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Historia Rossica
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   1860?              , , ,              .        ,     ,      ,        - [85 - -          20  1864   32 . .: .   , 1866. . I  .   .   .: -          20  1864   32 . .: .   , 1866. . III.].         ,      ,      ,    (.  ), ,                           .                     ,       .           ,   ,     ,       ,     ,  ,               [86 - Kivelson V. A., Suny R. G. Russias Empires. P. 45.            ,     XVXVIII ,          : Kollmann N. Sh. The Russian Empire 14501801. P. 4, 55, 103, 262, 459461.].          .          , ,      .               ,     ,     .

      ,           ,       :      ;          ;       - ;     ;     ,     .  ,       ,           :    ,          .      ,          ,    ,            .            1830  1906    ,      ,  ,            ,  ,       [87 - Mironov B. A Social History of Imperial Russia. Vol. 2. P. 238240.].         ,            .

     ,          1860?   1890? .  ,   1905  1917    ,   .    ,                       [88 - Gaudin C. Ruling Peasants. P. 7.].     ,   ,       .        ,      ,         .                  ,      .      1900?  1910? ,  ,         , ,   ,          . ,   -       ,    . ,  ,                1900          ,     . ,    , ,        [89 -          ,     .]. ,  , ,       ,    .         1860?   1890?   ,        XX .

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,          ,       ,        [96 - Crews R. D. For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006 (. . .:  .    .        . .: , 2022).].                 ,   ,                 [97 - Ibid. : P. 3, 910, 20, 190, 323.].      :      ,  ,        ,   [98 - Spannaus N. The Decline of the Akhund and the Transformation of Islamic Law under the Russian Empire // Islamic Law and Society. 2013. Vol. 20. 3. P. 202241.].          .       ,                    ,     .       ,    , ,     ;   ,   ,     ;     ,    .            ,  ,          .

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        .               XVI   XX ,    1860?       .        ,        ,      1864 .  ,             ,    ,   , ,    .             .

      .           ,        .           ,     ,     ,    ,  ,     .  ,         .                ,         .            ,   ,     .       ,    ,          ,  ,     ,      .       ,       ,  .

       -           ,          ,  . ,   ,        ,        ,   ,    ,     .                 .  ,              ,         1870? . ,   ,   1879 ,         ,    ,         .   ,     1870?       ,  -    .




 


     ,   , , ,   ,      XIX .        ,           ,          . ,   ,       ()  -,                  ()         ()  [99 -  2014         .           ,   .].  ,        ,       .

         ,   ,     .        ,             :      ,   .          ,                    ,       [100 - Hirsch S. F., Lazarus-Black M. Introduction/Performance and Paradox: Exploring Laws Role in Hegemony and Resistance // Contested States: Law, Hegemony, and Resistance / Eds M. Lazarus-Black, S. F. Hirsch. New York: Routledge, 1994. P. 1011.].           .       ,        [101 - History and Power in the Study of Law: New Directions in Legal Anthropology / Eds J. Starr, J. F. Collier. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989. P. 3, 7.    ,       XIX ,         ,   . ., :  . .     18281876. .:     -, 1935. . 3. . 317318;  . .   : 90 . . 38. . 5556.].     , ,           ,           [102 -              : Forum AI: Islam in the Imperial Archives // Ab imperio. 2008. 4. P. 234333.].

-      .      ,           ;        ,           .        ,       .  ,   ,       ,      .       ,     ,     ,     .  ,       ,      ,       .  1905   ,   ,     [103 -      .:  .    . . :   -, 1983. . 179233; Usmanova D. M. Die tatarische Presse 19051918: Quellen, Entwicklungsetappen und quantitative Analyse // Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries / Hrsg. K. Klier et al. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz, 1996. S. 239278.].  ,      .        ,     -    .                .            ,        ,        ,   ,   .  ,          , ,   ,   ,     .

           ,        .     X        ,        . -,          ,       .       1906 .    1880  1905    ,   ,   2000  3800     3000  4500  [104 -      ,   1880 . .:  ., 1885. . 2. . 31;      ,   1900 . .:  ., 1904. . 2. . 7071;      ,   1905 . .:  ., 1908. . 7071.].                 .   1905     [105 -      ,   1906 . .:  ., 1909. . 3451;      ,   1907 . .:  ., 1910. . 3551.].        ,        : 1906  1907      500   ,      800  900.                    .    ,           ,         20%  25%       3542%  . ,        ,  ,  19061917       .      ,       .

-,          19051917 . ,      -       ,       .   , ,   .          ,  ,                 ,   -    .      . ,    ,    ,   1980?         (     )[106 -        ,          1980? .           (. 89)    (. 390).].        ,    X ,            .

