   .      
 


   / Contemporary Western Rusistika
  XIX                  .    ,                            ,  ,      ,    .      ,              ,  ,           .





 

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      ,      ,     ,   .    ,     頖  ,    .   ,         ,      , , ,  .

,  ,     ,    ,        ,   ⠖   .                  . ߠ    :  ,  ,  ,     ;    ,  ,     .              . ߠ  (   )        .     ,       ,      ,     .   ,   ,  ,      .

              .  ,           ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , Ē ,  ,    .          . ߠ   ,    .

       .            (Social History Society),      (Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association),      (American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies),    (Organization of American Historians),      (International Security Studies),     (Harvards Charles Warren Center)      .      ,    .

         ,  ,,    .      ,        .      650    , ,   .            .       25.    ,      ,  ,  ,  ,     Harvard University Press.          ;   ,    .       ,  蠖  ,      ;   ,  ,  ,     .   Harvard University Press    .        ,      ⠫Press,       ,    ,    .      ,      .

 , ,     . ߠ     ,   (Mellon Foundation) (     ),         (Mabelle McLeod Lewis Memorial Fund).  ,      (Charles Warren Center),        ,      .    ,  ,  -,     . ߠ         .    (Mazer Fund)      .

    :     (KennanInstitute for Advanced Russian Studies),        (Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover Presidential Libraries),    (Rockefeller Archive Center),      (Patrick Endowment)      (Swarthmore Colleges Hannah Leedom Fund).         ,     . ߠ ,   ,    ,   ,        ,    ⠫American Historical Review.       (  ,   , ),   (  )   (  ).

         ,       . ߠ  ,      ,     . Ѡ      ( )       .     ,        ,   ,        .

            . ߠ       ,        ,     ,       ,        .      ,     .

     .               .     ,      .        ,     ,     ,   . Ƞ      .

   ,    ,         .        ,    ,  ,      .  .

,     .                 . ߠ          .    .      ,     .    .






  


 1870-  1940-           .    ,         .   ,           ,      ,      .    蠖 ,  ,     ,       ,     ,        ,           .        ,     ,     ,       .

    ,                 XX  .       ..,   XIX.     Ѡ  (1850)      1848,   ,    .     ,         ,   ?  ,     ,   .              ;            [ 1955][1 -    . [ 2017;  2010;Venturi 1960; Gleason 1980].].

 ,              .   ,        ,    ,        .        ,     19321933.    ,   .           , ,        .    ,       ,   .        ,     .         ,            .  ,            . ,  ,    [2 -      . .        18 1930 (Hamilton Fish Armstrong Papers, box 35).].     ,     .

 , ,     ,  .   ,  ,      ,    [ 1955: 138].      ?        ?        ?         ?       ?

 XX     .  ,        ,   .       ,     ,      : , , ,  .  ,  ,         .        . Ѡ               .              ,       1870:              1950-      1980- . ,      ,     .   ,           -     .                ,            .  ,    ,  ( )  .

        ,       :    ,       ;    ;         . -,           .       ,    , , ,      .    , ,        :     ,     .      ,   ,   [3 -  ,   ,   ,  ,         ,      ,  ,   .].  ,   蠖  堖     .         :            ,     .

  ,      .  1850- ,    ,  -    .      [ 1956: 315],      ,       . Ƞ       ,  堖  ,    ,       ,      [ 1956: 319].    .

        ,    蠖     .  ,   ,   ,     .    ,   , ,  ,   .      . ,  ,      .               堖  ,  [4 - . [ 2003; Malia 1999; Lowe 1966; Wittfogel 1957].].   ,       ,     ,       .    ,       ,      1920- .

 1920-         -   ,         .   , ,  , ,    ,      .    XX;           .        .          1848,    ,   .       ,      [,  1955: 423].   ,  ,       ,         .   ,       ;  ,          [,  1960: 9]. ,   ,    ,    ,      .

-, XX              . ʠ1920-    ,   ,      ,  .     ,     ,   , ,  ,      .            .       ;     ,      .

    ?   .    ,   ,     ,      ? .    ( )   ,        .    ,              .  1932,    ,         . ,     ,  ,        ,  [5 -  . .   19 1932. SDDF 861.5017Living Conditions/510.].          .

        ,          . ,  ,         [ 1955: 35].      ,  ,    .     :



  , ,     ,    ,     ,   : Morituri te salutant [    ],     ,        ?         ,  ,   -      ,    , ,   ,          ? [ 1955: 159].


      .    ,      ,     (  , ,   )      ,    .  salus populi ( )    , ࠫ  , , , []  [ 1955: 140; Berlin 1956:XV].  ,   ,  ,     ,       蠖      .

 1928       ,     ,  .            堖      .   ,          , ,     ,   ,       [Jordan 1994; Alchon 1985].         ,    ,         .          ,   ,      [Shearer 1996;Viola 1987].    ;     ,    [6 - . [Rogger 1981; Hughes 1989, ch. 6;Brooks 1991].].        ,         .              ,    .        ,        19321933.

-,            .   ,   ,      ,  .          -     .        .      XIX       ;       ,     . ,       , XX,   ,     ,           . -,   -,           [7 -      : [Haskell 1977; Ross 1991].   : [Schulzinger 1975; De Santis 1979].  : [Schudson 1978].].        ,            .

      - , -     ,      .           .        ,      ,   ࠖ  ,       .           ,     . ,     蠖 ,  ,           ? (1906)           .   ,           [8 - . [Sombart 1976]. ,      : [Malia 1999;  1995; Graubard 1956; Paddock 1994; Burleigh 1988; Cooley 1971].    ,     ,  [Anno 1999; Anno 2000;  1999, 12].             . [Makdisi 2002].],     ,  .

           .  XIX,        ,             [9 -        [Frierson 1993: 45, 159]. Π .  [Wortman 1967; Walicki 1989].        [Riasanovsky 1976]     [Haimson 1964].].  ,      ,           .   ,            . Ƞ     .   XIX        ()    ().             ,    ,   -      .       (    ) 1880,      ,         ,        .  ,       ,      ,  .

         .   XIX     ,  蠖      (  )    .     , ,            1874.        ,      .           .   ,   XIX       .        蠖  , 蠖  ,     . ,      ,    (  )   .        ,      ,     ⠫.       ,         ,    .    ,    , ,       .

      ࠖ ,  ,   堖     .    ,    ,    蠫 .                    . ,  ,        .           ,     .  ,   ,            .          蠖           [10 - . [ 2006;  2008, ; Adas 1993; Prakash 1995].].

        ,    ,      .       ,  .         ,   ,   ,     1848.   ,      ໠     1848,     .      ,       ,,  ,   .                .          .        ,        .

 ,       ,               .   :      ,      1930-  -      -  . Ƞ            .  蠖       蠖          .                      . Ƞ            .       ,         堖  頖  [11 -        [Lyons 1971]. .  [Margulies 1968; Hollander 1981; ONeill 1982].    -        : [Pells 1973; Kutulas 1995].    [Caute 1973].].

   ,    ࠖ   ,   .  ,    ,   .       ,   蠖         .          ,    [12 -    . [Shearer 1996; Bailes 1978].    . [Kingston-Mann 1999].     [Yaney 1982; Frierson 1993;  2006; Lih 2001].].             ,   .

     .                 ,       [ 2005].   ,     ,     ,         .             ,      .

          . ,      ,           . Ѡ1980-       ,      ,     .  ,   ,        ;        . Ѡ ,         ࠖ     ,   ,       [13 - . [Kausikan 1998: 20; Mahbubani 1998; Yew 1992].    [ 2001; de Bary 1998].].         . ,   , ,         .   ,       ,     .

              .   ,         ,      ,        homo economicus.        .  ,     ,   ,   ,        .  ,     ,     ,   ,     .        ,        [Boycko et al. 1995: 910][14 - .  [Shiller et al. 1991: 399; Shiller et al. 1992: 179; Boycko 1991: 42].].         ,       .     ,           , ,   ,    .

          ,            .        ,   , ,       ,   .   ,                 [Goldman 1994: 1618].      ,      ,   . ,      ,           .     ,         .   ,     ,      [15 - . [Pipes 1996: 35] : Pipes R.A Nation with One Foot Stuck in the Past// Sunday Times. 1996. October 20.  [Desai 2000].].          ,      .

        ,   .      .    ?       ?         ?       .           ?       ? Ƞ ? ,     .            ? Ƞ ?          ,    .

    ,      ࠖ          1870 1940.       ,    .  ,    ,     ,         .     ,                .

       XIX.          ,      .    ,           18911892.         - -     .       ,        ;  ,    ,      .  18911892     .        ,         ,    .          ;       .               ,     ,    .

    ,               .  1905,        ,        .          ,    ,    .  ,        ,  ,       ,     -,    ,         .       1917,     .   ,   ,          .  ,     ,        .            :  19211923.            ,     .  ,          (  )  .             .    ,          .

         ,           ,     .            .          ,      ,    . Ƞ ,     ,          .   蠖         젖     .    ,    -           .    ,     ,    .   ,        ,         .              .       - -   , ,         .  ,   ,   ,    ,      ,       .        ࠖ    .        ࠖ  .               ( )  . -               .   ࠖ      ,    ,   ,   .    ,    X 1947,        .           . ʠ 1950-         ,          . Ƞ     .

