  'ma?n?s  la?t  fa?nd]

serious  zero ['s??r??s  'z??r??].



            .

 -   ? Have you ever been in an accident? [h?v ju: '?v? bi:n ?n ?n '?ks?d?nt?]

     . My brother was, yesterday afternoon. [ma? 'br??? w?z, 'j?st?de? '?:ft?'nu:n]

  . A policeman was directing the traffic. [? p?'li:sm?n w?z d?'r?kt?n ?? 'tr?f?k]

    . But a cab did not stop in time. [b?t ? k?b d?d n?t st?p ?n ta?m]

       "". My brother was hit by it on a zebra-crossing. [ma? 'br??? w?z h?t ba? ?t ?n ? 'z?br?-'kr?s?n]

  ,      . We were glad that he was not seriously injured. [wi: w?: ?l?d ??t hi: w?z n?t 's??r??sli '?n??d]

   . There were many onlookers. [?e? w?: 'm?ni '?n?l?k?z]

 ,       . The witnesses say my brother did not cause the accident. [?? 'w?tn?s?z se? ma? 'br??? d?d n?t k?:z ?i '?ks?d?nt]

  ,       . Some pedestrians think they always have right of way. [s?m p?'d?str??nz ??nk ?e? '?:lwe?z h?v ra?t ?v we?]

  ,   . But everybody knows that is not true. [b?t '?vr?b?di n??z ??t ?z n?t tru:]

      . We all have to try to prevent accidents. [wi: ?:l h?v tu: tra? tu: pr?'v?nt '?ks?d?nts]

    . Policeman cannot do everything. [p?'li:sm?n 'k?n?t du: '?vr???n]

,     . It is better when there are also traffic-lights. [?t ?z 'b?t? w?n ?e?r ?:r '?:ls?? 'tr?f?k'la?ts]

      . You travel fast and easily by underground. [ju: 'tr?vl f?:st ?nd 'i:z?li ba? '?nd??ra?nd]

    . But it has become very expensive. [b?t ?t h?z b?'k?m 'v?ri ?ks'p?ns?v]

    ,     . There are so many underground trains that you dont need a time-table. [?e?r ?: s?? 'm?ni '?nd??ra?nd tre?nz ??t ju: d??nt ni:d ? 'ta?m?te?b?l]

      . A modern underground is not noisy or dirty. [? 'm?d?n '?nd??ra?nd ?z n?t 'n??zi ?: 'd?:ti]

    . But sometimes there is not enough money. [b?t 's?mta?mz ?e?r ?z n?t ?'n?f 'm?ni]

 ,       . People are tired when they get home from the factories and offices. ['pi:pl ?: 'ta??d w?n ?e? ??t h??m fr?m ?? 'f?kt?riz ?nd '?f?s?z]

     ,     . Some of them go to bed early, because they are sleepy. [s?m ?v ??m ??? tu: b?d '?:li, b?'k?z ?e? ?: 'sli:pi]

   ,  . When it is too noisy, they wake up. [w?n ?t ?z tu: 'n??zi, ?e? we?k ?p]

   . They dont like that. [?e? d??nt la?k ??t]

    . It is much better to have nice dreams. [?t ?z m?? 'b?t? tu: h?v na?s dri:mz]

    ,  ,    . But when you have a nightmare you are glad when you hear the alarm-clock. [b?t w?n ju: h?v ? 'na?tme? ju: ?: ?l?d w?n ju: h?? ?i ?'l?:mkl?k]



       . This is already the fourth gale in eleven days. [??s ?z ?:l'r?di ?? f?:? ?e?l ?n ?'l?vn de?z]

     . Five people were drowned in that hurricane. [fa?v 'pi:pl w?: dra?nd ?n ??t 'h?r?k?n]

   . Many ships were wrecked. ['m?ni ??ps w?: r?kt]

   ()  . Some cars were blown from the road. [s?m k?:z w?: bl??n fr?m ?? r??d]

    . He needs a new pair of glasses. [hi: ni:dz ? nju: pe?r ?v '?l?:s?z]

    . These scissors are dangerous for children. [?i:z 's?z?z ?: 'de?n?r?s f?: '??ldr?n]

    . It is not so hot in the shade. [?t ?z n?t s?? h?t ?n ?? ?e?d]

       . In this changeable weather I dont forget my umbrella. [?n ??s '?e?n??b?l 'w??? a? d??nt f?'??t ma? ?m'br?l?]

     . Our house was burnt down last week. ['a?? ha?s w?z b?:nt da?n l?:st wi:k]

   . We woke up because of the heat. [wi: w??k ?p b?'k?z ?v ?? hi:t]

   (: )   . These showers are good for our garden. [?i:z '?a??z ?: ??d f?:r 'a?? '??:dn]

    . They bought six pair of trousers. [?e? b?:t s?ks pe?r ?v 'tra?z?z]

  ? Are these seats taken? [?: ?i:z si:ts 'te?k?n?]