       .     .  ,         ,      .    ,   ,      ,       [107 -  . .  1897     . . 4; Crews R. D. For Prophet and Tsar. P. 331; Kozelsky M. Christianizing Crimea: Shaping Sacred Space in the Russian Empire and Beyond. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2010. P. 27.]. , ,      1889    287 -,    -, ,        -,     [108 -  . .    . :  , 1889. . 33.].       ,   ,           . ,    . .        ,   [109 -    ,            ,    : . . 1. . 3. . 1854.     :  . .    :  .].

       .              ,     .             .  ,      1860? ,      ,       ,       :         ,      (  )     (  ),    -  .        ,    ;            .              .  ,        ,       ,         .

       .        ,       [110 - -          20  1864   32 . .: .   . 1866. . I. .  : . II.]. ,      .        ,         ,     ,      ,    .                  [111 - Jersild A. Orientalism and Empire. P. 99101.].  ,       ,       ,    .

       .   ,   1870?   II ,         ,       [112 - McReynolds L. The News under Russias Old Regime: The Development of a Mass-Circulation Press. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991. P. 40.].        ,    ,    ,      ,    .          .         . ,           ,   ,          [113 -   //   . 1871. 1. 1. . 9.].      ,          [114 -  . . -   // . 1896. 12. . 29.].    1870? ,                   ,      [115 - McReynolds L. The News under Russias Old Regime. P. 41.].

         .   ,         ,                .     ,   ,          .  ,   ,    .       ,  ,         :      ,   ,      [116 -  ,              , .:  . 1891. 97. 3.        .].      .      ,       [117 - Jersild A. Orientalism and Empire. P. 102.                : Chatterjee P. The Nationalist Resolution of the Womens Question // Recasting Women: Essays in Colonial History / Eds K. Sangari, S. Vaid. New Delhi: Zubaan, 1989. P. 233253.].        ,      ,      . ,                 [118 -        //   . 1868. 45. 8. . 357.]. ,    ,  ,  ,      ,         . ,        1905 , -,     1883 ,                  .    ,        .                      .

              ,   ,   ,      .




 I

       



             ,        .         ,           1860? .         ,               ,  ,     1864 .        ,     ,        ,   ,         .




 :  ,   


 XIX     . -  ,        , ,    .               ,            .        ,   ,              .

               [119 -     .: Werth P. W. The Tsars Foreign Faiths.     ,         : Steinwedel Ch. Threads of Empire.].    XIX  ,    ,           ()  ,         [120 - :      //    . .: . II    , 1857. . 14. . 334       .].         ,               ,        .

  XIX           ,   : , ,    [121 -              ,          : Freeze G. L. The Soslovie (Estate) Paradigm and Russian Social History // The American Historical Review. 1986. Vol. 91. 1. P. 1136.].        ,      . ,      ,         ,           ,  ()  .      ,    ,    ,      (    ),  ,     (  ).           ,    ,       .         [122 - Freeze G. L. The Soslovie (Estate) Paradigm and Russian Social History. P. 21.]. ,     ,      .

      ,    ,       ,   ()  [123 - Khodarkovsky M. Ignoble Savages and Unfaithful Subjects: Constructing Non-Christian Identities in Early Modern Russia // Russias Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 17001917 / Eds D. R. Brower, E. J. Lazzerini. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1997. P. 926.].      ,     ,   .    I (16821725)          ,   1721                      ,          : ,         .          ,         1832 [124 -    //    . .: . II    , 1832. . 1. . 1. . 40.       ,   1797  1803 .].

              XVIII  XIX        .        ,       .  , ,            ,    1718 ,   ,          ,     [125 -  . .          1762 . :  ., 1869. . 26.].            ,            .          ,             .

     ,     ,  ,      .        .              ,   ,    ,     .       ,         .        ,     ,    ,   [126 - . : Lohr E. Russian Citizenship. P. 34.].        :   ,        ,           ,           [127 - Ibid. P. 2843.].

        1860? ,        .      ,    ,           ,        . ,   ,      ,    ,  ; ,    ,        ,         .        ,   ,   . ,         [128 - Mironov B., Eklof B. A Social History of Imperial Russia. Vol. 2. P. 270.].        .

     .            ,     [129 - Usmanova D. M. The Legal and Ethno-Religious World of Empire. P. 156.].     -   .         ,    .    :      ,    ,     .      :      ,            ,     ,        [130 - Lohr E. Russian Citizenship. P. 7.].          :                ,          ;  ,       ,            [131 - Freeze G. L. The Soslovie (Estate) Paradigm and Russian Social History. P. 27, 30; Frank S. P. Crime, Cultural Conflict, and Justice in Rural Russia, 18561914. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999. : P. 3640; Mironov B., Eklof B. A Social History of Imperial Russia. Vol. 2. P. 274, 313, 324.].