       XXI   ,       .  ,      .   ,    (   ),        ⠖       ,    .                .

       ,   .           .        ,   ,   ,      [16 -       ;            : [Rorty 1998;  2001].]. Ƞ     ,        ,    .       ,    .     ,      ,   . ߠ     ,      ,     . ߠ  ,   ,     蠫      [ 1955: 314].

    XX     .         ,   .                [17 -     :      堖 ,   ,   . . [Fabian 1983].].     ,   ()   ()    .         ,     ,      . Ƞ  ,   ,     XIX   XX,         .

   ,     ,      .  ,         [,  1955: 434].    ?,   ,     ,      . ,       ,    ,       .

 ,        2004    .         ,   ,   -           .     , 2020- ,      .         蠖   1998        XXI.




 I

 ,  





 1

 


  .   ,  XVIII    ,  ,  ,     ,    .        (            XVIII),         . ,        ,   : , ,  ,   .

      ,        [18 -        [Suny 1998, chap 2; Riasanovsky 1993].].  IX        ,       , ,      .  XIII,    ,     - ,        .  XVI       堖 .     ,     ,       . ʠXIX     100 ,         :    -    -,             .         .  ,    ,     ,   (  ).       ;     .

         .      (1897), 72%     ( 43% ,  ,  ), 86%   .  75%   .  ,     1861    ,     (    )    .

 ,      ,     .        ,          ,   堖 ,       .   XIX     (  ),    ,        .   XIX       :  ,  ,     .       XIX   ,    .

        .      ,      ,     .      ,  ;       .        . Ƞ       - ,            .

   ,  XIX ,     .   ,   ,   :       .        ,      .  XIX      .         ,          ,   ,     .       ,     ,               .                ,     ,        .

    ,           .   , XVI  ,    ,  ,             .      (15171549),    ()      ,  :  ,  ,    ,  [19 - . : [Poe 2000: 164].].    ,     ,  ,    :     .   ,  ,        [20 - . [Poe 2000: 165;  2003: 45].].  ,     .

               ,       .           .     , ,        ( ,  ,,   )         .           I(16821725).        .    - (  )   ;     ,    ;    ,         -.    ,    ,          .

    ,       ,       .   Π  (1748)  ,          .  ,    ,       .           .      ?            .  ,  ,    .     , ,  ,       .      .  ,    ,           [ 1955: 265].      ,    , ,            [ 2003: 307308].

         . ,      ,  -     (1762),         .   ,  ,          .  ,  ,  ,   ,    ,   [ 1998: 233].     ,  ,      ;      ,           [ 1998: 235;  2003: 300301].      ,  ,    .

       ,    ?              . -   ,        -    ,     ,      . ( XIX  ,       ,  [21 - . [Lewis, Wigen 1997, ch. 12;  2005].].)      .  ,  ,  ,    ,  .    ,   ,   ,    ,     .  ,             .

         ,      ,     .       .         ,   젖   .     ,  ,            .

         ,     XIX    .  ,          ,  ,   .      ,   ,        .    ,       :     .   ,    ,     . ,   , ,  ,        [Riasanovsky 1952: 171174; Malia 1999: 130133, 207].

           ,      .      ,   ,    XVIIIXIX         [22 -  [Gong 1984: 100106] ,        .].      ,         .     ,       ,     .  ,      ,           .

    ,        .  ,           ,         -,    .     ,     ,  -.  ,   ,      ,    .          -   ,      ,            -. ,    ,    ,     .

       ,           ,   .   I   1825,  ,  , , ,  ,       ,    .  ,       ,     ,      .         ,   ,  .

               ,     1839.       ,       ,   .     ,    ,     .    젖      .     ,    ,      :    ,    ;       [  1996, 2:77].     ,    . Ƞ    ,     .             蠖       ,  : ߠ! [  1996, 2:315],   ,   ,        ,   .   蠫,      蠫[23 - . [ 2006, 2].].  ,        ,   .

      ,   ,       ,   .   ,    ,      .      ?         ,  ,  .  XIX                .     ,          ,        .        ,  .           ,  ,      .    ..,    ,    ,   ,     []    [ 1861: 291292; Frierson 1993: 102].        ,      .   ,   ,    ,     .            蠖   .

        .  ,         ,   .     .        ,   ,          .    ,       .     ,       .   ,     ,       .       ;         . ,  ,        ࠖ  ,   .       ,    ,   ,    [24 - . [Haxthausen 1856, 1:66; 2:233; Starr 1968: 477].].              ,    .       ,    ,   ,     [25 -       [ 1956: 335336].].

         ,   .     (        )         .    ()  .         ,            ,    .          ;    ,     ,     ,         ,    ,         ,  (     )        [Robinson 1969: 12].  ,       .   ,        ,    ;   ,    .               1724  .  ,        ,    ,        [26 - . [Blum 1961, chap. 24].           (    ),    堖           . . [Grant 1976; Watters 1968].]. ,        ,        .

            .     1858    ,   ,   .   ,   ,   ,   .    ,      .   ,  ,      ,      .         .              :  .  ,          ,    .  ,    ,     .  ,    ,         (      ),      ,    .

      .     1871, -       ,      ,       . Ƞ,           .         ,      , ,    .  ,        ,           ,  , -    [ ]     [27 - . : [Walicki 1989: 187].].            .      ,  , ,   ,  ,   - [28 -      .    [Walicki 1989: 179194; Kingston-Mann 1999, ch. 6;White 1983; Naarden 1990; Shanin 1983].].               .

       ,  ,   ,    .       ,    .      , ,      XIX堖       .    1877,   ,    .    ,       .              ,   .      .    ,   ,    .       [  1881: 222],     ,      ,    , ,   [  1881: 257].         []  ,      [  1881: 328].        :    ,  ,     ,    ,   ,   .   , ,     .          ,    ,    ,    [Kingston-Mann 1999: 169170].

          ,           :           1877.       ,      .         :     .        ,     .      , ,        .       ,       . Ƞ               .    , ,     ,        .         :    (   ),    [29 - . [Rambaud 1886, 2:265; Cooley 1971: 204].].

   -           (1881),     .   -  ,                .      ,           . -      ,       , ,   .        ,      . -      :   ,  ,      .    ,  ,           [30 - . [Leroy-Beaulieu 1902; Cooley 1971: 290291].].

 -    .          ,   -     ,      .    -          ,                ,   ,   .

    1549-  - 1877         .   ,   ,         .      ,        .      ,   .




 2

  


       ,   -  .         ,   ,     ࠖ ,  ࠖ    .    ,      XIX        ,       .            ,          ,   .    ,   ,      ,       ,      ,    ,       ,      .      ,     .  ,  ,   ,    ,       .    ,          .    18911892   ,   ,     ,   .      ,           .    -,  -,           ,   ,    1890-      .

     ,   .          .      1832,        .  XIX      ,        . (      1905   ,    II,        :     .      ,  ,         .) -        ,     .   ,  ,     ,      .      :   ,      ( )    [Rogger 1983: 15, 22].   ,        ,     .

   ,    -     ,      ,    ,      .    ,  .            . ,      ,           .      ,        .

      ,  ,     .       :  ,   ,      ,        .    ,    ,      (   ),    ,,     .      . ,       ,       .      ,   (    )          [Howe 1975: 528].

         ,   .       ,  ,   ,  -  [31 -  [Gay 2002]            ( )  ,      ; ., , [Gay 2002:XXVnote 4,21].].   ,   -,      ,            .  ,  ,    (  )     ,      ,   .        ,    .  ,   ,        ,  ,       ,   , , 蠖 ,,  .

     ,       .    -            .    ,      ,   ,   ,  [32 - . [Paddock 1994, ch. 7]. .  [ 1995: 1518; Desmarais 1969: 264266].].          -,   ,  .   -     ,         ,   .

        , ,  .      :         .         ,        .   1865        ,      ,      -.       1866   ,      [33 -        [Travis 1990: 1718].].   -         .      (1870)     ,          .    ,     ,      , , , ,  , ,   .             ,      .   , ,  ,    ,    :           [ 2019: 32].    ,        :  ,   ,  ,  堖 ,   [ 2019: 101].     ,     ,   ,     .

   ,     .     ,    ,      ,          [Dawes 1888: 631; Susman 1984].  ,          ,    堖 .    ,       :    ,   .       ,      .           ,      .       ,    .

 1868,     ,         .  1870     ,     .        ,        .        ,          .          .  ,    ,   ,  []      ,     .   ,        ,           [Kennan 1874: 171, 176, 187].

 1870-       ,             .      .              ,      . , ,  ,       ,        .      ..,       ,  ,  .      ,     :          ,      ,   [34 -   ⠫The New York Tribune  27 1878 2 1878,  ⠫The Nation, 29 29 1878, .134135.     [Fowler 1972: 123].].

   ,  ,      .       -,      ,  15    .             (, ,  ),   .      -,  1861    ,      [35 - . [Hubbard 1890: 190; Rosenberg 1962].].        ,      .        ,     -   .   ,         ,   1867.              [Schuyler Schaeffer 1901: 17; Schuyler 1901: 207209].

         .     ,   ,        .     ,        . Ӡ,  ,      ,   -     .       ,    ,      ,      ,   .      ,   (     ),    .       [] .     ,    :      ,   .     ,      .  ,      ,    .     ;  ,       .  ,  ,        ,   .       -       ,      [36 -     [Schuyler 1869b].].      ,          .