       . That severe winter there was much dense fog. [??t s?'v?? 'w?nt? ?e? w?z m?? d?ns f??]

˸  . The ice has melted already. [?i a?s h?z 'm?lt?d ?:l'r?di]

  ? Has the rain stopped yet? [h?z ?? re?n st?pt j?t?]

  ,   . These binoculars are old, I need a new pair. [?i:z b?'n?kj?l?z ?:r ??ld, a? ni:d ? nju: pe?]

     ? Which of these dressing-gowns is the most beautiful one? [w?? ?v ?i:z 'dr?s?n?a?nz ?z ?? m??st 'bju:t?f?l w?n?]

    . We sold ten pairs of shoes. [wi: s??ld t?n pe?z ?v ?u:z]

 ()  :   ? Which sheet is cleaner, yours or mine? [w?? ?i:t ?z 'kli:n?, j?:z ?: ma?n?]

    . This is a bed-spread for a single bed. [??s ?z ? 'b?dspr?d f?:r ? 's?n?l b?d]

     ? Is that wardrobe made of wood? [?z ??t 'w?:dr??b me?d ?v w?d?]

    . Your spectacles are on your pillow. [j?: 'sp?kt?klz ?:r ?n j?: 'p?l??]

  (: ) . He was snoring noisily. [hi: w?z 'sn?:r?n 'n??z?li]

   ? How much are these alarm-clocks? [ha? m?? ?: ?i:z ?'l?:mkl?ks?]

    . After the sunny spells there was a thunderstorm. ['?:ft? ?? 's?ni sp?lz ?e? w?z ? '??nd?st?:m]



       ? Which of these rugs have you bought cheapest? [w?? ?v ?i:z r??z h?v ju: b?:t '?i:p?st?]

   . I have burnt my hand. [a? h?v b?:nt ma? h?nd]

      . Many people are killed on that narrow road. ['m?ni 'pi:pl ?: k?ld ?n ??t 'n?r?? r??d]

     ? In which shop do they sell this? [?n w?? ??p du: ?e? s?l ??s?]

   ,     . She was unconscious when she was taken to hospital. [?i: w?z ?n'k?n??s w?n ?i: w?z 'te?k?n tu: 'h?sp?tl]

     ? Which of you woke up earliest? [w?? ?v ju: w??k ?p '?:l??st?]

    . This happened on the ninth day. [??s 'h?p?nd ?n ?? na?n? de?]

   . The temperature will drop below zero. [?? 't?mpr??? w?l dr?p b?'l?? 'z??r??]

      . They have hardly got any pillows. [?e? h?v 'h?:dli ??t '?ni 'p?l??z]

     . Nobody likes this oppressive heat. ['n??b?di la?ks ??s ?'pr?s?v hi:t]

 :   ? Which is faster, a cab or the underground? [w?? ?z 'f?:st?, ? k?b ?: ?i '?nd??ra?nd?]

   . This road is dangerously slippery. [??s r??d ?z 'de?n?r?sli 'sl?p?ri]



   20

20.1.   -s,    ,  ..  ,  :

fathers dog ['f?:??z d??]  

Mikes bicycle [ma?ks 'ba?s?kl]  

      .          of:

the windows of the office [?? 'w?nd??z ?v ?i '?f?s]  

20.2.

 0       :

9021: nine, o, two, one [na?n, ??, tu:, w?n] (,  , )

4  0: four (to) nil [4- 0: f?: (tu:) n?l] ( )

6 C: six degrees below zero [s?ks d?'?ri:z b?'l?? 'z??r??] (, . )

5- 5=0: Five minus five leaves nought. [fa?v 'ma?n?s fa?v li:vz n?:t] ()

    . All her work was for nought. [?:l h?: w?:k w?z f?: n?:t] ( )

20.3.    :

)   

 : who-what [hu:-w?t]

 : what-what [w?t-w?t];

)   

 : which-which [w??-w??]

 : which-which [w??-w??].

20.4.       ,      () , :

What caused their departure? [w?t k?:zd ?e? d?'p?:???]     ?

Which of the ambulances came first? [w?? ?v ?i '?mbj?l?ns?z ke?m f?:st?]       ?

20.5.   "  to be +   "

 ,       , :

The shop is closed. [?? ??p ?z kl??zd]  .

They are tired. [?e? ?: 'ta??d]  .

You are soaked. [ju: ?: s??kt]   .