       ,     .        [132 - Burbank J. An Imperial Rights Regime: Law and Citizenship in the Russian Empire. P. 409. . : Werth P. W. The Tsars Foreign Faiths. P. 4.].         .          - .          ,    -  ,          .       ,     [133 - Werth P. W. Orthodoxy as Ascription (And Beyond): Religious Identity on the Edges of the Orthodox Community // Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice under the Tsars / Eds V. A. Kivelson, R. H. Greene. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003. P. 239252.].          ( ),         [134 -   .: Crews R. D. For Prophet and Tsar. P. 293349.].           ,  ,     ,       ,   [135 - Werth P. W. At the Margins of Orthodoxy. P. 4; Tuna M. Imperial Russias Muslims. P. 3756.].      (,   . .)      ,           [136 - Werth P. W. In the States Embrace? Civil Acts in an Imperial Order. P. 435, 451.].

         .              , ,  ,        .     ,     ,              . ,            ,      ,      [137 - Waldron P. Religious Toleration in Late Imperial Russia // Civil Rights in Imperial Russia / Eds O. Crisp, L. H. Edmondson. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. P. 106.].  ,       [138 - Tuchtenhagen R. Religion als minderer Status: Die Reform der Gesetzgebung gegen?ber religi?sen Minderheiten in der verfassten Gesellschaft des Russischen Reiches, 19051917. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1995. P. 25.].             [139 - Meyer J. H. Turks across Empires. P. 61; Tuna M. Imperial Russias Muslims. P. 5052.].

 , ,   .   I       .                [140 - Raeff M. The Well-Ordered Police State. P. 182206.].    1812     ,          ,  ,        [141 - Cherniavsky M. Tsar and People: Studies in Russian Myths. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1961. P. 129135.].       III  1881         [142 - Wortman R. S. Scenarios of Power. P. 79.].             XIX [143 - Waldron P. Religious Toleration in Late Imperial Russia. P. 107.].

           XIX    .         :                .  ,            ,         (  )          [144 - Slocum J. W. Who, and When, Were the Inorodtsy? The Evolution of the Category of Aliens in Imperial Russia // The Russian Review. 1998. Vol. 57. 2. P. 178.].  ,      ,      . ,    ,      .   ,  -  ,             ,        - .  , ,     ,   ,     ,      ,    [145 - Usmanova D. M. The Legal and Ethno-Religious World of Empire. P. 152153, 166.].




 :   , 15521917 


            .              ,   [146 - Knight N. Ethnicity, Nationality and the Masses: Narodnost and Modernity in Imperial Russia // Russian Modernity: Politics, Knowledge, Practices / Eds D. L. Hoffmann, Y. Kotsonis. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 2000. P. 4446.].  ,    ,      .       1552  1556            (   ),    - .            ,    XVI       ()             [147 - Romaniello M. P. The Elusive Empire. P. 65, 120.].    -             .    ,             ().   -      [148 - Ibid. P. 69, 121123.].

       ,          [149 - Khodarkovsky M. Ignoble Savages and Unfaithful Subjects. P. 926.].         ,     ,   ,   ,     .  ,         :              (   ).         XVII ,      ,   1649 ,         ;        -[150 - Romaniello M. P. The Elusive Empire. P. 60, 126127.].      ,                .                      .           ,         .      1721       .                 ,     [151 - Wortman R. S. Scenarios of Power. P. 67.].

        ,            .     ,    ,        . .,       .            ,       .      ,   ,        ,      [152 -        .: Kefeli A. N. Becoming Muslim in Imperial Russia.].          ,    ,            .                     .              ,          ,   ,      .   , ,        ,       .

        .      -   ;         ,    ,           .              [153 -       .: Kozelsky M. Christianizing Crimea. P. 1540;      .: Geraci R. P. Window on the East; Romaniello M. P. The Elusive Empire.].                     ,              .       .            .     ,  ,       [154 - Kozelsky M. Christianizing Crimea. P. 29, 39.].                           .       .             ,  ,              [155 - Ibid. : P. 2629.].

   ,              .   II     (1773)  ,    1780? , ,   .           ,         [156 - Fisher A. W. Enlightened Despotism and Islam under Catherine II // Slavic Review. 1968. Vol. 27. 4. P. 542553;  .      ( . XVI   . XIX .). . 137140; Usmanova D. M. The Legal and Ethno-Religious World of Empire. P. 148; Geraci R. P. Window on the East. P. 2030; Bobrovnikov V. O. Islam in the Russian Empire // The Cambridge History of Russia. Vol. 2 / Ed. D. Lieven. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006. P. 202223, : . 206.].       .       ,              .  ,          .     ,          [157 -  . .       XVIII  XIX . : , 1999. . 5455.].      ,     ,          .      ,    ,      ,     .    ,                   [158 - Werth P. W. The Tsars Foreign Faiths. P. 257.].         ,    ,   ,    .