,     ,  (  )      .       1873,          [Schuyler 1877, 1:III,VI; Brown 1971: 165].     ,        .    ,       ; ,  ,    .          ,  ,      ,        ,       .     ,      ,      [],   . ,     ,       ⠫  [37 -   , 17 1873, SDR,    , 18081906. 61.         ,  :   , 10 1874. FRUS 1874, 823824. . :   , 21 1872. FRUS 1873, 766. .  [Schuyler 1877, 2:388].].

              . , ,   ,       ,     []    .         (  1869):        .     ,   ,  , ,     .   ,      .   ,       ,  ,  ,           [38 - . [Schuyler 1877, 1:38, 147148, 172, 271; 2:118; Schuyler 1869a: 327];   , 21 1872. FRUS 1873, 766.].

 ,       ,        .  ,      1725, XIX      ,       . -,     ,    ,   ,  ,     ,       .  XIX      ,       .     XIX     ,         (1872)    ,     .  ,       [39 - . [Brown 1971: 38; Riasanovsky 1985: 192195; Saul 1996: 122].].

        Scribners Monthly      [40 -    ⠫Scribners Monthly  19 1880 (.545564);          .].      :  , ,  ( ) .        :      ,       .  ,      ,    :           .       .        ;       ,       .       ,     .   ,          1697:        [41 - . [Schuyler 1884, 1:26, 175, 186, 264, 329330, 336; Schuyler 1877, 1:153].].          .

 ,  ,       ,    .              ..            American Historical Review  ,           [42 - .: J.B. A.(James B.Angell). Book review // AHR. 1901(July).Vol.6. P.839.     ,       . .: Sewanee Review. 1901.Vol.9. P.372374.].

       ,     .            ,  .     蠖           ⠖     ,    .  ,         XVII       .

    ,      ,     ,    . ,      ,   ,     .      XVIII  XIX,              .        ,      ࠖ  XVIII 蠫      .  ,        ,     [Schuyler 1884, 2:644].

      ,       .  ,      .  ,         .   ,         [43 - .   ⠫New York Tribune 27 1878 2 1878.].       .           ,    ,  . Ƞ            ,       .

   ,           .             [Travis 1990: 2526].        , 1880-       . ?   1882       ;      .     ,     ,     .     ,   ;     ,     .  , ,   ,      ࠖ  ,      .   ,    ,  ,        [Kennan 1882; Travis 1990: 3940]. Ƞ     ,       .          .       ,  蠫,      ,    .           ,         [44 -    ..    (1881?). George Kennan Papers (NYPL), box 1.].

     ,  Century     .  1884    -,         .  1887    ,      . , 1891,      .          .   ,       :      .      ,         ,            [ 1906:IV].          :        [ 1906: 2].

,     ,  ,    ,       .        ,    , , ,   ,   ,  ,      ࠖ    ,     .         ,   ,       .            [ 1906: 74].            .       ,    ,       .        Century,  ,    , ,  ,        [45 -   , 26 1885. . : [Kennan 1891, 1:350351].].      ,  .

      ,     ,  ,      .           .     1880-     ,     .      ,      . Ѡ    .   ,             ,        ,         .         ;    .  ,  ,    :          ;            ,        [Travis 1990: 126][46 - .  [Willrich 2003, ch. 3].].     ,  ,     ,       .            .      (  ),         :       ,        ;        ,  .         ,     .          ,           ,   .  ,             .

         ,  . -     ,   ,     ,        - .                      .      (,        ),       . ߠ ,   ,  ,  ,       锻 [Foulke 1925: 85, 106, 94].    ,         [Foulke 1925b: 99].      ,    (1887),   - :       .    -,  ,       .     :          .     ꠫  ,  ,  ,   [Foulke 1887: 13, 14, 85].

 ,      .      ,          . Ƞ       :    ,  ,   ,  ,  .           .         [,  ]  .       :     , -   .    ,     ,     ,     ,   .      ,    [Foulke 1887: 13, 33, 14, 36].

  ,  ,  .   ,    ,         [47 -     . [Foulke 1887:III, 28, 29].].       ,        젖     , XIII XVI.         [Foulke 1887: 72, 22].      .             ,     .         . ,        ,  .     ,   . ,  ,          []   .   ,        ,     [Foulke 1925b: 9,99, 108; Foulke 1887: 62, 8283].

   ,  ,   ,       .  ,    ,      ,          .         ,     ,   .  ,   ,   ,         ,       [Foulke 1887: 37, 134, 144, 61, 23][48 - .      1887,     [Violette 1986: 80]. ߠ    ,        .].          ,   .

  ,  15   ,   .        . ,    ,       :       ,         .     ,     .   ,      ,    ,  .      ,    ,     ,   [49 - . [Adams 1947: 177179; Adams 1902: 181182].           ,   [Anderson 1951: 7374].].       XIX    ,     .   ,       .

         ,,  .   ,          ,     .   ,         ,    [Foulke 1887: 5859].         <>     ,  []     ,  ,      .  ,      . ,        (     )     ,  ,      .  ,         .

               .     ,    ,   :        ,           [Foulke 1887: 144].        . Ƞ              .       ,  ,  ,    ,     (     )     ? Ƞ      ,       ?  ,  ,      .  ,        ; ,       ,          .

     ,  ,      .        ,   - .. (   ).       ,       ,      .    North American Review      ,      :      ?[50 -   , 4 1888,  , 9 1888.   :William Dudley Foulke Papers, box 3. : North American Review. 1888. February.Vol.146. P.233234.]          .       . Ƞ       ,    .

  ( -)    ,   ,    ,        ;      .   ,       ,    ,    .  1880- 1890-          ,   ,     [51 -   .: Makers of Recent Russian Literature // The Chautauquan. 1902. July.Vol.3. P.327.].             1880- ,           .     ;     -   [Hapgood 1890: 313; Saul 1996: 326327].

          .  -    ,        ( ),   () .      ,     .   , ,      ,   .. [Hapgood 1902: 250].      ,        ,    ,     .        ,   ,     ,   <>   ,   ,     .   ,   ,      ,   :         <>       .         ,      :    ,    蠫  ,       ,     [Hapgood 1894:XI, 64, 89, 159].    ,     ,     ,      . ,    ,   . Ӡ ,  ,     .

       ,       .     ,  ,  1890-                    [Hapgood 1894: 108109].  ,       .              .   (   )           ,      蠫 [Smith 1985: 52].                1890- ,  18911892.

  1890-       ,         .          .         ;    ,     -        [Kahan 1968: 353377].  ,       .   ,    ,   .     .        ⠖ .. (18831887), .. (18871892) .. (18921903)    ,           蠖  .    ,        ,     .       [ 1978].            .   ,         ,  ,  ,   :    ,   ! [ 1901: 21][52 - Π   . [Simms 1976: 115130].].

                .  ࠖ        18911892   .        ,      .  1891     ,        75% [Wheatcroft1992].     ,         .

  1891,       ,         ,   .      (  II)       11 .             ,      ,     .           400000 [Wheatcroft 1992: 6061; Robbins 1975, chap. 7].

       ,         .   ,       . ʠ   ,     ,     .  ,    ,    ,    -,     [53 -         100000   . .     25 1892 [ 1993: 207208]. .  [Hoyt 1893:IIIIV].         .: .. ..  19 1891. . .1204. .1. .548. .11.].  ,         :    .           ,    .

 ,    ,        ,             ,   .       .    ,             [Boyer 1978: 41].    -,    (18901892)    (18921894), ,       . ,     (1868)    (1884),    ,  .    1853    (  ,  -   )     -.    1850- ,      .       :  ,      <>          [Altschuler 1979: 32; White 1896, 1:38].  ,   ,       ,      .

     ,      ,  - II[54 - . [ . 1992;  1968; Wheatcroft1991].].     1855        . ʠ 1850-        .          ,      ,       .    1861     ,      .      ,           ,      .     ,     ,      .  ,            .

   ,       ,     .  1862     Atlantic Monthly,       .        ,   ,    -.   ,           . II     XIX.      , ,        .     , ,    ,     蠫  .  ,  ,   ,   ,      ,        .  ,             ,     [White 1862: 539, 552, 548, 551][55 -            (1874). Andrew Dickson White Papers, box 198, p.44.].        .

            18911892.      ,     .       .     , ,    ,   ,        [56 -    , 28 1891. SDR.      . [Queen 1955: 140, 149].].        ,   ,  .      ;        ,         [Steveni 1892: 2834].      ,     ,       ,            [Reeves 1917: 10].  ,      ,  ,           [Edgar 1917: 465].       ,     ,        ,  ,  ,     .           .  ,  ,   ,    ,    [57 - The Famine in Russia // NYT. 1892. 3January.].

        .    ,     ,  . ,     ,   ,   ,   ,       , ,  ,     ,  [58 -  , 21 1894. . [Altschuler 1979: 198199]. .  [White 1896, 2:30, 54].].    ,  ⠫The Cosmopolitan,    .             .      ,  , ,            ,     . ,      ,   [Halstead 1892: 82].  , ,     ,        ꠫    .   ,          ,          [Reeves 1917: 99][59 -    [Queen 1955].].  ,   ,     ,      .  ,  ,  ,    ,    .  , ,  ,              .