20.6.  :

to blow [tu: bl??] ,  blew blown [blu: bl??n]

to burn [tu: b?:n] ,  burnt burnt [b?:nt b?:nt]

to dream [tu: dri:m]  dreamt dreamt [dr?mt dr?mt]

to freeze [tu: fri:z] ,  froze frozen [fr??z 'fr??zn]

to hit [tu: h?t] ,  hit hit [h?t h?t]

to run over [tu: r?n '??v?]  ran over run over [r?n '??v? r?n '??v?]

to set in [tu: s?t ?n] ,  set in set in [s?t ?n s?t ?n]

to wake up [tu: we?k ?p]  woke up woken up [w??k ?p 'w??k?n ?p]

20.7.     :

to cause [tu: k?:z]  ,  caused caused [k?:zd k?:zd]

to drizzle [tu: 'dr?zl]  drizzled drizzled ['dr?zld 'dr?zld]

to drop [tu: dr?p]  dropped dropped [dr?pt dr?pt]

to shave [tu: ?e?v]  shaved shaved [?e?vd ?e?vd]

to snore [tu: sn?:]  snored snored [sn?:d sn?:d]

to travel [tu: 'tr?vl]  travelled travelled ['tr?vld 'tr?vld]



     ? Which of these pedestrians are witnesses? [w?? ?v ?i:z p?'d?str??nz ?: 'w?tn?s?z?]

     ? What news have you heard on the radio? [w?t nju:z h?v ju: h?:d ?n ?? 're?d????]

   ? Who drove fastest? [hu: dr??v 'f?:st?st?]

   ,   . I told them in vain that the seats were taken. [a? t??ld ??m ?n ve?n ??t ?? si:ts w?: 'te?k?n]

         . The underground will take you to your destination most easily. [?i '?nd??ra?nd w?l te?k ju: tu: j?: ?d?st?'ne???n m??st 'i:z?li]

       ? Which spectacles are more modem, Johns or Nicks? [w?? 'sp?kt?klz ?: m?: 'm??d?m, ??nz ?: n?ks?]

   . We traveled only by plane. [wi: 'tr?vld '??nli ba? ple?n]

        ? Which of these policemen regulated traffic the worst? [w?? ?v ?i:z p?'li:sm?n 'r??j?le?t?d 'tr?f?k ?? w?:st?]

      (: ). Our house is built on a dangerous turn (literally: corner). ['a?? ha?s ?z b?lt ?n ? 'de?n?r?s t?:n ('l?t?r?li: 'k?:n?)]

    ? Which man were you talking to? [w?? m?n w?: ju: 't?:k?n tu:?]

     ? Which of you had the advantage of travel? [w?? ?v ju: h?d ?i ?d'v?:nt?? ?v 'tr?vl?]

   ,   ? Who among the witnesses remembers when it happened? [hu: ?'m?n ?? 'w?tn?s?z r?'m?mb?z w?n ?t 'h?p?nd?]



  19  20,   35 

alarm-clock [: ] 

ambulance []  ()  

bedspread [] 

below [] , , 

binoculars [] 

blanket [] 

blew [:] , 

to blow [ ] , 

blown []  ( have  has), 

to burn [ :] 

burnt [:] , ,  (  have  has)

cab [] 

to cause [ :] ,  

changeable [] , 

dangerous [] 

degree [:] 

dense [] 

destination []  ,  

dew [:] 

to direct [ ] , 

dirty [:] 

double [] 

down [] , 

dream [:] 

to dream [ :] 

dreamt []  (  have  has)

dressing-gown [] 

to drizzle [ ] 

to drop [ ] , , 

to drown [ ] 

fire [] , 

to freeze [ :] , 

gale [] , 

glasses [:] , 

hail [] 

to hit [ ] , 

hit [] ,  ( have  has), 

hurricane [] 

ice [] , 

injured [] 

in vain [ ] , 

to kill [ ] ,

mainly []  , 

to melt [ ] , 

minus [] 

modern [] 

necessary [] 

to need [ :] 

nightmare []  

nil [] , 

noisy [] 

nought [:] 

number [] 

o, oh [] 

onlooker [] , 

oppressive [] , 

pair [] 

pedestrian [] , 

pillow [] 

to prevent [ ] 

quiet [] , 

ran over [ ]  (-)

result [] 

right of way [  ] ,   (  )

road [] 

rug [pa] 

to run over [  ] (-)

run over [ ]  ( have  has)

scissors [] 

serious [] , 

to set in [  ] , 

set in [ ] ,  ( have  has)

severe [] , 

shade [] 

to shave [ ] 

sheet [:] 

shower [] 

single [] 

sleepy [:] , 

slippery [] 

to snore [ :] 

soldier [] 

spectacles [] 

spell []  ,  (),   

thaw [:] 

thunderstorm [:] 

time-table [ ] 

traffic-lights [ ] 

to travel [ ] 

trousers [] 

umbrella [] 

unconscious [] ,  

underground [] ,  

to undress [] 

unpleasant [] 

to wake up [  ] , 

wardrobe [:




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=69507757)  .

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