        .           ,          .      ,    ,    ,      (      ),        .  ,          ,     .        ,        (     1764  1775  )    ,     (1775)[159 -          .: Kirmse S. B. Territorial Organization and Autonomy in Russian History // ZMO Working Papers. 2022. 34. P. 113.          . .: Thaden E. C., Thaden M. F. Russias Western Borderlands, 17101870. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984; Haltzel M. H. The Baltic Germans // Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 18551914 / Eds E. C. Thaden, M. H. Haltzel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981. P. 109204.     .: Kohut Z. E. Russian Centralism and Ukrainian Autonomy: Imperial Absorption of the Hetmanate, 1760s1830s. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988.].

            .         ,       ,     .   I  , ,          ,   .          1828      1832 [160 -            //  II. . 3. 2296. 21  1828 ;       ,    21  1828,     //  II. . 3. 5770. 24  1832 .].           ,       .        :      , ,    ,           ,   [161 - Steinwedel Ch. Making Social Groups, One Person at a Time. P. 6973; Werth P. W. In the States Embrace? Civil Acts in an Imperial Order. : . 435437, 441.              . : Tuna M. Imperial Russias Muslims. P. 4850.].               .    ,        ,        :                1873 ,        [162 - Werth P. W. In the States Embrace? Civil Acts in an Imperial Order. P. 437, 444.].

              .   1830?         , ,    .     1832              : ,     , ,   ,        [163 - Slocum J. W. Who, and When, Were the Inorodtsy? The Evolution of the Category of Aliens in Imperial Russia. P. 179.].   ,         ,         ,      .  ,        .            . ,          1830?  1850?        .            ,         .           ,      ;      ,         [164 - .:     .  . 1638 (    )  . 282297 (  ).].

    :          .     ,  ,   .        ,   1820?          ,    ,      [165 -  .    . ,  .    . .:   , 1863. : . 8384, 504524, 622624.].                  [166 -     .: Kozelsky M. Christianizing Crimea. P. 2631.     .: Religious Compromise, Political Salvation: The Greek Catholic Church and Nation-Building in Eastern Europe / Eds J.-P. Himka et al. Pittsburgh, PA: Center for Russian & East European Studies, University of Pittsburgh. 1993; Robson R. R. Old Believers in Modern Russia. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1995; Weeks Th. R. Between Rome and Tsargrad: The Uniate Church in Imperial Russia // Of Religion and Empire: Missions, Conversion, and Tolerance in Tsarist Russia / Eds R. P. Geraci, M. Khodarkovsky. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. P. 7091.].  ,    ,  1839      ,        .

    XIX         .                  .   1822     ,             .   ,    ,      .     ,      ,                 [167 - Martin V. Law and Custom in the Steppe. P. 3743; Slocum J. W. Who, and When, Were the Inorodtsy? The Evolution of the Category of Aliens in Imperial Russia. P. 181.].               [168 - Slocum J. W. Who, and When, Were the Inorodtsy? The Evolution of the Category of Aliens in Imperial Russia. P. 173190.].        ,   ,      ( ) . -    -               ;    XIX        [169 - Ibid. P. 185.].         ,         -      [170 - Ibid. P. 173174, 186; Martin V. Law and Custom in the Steppe. P. 37.].

,           .            ,         .         . ,         ,         ,      ,     ,     [171 -     . . 258266.].             .               ,      ,             ,   .

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     ,    ,    ,    ,   [175 - Werth P. W. At the Margins of Orthodoxy. P. 7, 125.].     .           (,  1862       ),  ,        ,           [176 - . : Werth P. W. The Tsars Foreign Faiths. P. 139148.].     ,      , -        [177 -          :     . . 282297 (  );       , , ,    ,   ,   . . 298319. ,            . . 267281; . : Matthews M. The Passport Society: Controlling Movement in Russia and the USSR. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993. : P. 1012.].     :   ,  ,   ,       ,     ,     .

               XIX .      ,      ,     .   ,       ,             ,   .          ,             .       ,               .            .

         .     ,   1830? ,    :   ,            ,             [178 - Knight N. Ethnicity, Nationality and the Masses. P. 56; Wortman R. S. Scenarios of Power. P. 1213.].    ,      ,       ,       ,   ,         .

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         ,       .      ,   XIX    , , ,   ()       ,           .          [185 - Lohr E. Russian Citizenship. P. 84186, 91193, 107108.].

         .        . ,   1877  1879 ,      ,            ,    ,   ,     ,       ,          ;  ,      [186 -       20  1864 ,    ,     //  II. . 52. . 2. 57589. 19  1877 ;      20  1864 ,    ,   ,    //  II. . 54. . 2. 60269. 11  1879 .].  1884        - ,  [187 -         : , , , , ,  //  III. . 4. 2283. 5 1884 ;       //  III. . 4. 2314. 12  1884 .].       ,   1870?  1880? ,       .                   [188 -  . .    , 18641917 .  : , 2002. . 142.].