        ,     ,    .   ,     ,  ,    . ,   ,              .      ,          [60 - Northwestern Miller. 1891. 18December.   [Edgar 1893: 7].].    ,        ,       [Stepniak 1891: 1].   ..     Review of Reviews      ;    ,    ,   [Stead 1892: 670].                [Hapgood 1892a: 234].         , ,          :



   ,   ,        ,       .      ,      ,      [Smith 1892: 155].


  (  )        .

 :           .       ,   , ,   .             .      -     [61 - . [Edgar 1893: 4748; Edgar 1892b: 579].    ,    ,        (     ),        (  )    .].  ,    ,      ,     [62 -     29 1892. . .170. .512/1. .737. .130131.].

             ,        .   1880- 1890-     ,   -    ,         1881.   ,    ,  ,       ,   ( ),  .    ,  蠫       , ,     [Stevens 1892: 198199].      -,    ,         ,    [63 -    , 16 1892. FRUS 1892, 384;  , 7 1890. SDR,    , 27. .  [Spetter 1974: 237238].]. Ѡ ,      . ,  ,  ,    ࠖ  ,        .

   ,             .        .   ,  ,  , -,   [ 1893],      ,       .      ,  :    ,           .              ,         .    ,  ,    ,    .   ,          ,         .  ,        Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,    :  ,              [64 -        :Annals. 1894. July.Vol. 5.P. 118120. .  [Edgar 1893: 579581; Edgar 1892: 698]. Π     1860-  . [ 2016].].   ,              ,            .

     , ,    ,     ,        .   ,  ,  ,     .     ⠫The Chautauquan,          :   ,    ,     ,    [Wyman 1892: 61].      ,             .  ,  ,  ,      .  ⠫Annals 蠫Forum      Review of Reviews   ,       .    ,  ,      [   ]    [de Lastrade 1892: 225226; Edgar 1892b: 576, 581].      ,          .   , , ,       ,     .

     , ,      .       :  ,        ?..  ,    ,          ,      ? [Smith 1892: 542].    ,     ;         .       : ,    ,                 ,   [Kennan 1892: 7][65 -  ,        .].

    ,   ?        ,     ,      .    ,  -  ,   -     ( 1866, 18771891)[66 - .  : WhatIs to Be Done? // Free Russia. 1891. December. Vol.2. P.5; TheFamine in Russia // Review of Reviews. 1891. October.Vol.4. P.378.].     The Nation  ,     ,  , -       [67 - .  : The Precautions against Famine in Russia andIndia// Nation. 1891. 20August.Vol. 53. P.137138.].   ,      ,  .         .

        ,      , ,   蠖   .     ,           ,   ,        堖    .     , ,     ,     ,  ,     [68 - . : [Smith 1994: 131]. .  [Edgar 1893: 6,4].].  Review of Reviews  ,      ;  ,     ,    ,     [69 -  : Russias Scourge // Review of Reviews (New York). 1892. 5February. P.1.].       ,   ,   . ,    ,     .

  XIX, ,  ,      ,    ,    . Ƞ    ,      .  ,      ,          . ,   ,    ,        ,  .        ,     , ,     -  䠖      ,         .

         .   , .. ..,     ,  ,        .   ,    ,     .     ,          .    ,     ,        .     ,       ,     .     1890-  -,          ,  .         .    ,      ,       .       ,         .  ,     ,     ,    .     :      ,              [70 -     . [Goodwyn 1976].           [Wortman 1967].   . [Taggart 2000, ch. 23; Pollock 1962, ch. 5].].

         XIX,      ,   ,        ,     .    ,       ,       ,    .     .             ,         .              (1899) ..,    ,     -   ,   , , .

,        ,   .      蠫   .     ,       ,         .     ,           [71 - Π,     , . [ 1941: 46;  1947: 185186; Dossick 1960].]. ,      ,    .        ;          .      ,      (   ),  ,,    .   -,         [72 -       [Epstein 1965, ch. 8; 1906].].      ,   ,  ,         .      ,     ,  [73 -     15 1892 [ 1965: 266]. .  [ 1962: 261].].     ,    ,     [ 1941: 120].  , ,        ,     :  [Hourwich 1893].         ( - ):         .    ,    [74 -      ⠫. , .:     //  (-). 1892. 19. 11;   //  (-). 1891. 20. 3.].

         ,      . ..     (),        .  1898    ,    -,     ,            [Simkhovitch 1938: 5051, 87; Rodgers 1998: 8586].   ,          ;       [Simkhovitch 1913].   ,     ,       (Zwergwirtschaft). ,  ,      ,    .        :             .      ,     (urspr?nglich);        .       ; ,     ,   (  )   [75 - . [Simkhowitsch 1898: 12];    :PSQ. 1903. . 18. .703; [Simkhovitch 1900: 384; Simkhovitch 1913b: 398].].     ,        ?          ,    ,     . ,     ,   ,   ,   [Simkhowitsch 1897: 678].      .   ,      ,       .      ,      :       ,     [Simkhovitch 1900: 384].

   -      :      ;       ;  ,    18911892,   ,  [76 - ,   . PSQ. 1899. . 14. .541544;  , 24 1897.Isaac A.Hourwich Papers, folder 113.].      ,   ,   ,     ,    .        ,   .          ,  ,        ,    , ,   .        .       -  ,     .         .

   -    ,        .    ,         .    ,          ,   ,   ,     .      .    ,        蠖 .       ,  ,             [Hourwich 1894: 87, 94; Hourwich 1892: 673].  ,  ,      .           .

  ,    ,             .    ,   ,  ,     .  ,  ,     . ,     ,    ,            .  ,          .     ,    ,  ,       ,     .          ; ,       ,    .     頖  ,      ,     . Ƞ            ,   -     ,   .      ,           .  ,      ,     ,          .          蠖     ,     ,    .




 3

   


        ,    -       - .     ,      (. American Social Science Association),     .       , Journal of Social Science,      蠖     ,    , 1869 [Tourgeneff1869].  1890-    . ,   ,    ,      .       ,       .          ,      . 1892,     ,       .    ,        ,     . ʠ      -:    ,         [77 -        ,     ..     .         14 1917. . Cyrus McCormick Papers, box 117;     9 1925 . Archibald Cary Coolidge Papers, series HUG 1299.5, box 1.].   ,      -  ;      ,  ,       ,  .

            -  ,      .         ,         .        ,      ,  - .       ,   ,     ,    ,  [78 - . [Novick 1988, ch. 2;Ross 1991, ch. 3].].     ,       ,          .

       ,   ,    ,     .    ,       ,    1892     .    The Nation          :       ,   (   ,   ), ,   ,     .   ,          ,       ,  ,       -   [Hapgood 1892b: 447; Saul 1996: 392395].     .    -   ,    ,        ,    ,     -,     .        -   (),    ,       [Dole, Wiener 1892].     ,      ,          ,    .   (,  )    ,          [Hapgood 1892c]. Ƞ   ,      .

       ,        .       ,,  .     ,   ,         ,    .     (   ),      .  1887         .   ,   ,    ;    -      [Byrnes 1982: 51].                .         -, ,  ,         .              .               ,   .     ,    ,  ,     [79 -            . .: White to John Foster, 24August 1892, SDR, Despatches from U.S. Ministers to Russia,  230;     11 1891, . : [Coolidge, Lord 1932: 30].]. Ƞ             .        ,         . ʠ1892,           ,      .         ,  ,   - [80 - . [Byrnes 1982: 5253; Coolidge, Lord 1932: 2038(       18 1891, .26); Coolidge 1892].].

 ,     ,     :   .  1893    .     ,      .  ,       .      ,   .     ,  ,     20  [81 -   ., 8 1893 18 1893.   . Charles R.Crane Papers, reel 2..  [Byrnes 1982: 26].].  1894,     ,          . Ѡ,  ,    ,     .  ,    American Historical Review,      ,     , ,  .  ,         .    , ,           ,    -. ,          [Emerton, Morison 1930: 166; Coolidge 1896][82 -   . History 19, Coolidge Papers, series HUG 1299.10, box2.        ,         XVIII     /. . [ 2003: 36].].         .    ,  ,    ,     [Byrnes 1994: 8][83 -    . [Palme 1914].].          .

                 .  1894        .         ,   ,       .       :       ,           [Dole 1894: 180181].         .     ⠫Nation         ,           .      ,          ,       [84 - . [ 2001: 32; Parry 1967: 51].].      ,   40.   ,         24  ;        .      ,       .    ,    : , ,    .  ,       ,           [85 - . [Wiener 1915: 13, 12, 37].          .  [Lanin 1892].].  1917      ,   [86 - . [Wiener 1902; Tolstoy 19021904;  2001b: 1013;  2001a: 208].].       1894,   ,   .

..    ..:    . ,  ,      [ 1978: 191]      ,        .        ,    ,   ,     ,      .   , ,      .    ,     .  ,      .      ,    (  )    ,    ,  ,  -  Foreign Affairs[87 - . [Byrnes 1982].].   ,          .

       ,    ,    ,        ,     .    ,     ,   (,     , ,    ,     ,    29) [Coolidge, Lord 1932: 139; Byrnes 1982: 2627].          .          ,                 [Higham 1989: 625; Emerton, Morison 1930: 159].

            . ,      ( , - )         [Coolidge 1917].    ,        ,      ,   .     ?   .         ,  ;   ,     (    )    .  ,      ,      ,    .        ,       ( ),    (  ).        :         ,     [88 -    5  1890- (?) [New York?]. Evening Post, Scrapbook, Coolidge Papers, series HUG 1299.17.]. (       -     1904,       [Leroy-Beaulieu 1908:V].)      ,   ,       ,            ⠖   ,        .

         .  ,      , ,    ,       [Coolidge 1909: 216, 219].       ,      .     1927          .    ,  ,         .           ,       .      ⠫  ,       [89 - Coolidge A.The Expansion of Russia. Coolidge Papers, series HUG 1299.15, box1, ch. 2,p. 26; ch.3, p.1.].

    ,    . ,  ,            ⠫   .       .       : ,     ,  , []  ,    ,    , [90 - Ibid. Ch. 8,p. 35, 34, 3940.].    ,         ,      ;         .  -,   ,     [91 -   , 11 1891, [Coolidge, Lord 1932: 31].].   ,     (  )     .

    ,   ,    .             ,  , ,    ,      .  ,          ,   ;       .          ,   蠖     .      :              ,                .    ,  ,        [92 - .: Coolidge A.Expansion of Russia. Ch. 1114; [Coolidge 1901: 63, 64, 70].].  ,    ,      ,    .

       ,      ,              .            ,    .     ,  ,               .  ,  ,    []  ,       .       ,     .             ,   ,  .      ,    ,     .     ,     .

      ,     .        , ,    ,     ,   ,   . ,        ,  .  ,           ,    ⠫American Historical Review;     ,  [93 - Coolidge A.Expansion of Russia. Ch. 1,p. 12, 2325;      6 1890 [Coolidge, Lord 1932: 2122].].

          , .      (  ,    ),    .      ,,   .   ,     <>   ,       <>  <> []     . -      , ,        .     .      ,  ,        ,          [94 - Coolidge A.Expansion of Russia. Ch. 3,p. 1415; ch. 12, p.37; [Coolidge 1927: 223224].].

   ,    ,      ,        .     , ,    ,    , []      .         [95 - Coolidge A.Expansion of Russia. Ch. 1,p. 3.. : Coolidge A.Russia and the Present War.     , 4 1904. Coolidge Papers, series HUG 1299.10, box 1.].         (    ),      .   , ,       .      ,   ,   -  ,     .   䠖    ,        頖       XX[96 - . [Haslam 2002; Rosenthal 1991; Carr 1940].].           .            [97 - .  [Coolidge, Lord 1932: 139note 1]. .  [Byrnes 1982: 263264].]. ,          ,       , ,  頖     ,       [MacCaughey 1984: 80].

        .              (   ),      ,       [98 - . [Byrnes 1982: 161162, 263264; Emerton, Morison 1930: 166note];  ,    50-  1918 . Hamilton Fish Armstrong Papers, box 35.     ,    ,     . . [Emmons 1995].].             ( )   .          .   ,    ,   ,     XIX  .  ,         ,   .      ,        ,       ,    .                 ,      .    ,          XX.

 ,   1890-     .  1893   .., -,      .      ,     ,    .  1895     . ,         ,       . , ,    ,            1890- ;        ,             ,    .    , , ,   , ,     ,         .     [99 -      ,        . . [Epstein 1965: 258]. Π  .: University of Chicago Board of Trustees Minutes.Vol. 1,p. 102, 191, 248, 302. Π    .  .  ,    ,   , 5 1894 22 1894. .: University of Chicago Presidents Papers, box 17, folder 14.    1895 . [Furner 1975, ch.8].].

       ,   ,    .      - 1884,         ,    ,     .        [100 -  : Crane Memoirs, ed. Walter S.Rogers. Crane Papers, reel 3, p.18.].  ,    ,       - .         ,     ,           [Brocage 1962: 78; Saul 1996: 392].              -   ;     1893.  , ,     [101 -    , 18 1893. Crane Papers, reel 2;  (Knickerbocker Press)   , 23 1894. Andrew DicksonWhite Papers, reel 61;   , 7 1896. Crane Papers, reel 2.].

         (     ),    .         .       ,     .  ,  ,        - ,            .  1900,  -      ,       ,      ..  ...     ,    II,        ,      堖  - ,   ,  [102 - Crane Memoirs, p.54, 63, 64, 74; [Saul 1996: 462].].  ,   ..,   1903.      ,    ,  .. [Parry 1947: 28].      ,  .

         .         ,   .      ,   ,       .    ,      ,     -      ,    [Parry 1947: 28][103 -    [Chalberg 1974: 288].].            (19011902)     ,        .     ,   -,        [104 - .  Crane-Lillie Family Papers, box 2,folder 9.].    , ,           [105 - .    [Harper 1945:VIII].].  ,   -  .  1902   ,      ,          [Parry 1967: 58][106 -   , -,      .]. Ѡ             .       ,   .    -     [107 -     . Samuel Northrop Harper Papers, box 1,folder 2.].       .

         .  ,            [108 -    ,    (1906?)        . . Harper Papers, box 1,folder 8.].   ,  ,    ,   .  1903        ,   ,     [109 -  , 30 1903, Harper Papers, box 1.].           ,    栖 -,     [110 - , .:     , 28 1917. Edward Alsworth Ross Papers, box 9,folder 2.].    ,       ,    .                  ,   ,     蠫 [Parry 1967: 8284, 94].       ,  ,       .

     1903    ,      ,    . , ,    ,    ,   .      ,          .     ,            ,     Russian Review   1911 1913[111 -  , 14 1910 18 1910,   Harper Papers, box 1..  [Harper 1945: 6781].].

          .  1909    ,             .           ,        ,      ,   .       19091910,            ,   -     ,   ...; - ..     .  ,     ,      ;      -  .         ,      ,          -,    ,    [112 - . [Harper 1945: 6166], ..  , 20 1909. Harper Papers, box 1; , 13 1909. Crane Papers, reel 2.].       ,       ,  ,  ,       ,   ,     [113 -     , 23 1910. Harper Papers, box 1.].

          ,   , ,     . ,      ,       .    ,   ,       .     :   , ,    (   )   [114 - .   ,  19061907. Harper Papers, box 32, folders 2022. .  [Harper 1945: 12].].

             .    ,      . -,          .    ,  ,    ,  ⠫   . -,          .   ,    .   ,  ,  堖 ,         . ,        ,    [115 -     1907, 19101915. . Harper Papers, box 31, folders 8,23, and 45. Π .     23 1906. Harper Papers, box 1..  [Harper 1912: 103].].

    ,  ,      ,        .   1910     .     ,            .   ,      ,,   ,  ,       ,,      ,   ,    . ,  ,          .   ,      ,     ,    .         :   ,  ,      .  ,    ,    ,    .  ,    -, ,             ,     [116 -         Harper Papers, box 32, folder 22.].

 ,         -.   ,   ,        ,   .              . Ƞ,            .

  1902 ,     ,     ,        . ʠ1905,        ,  ,   .         .   ,       ,       XX        .




 II

 ,  





 4

  


  1905  ,       ,   ,    -.   22           .      II  ,  .          堖   ,    .     .         ,      .      -,       [Harper 1945: 27].

       .    ,  1902     ,    ,        . -    1904     -  -.           ,            [117 -      [Ascher 19881992;Verner 1990].].     ,     -.       ,     .      ,    -⠖  ,          ,    . -,   ,      .         ,          .

      .   - ,    ,     .                   .    ,    .                .        ,    1891    .       ꠫ .        ,    .     ,     頖    ,    ࠖ       .  1905   ( -),         ,       ,      .    .     ,       (),   ,       ,  .

  1905,     -,         .      19051906,      蠖       ,         . ʠ1907        (  ),        .   17  ,        .   1906,    ,      ,      ;         . ,     ,  :      ,     ,       .             ,  ,        ,   ,  .  ,       ,      .

      ,   .    ,     ,   ,     .  ,    ,       ,   ,         [118 -     , 14 15 1906.   . [Thompson, Hart 1970: 5463].]. ,   ,    ,         [119 -         ,   1903 (George von Lengerke Meyer papers, The Library of Congress).]. ,  ,  ,  ,     ,      .  ,     ,         .      ,     ,      [Saul 1996: 490491, 564566].

,     ,          ,  .  ,   ,             ,    ,  ,  .  ,   ,    ,       .  ,      ,         .    ,           .   ,             .   ,          .

   ,    , , ,   .         .  , ,  .    ,     <>     .      .     ,       . (        ;     ,    .)     ,    .          .     ,   ,    .  ,     ,  蠫 ,     ,   [Hapgood 1906: 647648, 661].     ,  ,      .  ,    ,    . ,    .. ,       ,     ,      [Hapgood 1905: 162].        ,      .   ,  ,     [Rambaud 1905: 663]. ,      ,       .

               .       ,    ,  ,  ,    <>  ,    [White 1905b: 89].         ,   :     .      ,        ,  ,      .    ,      ,   , ,     .    ,       ,      [White 1905a: 733734].         ,    ,    .          ,        [120 - White A.D. Prospects of Freedom in Russia. Lecture given 11January 1906. Andrew Dickson White Papers, reel 147, pp. 3,89.].