     ,   1889  ,    ,        , ,        [189 -          ().  .       . .:  ., 1900. . III. . II. . 32.        1912  1915 : Usmanova D. M. The Legal and Ethno-Religious World of Empire. P. 158159.].   ,   ,         [190 -        . : Baberowski J. Geschworenengerichte und Anwaltschaft: Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung der Rechtswirklichkeit im ausgehenden Zarenreich // Jahrb?cher f?r Geschichte Osteuropas. 1990. B. 38. S. 6870.].   ,    ,     ,    ,    , ,           [191 - .  . . III. . II. . 33, 38.].     ,              ? ,        ,           [192 -  . . 34.].

     .            ,         .  1884             [193 -           III. .:   , 1901. . 227.].            [194 - Kreindler I. Educational Policies towards the Eastern Nationalities in Tsarist Russia: A Study of the Ilminskiis System. New York, 1969. P. 108. PhD thesis.].           ,     ,         [195 -     //  II. . 45. 48498. 16  1870 :    . . 35.].  1892         ,  , ,     . ,   ,       [196 -             //  III. . 12. 87078708. 11  1892 :    . . XIV,      . . 44; . : L?we H.-D. The Tsars and the Jews: Reform, Reaction, and Anti-Semitism in Imperial Russia, 17721917. Chur: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1993. P. 72.].       : -,           ; -,       .

 ,     ,   .    , -       ,            .     ,  , ,     . ,      ,   ,          .       .  ,      ()  ,                 . ,  XIX      1,5%   [197 -  . .       . : -  , 1991. . 337340.].  1897   3,5%     ,  ,     ,    ,       ,         [198 -  ,     1897 ,   :  . 1904. 45. 7. . 7.   ,     ,  ,  16,1%.      21,9%.  ,         60% (   10%  ):  . . ,       .    . . 3233.].

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     1905 .   17  1905             ,       .      ,    ,    .         .    ,        ( ,     25       ,     ),    :                 .

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,   ,       .      (20  1864 )            [212 -            //  II. . 39. 4147641477. 20  1864 .].        .        ,    ,     ,       .      , , ,    ,  ,    ,         [213 -  . .     //   . : . . , 1907. . 2. . 79.].           ,    . ,          ,  ,        ,           [214 - . . 483. . 1. . 1. . 11, 48, 82.].              .

          ,          .     -      , ,     ,               .     ,      (, ,      ),            .     ,     .

        1832      1860?  ,          .  ,         1870?  1890? , ,       (  )           [215 - . . 89. . 1. . 1143;  :    //  . 1884. 56. 15 . . 3;    //  . 1896. 102. 11 .].  ,      ,       ,   .         . ,               ?   ,   :



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 ,          .      ,        ,      ,         ,         .      , ,       [217 -     , , ,          1866 ,        : Verhoeven C. The Odd Man Karakozov: Imperial Russia, Modernity, and the Birth of Terrorism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009. P. 25.].       ,  , .

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[,] ,   ,     ?  .   .   [218 -  . .      . . 91.].


   ,          ,        .     ,    ,  . ,  1883        , -  ,      ,             .      :     ,    ?[219 -  .]

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              ,          .               .   X        ,    .     -           ,     1913 [276 - Usmanova D. M. The Legal and Ethno-Religious World of Empire. P. 154.].   ,    ,       .  1899     ,   ,            - .                   ,         [277 - Jersild A. Orientalism and Empire. P. 106.].

          ,  1860?     .      ,      :            ,       ,     ,       .          .                 ,     , ,   ,      .           ,          ,    ,     .

     ,  (  )          ,     . ,               ,              .




 II

C    :      XIX 



     ,      ,    , ,     .          ,                 XIX .                ,     .

-,            .            ,      ,             . -,       ,     ( ,    )    . ,  -     ,        .          -,            ,    .

 ,     ,   -     ,           . ,       , ,         ,        ,         ,       ,       .




 :    


    XVI         .                    [278 -  .      ( . XVI   . XIX .). . 140; Romaniello M. P. The Elusive Empire. P. 11, 66, 73.].   XIX   -         .   ,      軠      [279 - Geraci R. P. Window on the East. P. 8.].         ,               ,   ,      [280 -   //  . 1883. 4. . 853.].      ,             [281 -  . .   : ,       // . 1892. 56. . 456.].          ,     1881     : ,      ,  <>          <>  <>    ,          ,    [282 - . . 1317. . 1. . 2. . 1.].    ,       .

       ,      -  ,    1870           .                          .         :



8         ;   ,      .        ,      .   ,            ,      . <>       ,   ,   ,   ,    . <>    ,     :      [283 -  . .    . . 75.]


        :   ,      ,  .       . ,     -,        .  ,    ,   .

   ,  ,      ,             .      ,         1860? :



     ,        ;     ,      ,              [284 -  .    //   . 1868. 7. 24 .].


 ,         .      .      1871 :



,  ,    <>   ,   ,      ,   ,     [285 -      //   . 1871. 8. 27 .      , ,   ,    ,      -   1860-   1870? .]


   ,  ,          ,    .     ,         ,    .        ,       ,           .