  -    ,      ,      [121 -    ,           (   .  19 1906). . [DeWolfe Howe 1920: 258].]. ,        ,  ,    ,    .  1890-        ,      .    1905          ;     :    - [122 - Π   . [Byrnes 1982: 129; Wiegand 1988: 6].].        . Ѡ    -         .        19051906, ,         :      .  ,     ,  ,    [sic!] ,   [123 -    , 9 1906. . [Wiegand 1988: 114].].  1906   ,  ,   ,      -    [124 - Meyer Diary, 15July 1906.].           ,        .  ,  ,    ,  ,      100000000,       .    -      ,  : ,      ,   [125 - Ibid. 15July 1906and 30May 1905.]. Ƞ-      .

        .      ,   ,      ,   .         .              , , -,    :        [],   ,    ![126 - . : [Travis 1990: 178].]      ,    .          ,   ꠫    .           , ,    [127 - . [Kennan 1899a: 962; Kennan 1899b: 1016; Kennan 1905: 411, 413].].        ,     ,      .  -     .

  -         ,    .     ,      . ,    ,       ;        ,       .          蠫  ,       젖    ,    .        ?     ,    .      ,      ,     ,       ,        (, ,  ).       ;          [Kennan 1904: 519, 515].    -     ,    ,  ,    .       :    ,        -  <>      <>  , , , ,    [  ].   ,   .           .       [128 -  , 1 1905. George Kennan Papers (LC), box 5.].

         ,     .  ,  ,   ,  .           ,       ,     ,  -.     , ,   ,   (  ,    ,    1901) .    1870- ,    ,        ;  ,              [129 -          ,    :  , 2 1885. Kennan Papers (LC), box 6;  , 20 1905. Kennan Papers (LC), box 7;  , 8 1914. Kennan Papers (LC), box 8..  [Kennan 1897: 496].     ,  , . Kennan Papers (LC), box 95.    6 1911, 2 1901 27 1893.        -.].         ,          .          ,           [Kennan 1904: 520].   ,       .

,    ,      .     1905 -, ,        ,          ,   .             ࠖ     ,       .         [Harper 1945: 27, 44][130 - Π   .:   , 5/19 1905. Samuel Northrup Harper Papers, box 1;Meyer Diary, 21April 1906.].

 ,    1905, -       .   ,    ,   ,      ,    . Ѡ         ,          . ,    (1906) ,    ,       ,    .        :      [131 -  , 24 1906. Harper Papers, box 1.].

  1907      ;         .    The World Today     ,    ,     ,   ( )   .         :    -  (),        [Harper 1907b: 696].     ,     ,     ; ,         ,    [Harper 1908c].    ,            19071908.  ,  ,   ,      [Harper 1908a: 156; Harper 1908b: 9802].    ,    ,     XIX, ,    <>     .                 ,    ,       [Harper 1910: 163; Ross 1984: 919926].

    ,         ,       .      ,  ,         .       ,   .           ,     :        .

        .   ,         ,             .  ,     ,  ,     .         ,     ,     [Harper 1907a: 1116].  ,        ,    .      , -   .    ,          ,      .

        ,    .   -,   ,    ,       .             [Thompson, Hart 1970: 37].           ,       蠖    ,      .        ,       ,    .       1905.

  60    ,            .    ,     ,    ,       .  ,          ,         ,    .

     ,      . ,        .    19,     -, 젖   .  1901,  24,     -,       -.     ,     ,   ,   .      ,      -.          ,    (  .. ..), ,  .    ,    ,       ;      , ,   ,   ,     [132 -      29 1906. . : [Stuart 1968: 36].].              ,     : 1907             ⠫  [133 - ..  [Walling 1938: 61, 6465];    [Walling 1938: 78, 1011]. .  [Boylan 1998, chap. 22].].

       ⠫TheIndependent,   1908  .    ,           [Gilbert 1972: 209].         .   ,  ,         ,        ,  (  )   .         ,   .  ,  ,     .     ,      ,    .   ,       , ,      [Walling 1908: 329, 163, 260].

       ,        .        ,  .     ,   :   ,  ,     .             .    -  ,       . ,    ,            :



       .        . <>     ,       頖  ,     [Walling 1908: 152].


       .  ,      , 蠖     .     ,     ,  -   ,    .             .       ,     ,   ,     ;        [Walling 1908: 3][134 - .  [Walling 1914: 276277].].

            .      ⠫  ,       ,        .   ,  The Nation    ,       <> [135 -  ( ) :Independent. 1908. 10September.Vol. 65. P.611; Russia in Revolution // NYT Saturday Review of Books. 1908. 25July; Outlook. 1908. 1August.Vol. 89. P.765; Nation. 1908. 8August.Vol. 87. P.121.].            .          ?

     ,          -.      . ,    ,    .  ,   ,     ,  -     . ,  - -    .    ,  ,    ,        ,    .   , -        [Walling 1908: 145148, 210, 154, 152; Walling 1906: 13171318].          ,       ,   . ,      ( ,  ),      .         .

    ,     ,     .     .        : 1910         .       . ʠ1912         :



  1905  <>        ,        ,    ,   ,   ,    ,      [Walling 1912: 390].


 ,    ,        .  ,  ,      [Walling 1908:XII].       ,       .

        ,    .      ,     .        .    ,     , 䠖      1639       .     ,  ,     .    ,         .   堖    蠖      .   , ,   ,          [136 -   [Walling 1938: 35]. .  [Bullard 1907: 196198];     24 1906. William English Walling Papers, box 1.].  ,       ,     .

        . ,         ,    ,  ,   .     -,      ,  ,     (   )  .   ,        - ,       <>   .   -    .  ,         ,      ,   .   ,      ,   [137 - . [Poole 1940: 85, 103, 113, 124; Keefer 1966: 3334]. .  . [Walling 1938: 2728].].

, - ,      ,   ?         ,   ,  ,         .     , ,  ,      .  13 14        , ,   ;      ,   [138 - ., , [Poole 1905b; Poole 1905c].].    .     ,      ,     ,      - ,  ,        .     ,       ;             [Poole 1906: 7;Poole 1905: 497].

      , ,    ,     .           ,     - .    ,         .    ,       . , ,      :    -  ,   [],   ,    [Poole 1940: 311].  ,     ,       .         ,      .   , ,   ,      ,    :             .     ,  .

       ,        ,    ,     .  1905     ,     :    ,      .     ,        ;           [Epstein 1965: 259260].    ,   ,         .         ,     蠫     [Hourwich 1906: 8681].    .             .  1905,   ,    ,  堖    [Simkhovitch 1906: 570571, 595].       ,        .          ,                ,   . ,   1905,  ,  ,   ,  ,    []  ,    [Simkhovitch 1905: 274].        ,            ,        ,   .

   -   ,    ,      ,  ,      .       젖      . Ƞ    ,       .  -     ,       .         :  ,           ,    .  , ,       .

 ,     ,  ,   ,        .  1890-         ,      .    -      1905.   1895    , -,   .  ,  ,    .    ,    ,        .  ⠫Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science    -  ,       .    ,   1905,         ,      [139 -       , .,  ,  .  ,   ,   ⠫International Monthly    International Quarterly.].    ,   ,   ,   . , ,       ,       [140 - ., ,    .  1 1917. Harper Papers, box 4.].

   ,                . Ƞ,           ,     .  ,   ,      ,       .         .        -.        ,    .

            .      ,      ,              . ,   ,       ,    .       ,        .




 5

  


 1918,    ,       ,          .    ,  ,    [141 -  , 1 1918. . PWW, 49:154.]. -       .          ;         ,    . Ѡ        , .   1918         ,      .       ,       ,      :   堖 ,   ,     ࠖ ,   ⠖ . ,    ,      1917: ,     .       ,  , , ,   ;        [142 -         - ,      .      : [Saul 2001; Foglesong 1995; McFadden 1993]. -    [Kennan 19561958].            [Lasch 1962].].

  ,  ,     ,        .       ,    ,  .     1917           . ,  ,     ࠖ , ,  ࠖ     .      ,            .   ,             . ,  ,        ;          .       ,        ,   .

       (19171920)        ,     .           ,      .          :     ,   ,    .      ,              ,    , -, ,   .

      ,    -    .     ,     ,      -[143 -  , 18 1914. . PWW, 30: 46.].  ,  ,      .  , -      ,     .      ,              [Kennan 19561958, 2:331].           ,       ,        . .      ,     ,          .             ,    [Strakhovsky 1961: 22].

           ,        .   TheInquiry           ,       頖            .   TheInquiry      ,         .     ..,   ,      ...         ,       .        ,  ⠫TheInquiry      ,     [144 -   TheInquiry       : Slosson P.W. Historical Note on the Russian Cessions in Asia Demanded by Germany. 8March 1918.Inquiry Papers (Yale), seriesIII, box 20, folder 296, p.1; Golder F.The Don Province. 2April 1918. American Peace Commission toVersailles Papers, box 29, p.51; [Gelfand 1963: 5457].].

 1917             ,    ,   . ,       ,          ,       .  ,   ,     ,   .        1917,   II     .     ;   ,            ,      ,   .   ,      ,   ,    .   ,       ,       [Kennan 1917: 546547].    , , ,    (      ..)   젖  ,  ,  [Cronon 1963: 119120].

  ,         .              .   ,        ,   ,     ,     .        ,     .

,       1905       ,            [Harper 1907a: 1116][145 -   . [Filene 1966: 15]. - ,        13,    ,        1917;       7.].         ,        .             1917.    ,       ,     . Ƞ,  ,            .        ,             . Ѡ         ,    ,    [146 -        2 1917. PWW, 41: 524. . :   , 4 1917. Samuel Northrup Harper Papers, box 3.].