   ,      18531855 ,          , :         , ,   - [286 -  . .  :  . .; .:   , 1929. . 57.]. , ,       ,    ,         :



    <>      ;   ,   ,   ;  ,                ,      ,    ;      [287 -  .    //   . 1868. 7.]


      ,       ,      .            ,    .                  ,              [288 -  . .  . . 62, 68.].           .  :     , , ,   : ,     [289 -  .    //   . 1868. 7.].

,      ,               .     .      1804  (      , /    )                .  ,     ,       ,     .     ,     1860      ,        :



    -   -  ,             ,     .  ,        ,  ,    ,      ,         -     [290 -  [. .] . .     //  .   . : . . , 1876. . 369370.     (17431816)   , ,  ,       (18021803).]


      ,    ,            .  1845  1855      ,        ,        [291 -  .   .     //    / . . . . .: . . , 1897. . IXX.].          ,  ,        ,        ,     [292 -  . . XX, XIIXIII;  . .    . . . . 223225.].    ,        1840? ,                     -[293 -  . . 225.].

   1860?              .          ,         ,            .       :         ,           [294 -  . . 210215.].       ,   ,     :



        <>             ,     ,   ,    ,    ,     , ,  ,      ,    petit riens,       -,       ,   ,        [295 -  . . 228.].


       ,     1856           .

    1850?        .              .   I      ,    ,     ,           [296 -  . .   :  . . 237244;  .       (18551863) //  . 1907. 6, 7/8.]. ,  ,       ,    ,        ,   [297 -  . .  . . 57, 7576.].   1863               ,    ,    [298 -  ,   ,   :  . .   :  . . 237283. . : Vucinich A. Science in Russian Culture: A History to 1860. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1963. P. 360364; Kassow S. D. Students, Professors, and the State in Tsarist Russia. P. 27, 5257.].        .        ,            [299 -  [. .] . .    . . 398401.].          .   18651866        300 ,   1880     733[300 -  . .       . . 398401.].

              ,   ,           [301 -   ,          1867/68  ( 143 ) 64      :   // . 1867. 348. 17 .]. ,       1860? ,    ,              [302 -  [. .] . .    . . 396.].    ,         ,  ,      [303 -  .].    ,        1860?    [304 -  . .       //    XIX . .: , 1909. . 7. . 3.  .  3. . 29.].         .         30%   1860?   1015%    .   1870?       ,    [305 -    .:  . .       . . 332333.].

 ,                .    ,   -      ,      -    ,     ,     [306 -  . .      5060?  XIX . . . :    , 2002.].   1860    ,         ,   , ,   ,            [307 -  [. .] . .    . . 395.].       ,     ,          .        , ,   ,      .             .  ,   ,   .   1850?   ,          ,  ,    ,      [308 -  . .  . . 65.].            :



   ,    ,   ,    ,  ,  ,      ,  . ,   ,   ,    ,          [309 -      //   . 1871. 8.].


 1880      ,  ,  ,  - ( )   .        ,    [310 -  :  //   . 1880. 15. 21 .].

        .            .  :



     -   ,     , ,     . ,     .       ,          ,  -  ,            ;       <>                  <>               ;        . <>        ,   ,     ;       ,     . . ,        ,        [311 -  .    //   . 1868. 7.  ,       ,     ,      .  1917       ,       .].


 ,       ,   XIX        .           ,         .

  ,         ,        .   ,      ,        -         ,          [312 -  . . ,       .    ;  . .   : ,      .].         ,   1858  1885       : 60 000   140 000[313 -    .:  .      :  . . 165;  . .         1885  1886 . : .  , 1888; . . 1. . 3. . 1437. . 29.].            (    ).                 ,        .      ,          ,   ,                .     ,  ,      .

       :     ,               .   -   .          :           ,    1870?   ,     (     ),    ,     320       ,        [314 -    ,            1890? .       - .         :   . .  //   . : . . , 1907. . 2. . 6974.].

       .     ,   , .          1783         :        ,       ,       ,        [315 -     .: ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea;  : Jobst K. S. Die Perle des Imperiums.].        1784       ,      (.  3).   ,       ,  ,              .          II,             ,  ,       [316 -  . .       17741791 . . 61.].       ( -),    (),  ()   ().               ,   ,  ,   ,     ,         [317 - Herlihy P. Odessa: A History, 17941914. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986. : P. 5, 16, 2728, 4244; : ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea. P. 118123, 222.].   ,        ,        ,        ,      .  ,     :          ;      ,  ,         [318 - Dickinson S. Russias First Orient: Characterizing the Crimea in 1787. P. 5.];              .






 3.     ,  1880-



                 .       ,         .     ,   1823   -,  . . ,      .            ,      .  1840      ,         :      ,  [319 -     (  ) //  . 1840. . 4. . 459.].   1840?           [320 -  .  . ,        .  XVIII   XX . : , 2006. . 3234.].         :        1845         ,    ,      -[321 - Du Quenoy P. Alexander Serov and the Birth of the Russian Modern. Bethesda, MD: Academica Press, 2016. . 84].     -    ,        35 000 .             ,     [322 - 30000  ,  ,  :  . .        // . 1853. 1. . 19.   ,    45 000 : Jobst K. S. Die Perle des Imperiums. S. 352.].

      ,    ,   ,    .   ,   ,      1845  1848 , ,   ,   ,    [323 -       ,          :  ,     31   28  1845 :        . .  , 18451861 . /. . . .: . , 1896. . 18, 2324.].    :   ,  ,    [324 -        . .  , 18451861 . . 126.].        ,   ,  ,      ,    [325 -  . . 151.].          :    ,   ,   ,        셻[326 -  . . 136.]

     .     ,         ,    - .  ,    :      :      . ,   ,  ꅻ[327 -  . . 198.]

       .   ,      ,     1848 ,   [328 -  .        //  . 1883. 39. . 346.].    ,      . -,   ,            1785 ,   ,       [329 - ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea. P. 4748.].   ,       .       ,   1818           [330 - Ibid. P. 48.].    ,         ,      XIX   -   60% [331 - ONeill K. Constructing Russian Identity in the Imperial Borderland: Architecture, Islam, and the Transformation of the Crimean Landscape // Ab imperio. 2006. 2. P. 172.].     ,            . ,   ,     1840 ,     :



     ? -,  ,  -,    . ,   ; ,       [332 -     (  ). . 442.].


      ,          ,    30   :



,  ,  ,     ,    -   .          [333 -  . . 441.].


    .            :



     ,        ,           [334 -  . . 462.].


       , ,        ,     [335 -  . . 462463.].         ,          ,   [336 - :  .  : . : . . , 1905. . 10.  ,       ,    , .: Jobst K. S. Die Perle des Imperiums. S. 180206.].

  (18531856)        .          ,          ,         [337 -  .  . ,        .  XVIII   XX . . 78.].       ,    ,    ,     ,    ,         .            :   , ,   ,    ,      ,          ,   ,    [338 - Qualls K. D. Where Each Stone Is History: Travel Guides and Sevastopol after World War II // Turizm: The Russian and East European Tourist under Capitalism and Socialism / Eds A. E. Gorsuch, D. Koenker. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006. P. 164.    .: Jobst K. S. Die Perle des Imperiums. S. 368406.].  ,         :              ,      .

 1860?           .    1820? ,         .  1860        .   ,       ,        .           ,                     [339 -  . . 187480 .  //  . 1914. 7. . 660; 8. . 767.].  1869        ,     ,             [340 - . . 1. . 44. . 84. . 1, 56.].

,      ,    .  ,       1874  1880 ,        1874 :



-    . <>  , ,  ,  ,           [341 -  . . 187480 . . . 656.].


     .         ,         18741875              .     ,  ,    ,     ,   [342 - McReynolds L. Russia at Play: Leisure Activities at the End of the Tsarist Era. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003. P. 171182.].        ,    ,      ,   [343 -  . . . 25   . .: .    , 1892. . 1.].           .   1860?      7000 ,      -       ,  ,        [344 -  . .  :   ,   . .: . . , 1875. .: . V    .   : -           // -          20  1864   32 . .: .   , 1866. . III. . 27.].   1880?     .  1886   ,     ,     :



!    ,         ! <> 20     ,               ,       . [ ] ,   3  , ,     [345 - BA.     /  ,           1886 . . 10 . 11.]


         .        1880?   :



 <>      .      ,  ,   ,    <>               . , ,    .         [346 -  . .  :   ,   . .; .: , 1884. .  .].


 ,   ,   ,      -. , ,      :     ,     .               .       ,  ,    ,       .       .




     


  30%           , -         [347 -   1897 ,      : 38,4% , 31,3% , 23,1% , 5,7% , 1% , 0,4%   0,1% ,    ().        : 68,9%     , 29,1%  :      , 1897 . .: , 1904. . XIV:  . . V, VII.   35      27,1,      , -,       :      1861  1862 . :  ., 1862. . 23.     ,        .            .     45,4%          ; 35,5%    (    -,      ); 5,8%   ; 4,4%   , 3,1%   , 1,5%   , 1,4%   , 1,3%   , 0,4%   , 0,3%   , 0,2%   ,       ,    . .:      , 1897 . .: , 1904. . XLI:  . . 23.].  ,     ,        (-)  - (,     ).  ,      , ,      (    ,     ).  -     (     )     - ,      (    ), , , ,             [348 -        ,    .].






 4.  ,  1880-



         .     ,          (.  4)[349 -    1861  1897     .  :  .      :  . . 160162;      , 1897 . . XIV:  . . VI.].          (   ,    ),     .        , ,    .    , ,   ( )   (, ,    );    9%  23%    ,         ( 20%)   .