     ,       ,       ,     .         .  ,   -  ,        .      ,     , ,     .       ,         .         ,    .      ,      .              ,     .     ,           72.           ,     [147 -     , ,   (),   (International Harvester),   (),      . .  PWW, vol. 42; :   ,  1917. Harper Papers, box 3;[Kennan 19561958, 1:20; 2:331].].

     -  ,         1917,       .         ,  ,    ,   .     ,   .      ,        .     ( 蠫 , )       ,     (   )       蠖 ,    ,    .          ,      [148 -   , 22 1917. PWW, 43: 365367.   . WRP, 70note 73.    15 1917 . [Cumming, Pettit 1920: 2831].].

  , ,     . ,  ,    ,    ,          170     ,        ;  , ,  ,   .                  [149 -  , 17 1917. FRUS 1918, 1:120122. Π ., :  , 22 1917. PWW, 44: 6669;   23 1917;  , 24 1917.   . PWW, 49: 6263, 7779. .  [Saul 2001: 132133].].      ,          .  ,    , ,    ,       .         ,  ,       .   ,   ,    ,  [150 -      10 1917 [Cumming, Pettit 1920: 32].].

   ,       1917,            .    ,      ,        .     蠖     ⠖ ,   ,       ,   .              : .   ,          [151 -    ,  1917, FRUS 1918, 1:143; PWW, 43: 416note 1.].

      ,    .       1917      .          ;        ,        ,        [152 -  , 7 1917;  , 10 1917;  , 10 1917.   . PWW, 44: 557558.].    ,  .

        ,          . ʠ ,    ,     ,      .       ,  ,           . ,     ,       ࠖ    ,     .     1918,     , ࠫ   .   ,       [153 -    , 21 1917. Richard T.Crane Papers, seriesII, box 1,folder 5; , - 1917, . [Harper 1945: 102].      5 1917. Richard Crane Papers, seriesII, box 1,folder 13; [Chalberg 1974: 163].].

,   ,   ,       .  ,   ,  ,  ,   [154 -     14 1917, PWW, 43: 460note 1.].    ,   ,      ,  .            ,       .       ,  -  ,   .

  1917    ,  -    蠖     [155 -       1905. ߠ   ( )      ,   ,   .           1917.]. -     .. ,   .   ,      ,    ,      .        1,    .   1917   ,       ;      .      ,     ,     .   1917       :   ( ) -     ( ).   ,  ,   .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=69503983)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes



1


   . [ 2017;  2010;Venturi 1960; Gleason 1980].




2


     . .        18 1930 (Hamilton Fish Armstrong Papers, box 35).




3


 ,   ,   ,  ,         ,      ,  ,   .




4


. [ 2003; Malia 1999; Lowe 1966; Wittfogel 1957].




5


 . .   19 1932. SDDF 861.5017Living Conditions/510.




6


. [Rogger 1981; Hughes 1989, ch. 6;Brooks 1991].




7


     : [Haskell 1977; Ross 1991].   : [Schulzinger 1975; De Santis 1979].  : [Schudson 1978].




8


. [Sombart 1976]. ,      : [Malia 1999;  1995; Graubard 1956; Paddock 1994; Burleigh 1988; Cooley 1971].    ,     ,  [Anno 1999; Anno 2000;  1999, 12].             . [Makdisi 2002].




9


       [Frierson 1993: 45, 159]. Π .  [Wortman 1967; Walicki 1989].        [Riasanovsky 1976]     [Haimson 1964].




10


. [ 2006;  2008, ; Adas 1993; Prakash 1995].




11


       [Lyons 1971]. .  [Margulies 1968; Hollander 1981; ONeill 1982].    -        : [Pells 1973; Kutulas 1995].    [Caute 1973].




12


   . [Shearer 1996; Bailes 1978].    . [Kingston-Mann 1999].     [Yaney 1982; Frierson 1993;  2006; Lih 2001].




13


. [Kausikan 1998: 20; Mahbubani 1998; Yew 1992].    [ 2001; de Bary 1998].




14


.  [Shiller et al. 1991: 399; Shiller et al. 1992: 179; Boycko 1991: 42].




15


. [Pipes 1996: 35] : Pipes R.A Nation with One Foot Stuck in the Past// Sunday Times. 1996. October 20.  [Desai 2000].




16


      ;            : [Rorty 1998;  2001].




17


    :      堖 ,   ,   . . [Fabian 1983].




18


       [Suny 1998, chap 2; Riasanovsky 1993].




19


. : [Poe 2000: 164].




20


. [Poe 2000: 165;  2003: 45].




21


. [Lewis, Wigen 1997, ch. 12;  2005].




22


 [Gong 1984: 100106] ,        .




23


. [ 2006, 2].




24


. [Haxthausen 1856, 1:66; 2:233; Starr 1968: 477].




25


      [ 1956: 335336].




26


. [Blum 1961, chap. 24].           (    ),    堖           . . [Grant 1976; Watters 1968].




27


. : [Walicki 1989: 187].




28


     .    [Walicki 1989: 179194; Kingston-Mann 1999, ch. 6;White 1983; Naarden 1990; Shanin 1983].




29


. [Rambaud 1886, 2:265; Cooley 1971: 204].




30


. [Leroy-Beaulieu 1902; Cooley 1971: 290291].




31


 [Gay 2002]            ( )  ,      ; ., , [Gay 2002:XXVnote 4,21].




32


. [Paddock 1994, ch. 7]. .  [ 1995: 1518; Desmarais 1969: 264266].




33


       [Travis 1990: 1718].




34


  ⠫The New York Tribune  27 1878 2 1878,  ⠫The Nation, 29 29 1878, .134135.     [Fowler 1972: 123].




35


. [Hubbard 1890: 190; Rosenberg 1962].




36


    [Schuyler 1869b].




37


  , 17 1873, SDR,    , 18081906. 61.         ,  :   , 10 1874. FRUS 1874, 823824. . :   , 21 1872. FRUS 1873, 766. .  [Schuyler 1877, 2:388].




38


. [Schuyler 1877, 1:38, 147148, 172, 271; 2:118; Schuyler 1869a: 327];   , 21 1872. FRUS 1873, 766.




39


. [Brown 1971: 38; Riasanovsky 1985: 192195; Saul 1996: 122].




40


   ⠫Scribners Monthly  19 1880 (.545564);          .




41


. [Schuyler 1884, 1:26, 175, 186, 264, 329330, 336; Schuyler 1877, 1:153].




42


.: J.B. A.(James B.Angell). Book review // AHR. 1901(July).Vol.6. P.839.     ,       . .: Sewanee Review. 1901.Vol.9. P.372374.




43


.   ⠫New York Tribune 27 1878 2 1878.




44


   ..    (1881?). George Kennan Papers (NYPL), box 1.




45


  , 26 1885. . : [Kennan 1891, 1:350351].




46


.  [Willrich 2003, ch. 3].




47


    . [Foulke 1887:III, 28, 29].




48


.      1887,     [Violette 1986: 80]. ߠ    ,        .




49


. [Adams 1947: 177179; Adams 1902: 181182].           ,   [Anderson 1951: 7374].




50


  , 4 1888,  , 9 1888.   :William Dudley Foulke Papers, box 3. : North American Review. 1888. February.Vol.146. P.233234.




51


  .: Makers of Recent Russian Literature // The Chautauquan. 1902. July.Vol.3. P.327.




52


Π   . [Simms 1976: 115130].




53


        100000   . .     25 1892 [ 1993: 207208]. .  [Hoyt 1893:IIIIV].         .: .. ..  19 1891. . .1204. .1. .548. .11.




54


. [ . 1992;  1968; Wheatcroft1991].




55


           (1874). Andrew Dickson White Papers, box 198, p.44.




56


   , 28 1891. SDR.      . [Queen 1955: 140, 149].




57


The Famine in Russia // NYT. 1892. 3January.




58


 , 21 1894. . [Altschuler 1979: 198199]. .  [White 1896, 2:30, 54].




59


   [Queen 1955].




60


Northwestern Miller. 1891. 18December.   [Edgar 1893: 7].




61


. [Edgar 1893: 4748; Edgar 1892b: 579].    ,    ,        (     ),        (  )    .




62


    29 1892. . .170. .512/1. .737. .130131.




63


   , 16 1892. FRUS 1892, 384;  , 7 1890. SDR,    , 27. .  [Spetter 1974: 237238].




64


       :Annals. 1894. July.Vol. 5.P. 118120. .  [Edgar 1893: 579581; Edgar 1892: 698]. Π     1860-  . [ 2016].




65


 ,        .




66


.  : WhatIs to Be Done? // Free Russia. 1891. December. Vol.2. P.5; TheFamine in Russia // Review of Reviews. 1891. October.Vol.4. P.378.




67


.  : The Precautions against Famine in Russia andIndia// Nation. 1891. 20August.Vol. 53. P.137138.




68


. : [Smith 1994: 131]. .  [Edgar 1893: 6,4].




69


 : Russias Scourge // Review of Reviews (New York). 1892. 5February. P.1.




70


    . [Goodwyn 1976].           [Wortman 1967].   . [Taggart 2000, ch. 23; Pollock 1962, ch. 5].




71


Π,     , . [ 1941: 46;  1947: 185186; Dossick 1960].




72


      [Epstein 1965, ch. 8; 1906].




73


    15 1892 [ 1965: 266]. .  [ 1962: 261].




74


     ⠫. , .:     //  (-). 1892. 19. 11;   //  (-). 1891. 20. 3.




75


. [Simkhowitsch 1898: 12];    :PSQ. 1903. . 18. .703; [Simkhovitch 1900: 384; Simkhovitch 1913b: 398].




76


,   . PSQ. 1899. . 14. .541544;  , 24 1897.Isaac A.Hourwich Papers, folder 113.




77


       ,     ..     .         14 1917. . Cyrus McCormick Papers, box 117;     9 1925 . Archibald Cary Coolidge Papers, series HUG 1299.5, box 1.




78


. [Novick 1988, ch. 2;Ross 1991, ch. 3].




79


           . .: White to John Foster, 24August 1892, SDR, Despatches from U.S. Ministers to Russia,  230;     11 1891, . : [Coolidge, Lord 1932: 30].




80


. [Byrnes 1982: 5253; Coolidge, Lord 1932: 2038(       18 1891, .26); Coolidge 1892].




81


  ., 8 1893 18 1893.   . Charles R.Crane Papers, reel 2..  [Byrnes 1982: 26].




82


  . History 19, Coolidge Papers, series HUG 1299.10, box2.        ,         XVIII     /. . [ 2003: 36].




83


   . [Palme 1914].




84


. [ 2001: 32; Parry 1967: 51].




85


. [Wiener 1915: 13, 12, 37].          .  [Lanin 1892].




86


. [Wiener 1902; Tolstoy 19021904;  2001b: 1013;  2001a: 208].




87


. [Byrnes 1982].




88


   5  1890- (?) [New York?]. Evening Post, Scrapbook, Coolidge Papers, series HUG 1299.17.




89


Coolidge A.The Expansion of Russia. Coolidge Papers, series HUG 1299.15, box1, ch. 2,p. 26; ch.3, p.1.




90


Ibid. Ch. 8,p. 35, 34, 3940.




91


  , 11 1891, [Coolidge, Lord 1932: 31].




92


.: Coolidge A.Expansion of Russia. Ch. 1114; [Coolidge 1901: 63, 64, 70].




93


Coolidge A.Expansion of Russia. Ch. 1,p. 12, 2325;      6 1890 [Coolidge, Lord 1932: 2122].




94


Coolidge A.Expansion of Russia. Ch. 3,p. 1415; ch. 12, p.37; [Coolidge 1927: 223224].




95


Coolidge A.Expansion of Russia. Ch. 1,p. 3.. : Coolidge A.Russia and the Present War.     , 4 1904. Coolidge Papers, series HUG 1299.10, box 1.




96


. [Haslam 2002; Rosenthal 1991; Carr 1940].




97


.  [Coolidge, Lord 1932: 139note 1]. .  [Byrnes 1982: 263264].




98


. [Byrnes 1982: 161162, 263264; Emerton, Morison 1930: 166note];  ,    50-  1918 . Hamilton Fish Armstrong Papers, box 35.     ,    ,     . . [Emmons 1995].




99


     ,        . . [Epstein 1965: 258]. Π  .: University of Chicago Board of Trustees Minutes.Vol. 1,p. 102, 191, 248, 302. Π    .  .  ,    ,   , 5 1894 22 1894. .: University of Chicago Presidents Papers, box 17, folder 14.    1895 . [Furner 1975, ch.8].




100


 : Crane Memoirs, ed. Walter S.Rogers. Crane Papers, reel 3, p.18.




101


   , 18 1893. Crane Papers, reel 2;  (Knickerbocker Press)   , 23 1894. Andrew DicksonWhite Papers, reel 61;   , 7 1896. Crane Papers, reel 2.




102


Crane Memoirs, p.54, 63, 64, 74; [Saul 1996: 462].




103


   [Chalberg 1974: 288].




104


.  Crane-Lillie Family Papers, box 2,folder 9.




105


.    [Harper 1945:VIII].




106


  , -,      .




107


    . Samuel Northrop Harper Papers, box 1,folder 2.




108


   ,    (1906?)        . . Harper Papers, box 1,folder 8.




109


 , 30 1903, Harper Papers, box 1.




110


, .:     , 28 1917. Edward Alsworth Ross Papers, box 9,folder 2.




111


 , 14 1910 18 1910,   Harper Papers, box 1..  [Harper 1945: 6781].




112


. [Harper 1945: 6166], ..  , 20 1909. Harper Papers, box 1; , 13 1909. Crane Papers, reel 2.




113


    , 23 1910. Harper Papers, box 1.




114


.   ,  19061907. Harper Papers, box 32, folders 2022. .  [Harper 1945: 12].




115


    1907, 19101915. . Harper Papers, box 31, folders 8,23, and 45. Π .     23 1906. Harper Papers, box 1..  [Harper 1912: 103].




116


        Harper Papers, box 32, folder 22.




117


     [Ascher 19881992;Verner 1990].




118


    , 14 15 1906.   . [Thompson, Hart 1970: 5463].




119


        ,   1903 (George von Lengerke Meyer papers, The Library of Congress).




120


White A.D. Prospects of Freedom in Russia. Lecture given 11January 1906. Andrew Dickson White Papers, reel 147, pp. 3,89.




121


   ,           (   .  19 1906). . [DeWolfe Howe 1920: 258].




122


Π   . [Byrnes 1982: 129; Wiegand 1988: 6].




123


   , 9 1906. . [Wiegand 1988: 114].




124


Meyer Diary, 15July 1906.




125


Ibid. 15July 1906and 30May 1905.




126


. : [Travis 1990: 178].




127


. [Kennan 1899a: 962; Kennan 1899b: 1016; Kennan 1905: 411, 413].




128


 , 1 1905. George Kennan Papers (LC), box 5.




129


         ,    :  , 2 1885. Kennan Papers (LC), box 6;  , 20 1905. Kennan Papers (LC), box 7;  , 8 1914. Kennan Papers (LC), box 8..  [Kennan 1897: 496].     ,  , . Kennan Papers (LC), box 95.    6 1911, 2 1901 27 1893.        -.




130


Π   .:   , 5/19 1905. Samuel Northrup Harper Papers, box 1;Meyer Diary, 21April 1906.




131


 , 24 1906. Harper Papers, box 1.




132


     29 1906. . : [Stuart 1968: 36].




133


..  [Walling 1938: 61, 6465];    [Walling 1938: 78, 1011]. .  [Boylan 1998, chap. 22].




134


.  [Walling 1914: 276277].




135


 ( ) :Independent. 1908. 10September.Vol. 65. P.611; Russia in Revolution // NYT Saturday Review of Books. 1908. 25July; Outlook. 1908. 1August.Vol. 89. P.765; Nation. 1908. 8August.Vol. 87. P.121.




136


  [Walling 1938: 35]. .  [Bullard 1907: 196198];     24 1906. William English Walling Papers, box 1.




137


. [Poole 1940: 85, 103, 113, 124; Keefer 1966: 3334]. .  . [Walling 1938: 2728].




138


., , [Poole 1905b; Poole 1905c].




139


      , .,  ,  .  ,   ,   ⠫International Monthly    International Quarterly.




140


., ,    .  1 1917. Harper Papers, box 4.




141


 , 1 1918. . PWW, 49:154.




142


        - ,      .      : [Saul 2001; Foglesong 1995; McFadden 1993]. -    [Kennan 19561958].            [Lasch 1962].




143


 , 18 1914. . PWW, 30: 46.




144


  TheInquiry       : Slosson P.W. Historical Note on the Russian Cessions in Asia Demanded by Germany. 8March 1918.Inquiry Papers (Yale), seriesIII, box 20, folder 296, p.1; Golder F.The Don Province. 2April 1918. American Peace Commission toVersailles Papers, box 29, p.51; [Gelfand 1963: 5457].




145


  . [Filene 1966: 15]. - ,        13,    ,        1917;       7.




146


       2 1917. PWW, 41: 524. . :   , 4 1917. Samuel Northrup Harper Papers, box 3.




147


    , ,   (),   (International Harvester),   (),      . .  PWW, vol. 42; :   ,  1917. Harper Papers, box 3;[Kennan 19561958, 1:20; 2:331].




148


  , 22 1917. PWW, 43: 365367.   . WRP, 70note 73.    15 1917 . [Cumming, Pettit 1920: 2831].




149


 , 17 1917. FRUS 1918, 1:120122. Π ., :  , 22 1917. PWW, 44: 6669;   23 1917;  , 24 1917.   . PWW, 49: 6263, 7779. .  [Saul 2001: 132133].




150


     10 1917 [Cumming, Pettit 1920: 32].




151


   ,  1917, FRUS 1918, 1:143; PWW, 43: 416note 1.




152


 , 7 1917;  , 10 1917;  , 10 1917.   . PWW, 44: 557558.




153


   , 21 1917. Richard T.Crane Papers, seriesII, box 1,folder 5; , - 1917, . [Harper 1945: 102].      5 1917. Richard Crane Papers, seriesII, box 1,folder 13; [Chalberg 1974: 163].




154


    14 1917, PWW, 43: 460note 1.




155


      1905. ߠ   ( )      ,   ,   .           1917.