     .  1860?   6%       ,         (     , ,   )[350 -           .: Kappeler A. Russlands erste Nationalit?ten. S. 489494.].         ,   (   )      ,    [351 - Utz V. Die Besitzverh?ltnisse der Tatarenbauern im Kreise Simferopol // Zeitschrift f?r die gesamte Staatswissenschaft. 1911. B. XLI. S. 69.    .: Ibid. S. 7071,  : - . .  : II.     //   . 1876. 1. . 115.    .:  .    //  . 1888. 3. . 151, 157, 166.       ,    : Meyer J. H. Immigration, Return, and the Politics of Citizenship: Russian Muslims in the Ottoman Empire, 18601914 // International Journal of Middle East Studies. 2007. Vol. 39. 1. P. 1532.].   ,        ,    ,            .

          ,     ,    ,     .   ,     1552 ,  ,        [352 -  .          2? . XVI  XVIII . //      / . . . . :    , 1995. . 243256;  . .  1897     . . 82.]. ,    XIX  95%     [353 - Noack C. Muslimischer Nationalismus im russischen Reich: Nationsbildung und Nationalbewegung bei Tataren und Baschkiren 18611917. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2000. S. 49.].            ,         .  ,  ,          ,   [354 - Kozelsky M. Christianizing Crimea. P. 23.].            .    ,       ,         [355 - Utz V. Die Besitzverh?ltnisse der Tatarenbauern im Kreise Simferopol. S. 134135.  :  . .  :      . : , 1953. . 5657;  .          2? . XVI  XVIII .]. , ,          ,         (    ,   ), ,     .

 ,        . ,      ,          ,        ,     (18531856).        ,    ,      .  ,        ,     : 1870   -         (     ); 1901    :    65% ,     6,2%;      , , , , -  [356 - . . 2. . 1. . 130. . 2, 11, 14; . 418. . 1;  . .    , 17931883. :   ., 1885. . 90.].

  ,            ,     .    1866  1884        109 305  151 204 [357 -   . 1884. 113.].   1880?   -  42,7%  :         18%,         (64%)[358 -  . .    . . 3233.].  1917         12%      42%[359 -  .,  . .,  . .     XVIII   XX . .:  , 2003. . 131.].          ,   ,                .

                 . ,                     ,        .          ,     .                ,      ,                [360 -          .    ,          .    ,    ,          .].          ,        [361 -    ,          , ,      ,    , .: Rorlich A.-A. One or More Tatar Nations? // Muslim Communities Reemerge: Historical Perspectives on Nationality, Politics, and Opposition in the Former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia / Ed. E. Allworth. Durham: Duke University Press, 1994. P. 6179.].           ,        .         ,   ,     .

                   ,   XIX        -.   - , ,  ,   ,  -,           .          (   ),      -,   [362 -      .: Lynch D. F. The Conquest, Settlement and Initial Development of New Russia (The Southern Third of the Ukraine): 17801837. PhD Dissertation. New Haven, 1965.].                (1832),   (1862)    (1869).         :   ,       ,    ,          (           ).             .         ,       .        ,    -.

    -     .                   ,   ,    .    1780?  1850?    ,    ,    ,       ,   ,  ,     [363 -  . .    //    . II. :      . . . ., 1925. . 9799;  . .    . . 5859; Kh?yrutdinov R. The Tatar Ratusha of Kazan: National Self-Administration in Autocratic Russia, 17811855 // Islam in Politics in Russia and Central Asia: Early Eighteenth to Late Twentieth Centuries / Eds S. A. Dudoignon, H. Komatsu. London: Kegan Paul, 2001. P. 2742.].       ,   [364 - Kh?yrutdinov R. The Tatar Ratusha of Kazan. P. 2742.].           (        ),        .  1834  1855               ,      ,        [365 - Ibid. P. 3536.].

     ,     ,   ,        .  1787   . . , - ,           ,           ,    , ,    [366 - ,       . .  16  1787 :           //     . 1889. 8. . 10.].   ,   ,       ,    ,   ,        [367 - ,  7  1788 :     . .    . . ,   . .  . . -, 17841791 //       . 1877. . 10. . 294.].      .  ,    ,        .       XIX      ,  1897  ,        11 000      [368 -      , 1897 ., . XLI:  . . 214215.].   ,   ,  -  [369 -  1897            50%  :  . . 216217, 232233.       . : Seymour H. D. Russia on the Black Sea and the Sea of Asof. London: John Murray, 1855. P. 37, 241.        .].

    II,     ,          .     ,   .          ,      ,   (     )[370 -        .: Spannaus N. The Decline of the Akhund and the Transformation of Islamic Law under the Russian Empire.].              .              [371 - Fisher A. W. Enlightened Despotism and Islam under Catherine II. P. 547553;  . .       XVIII XIX .].       ,    ,    .    ,     (        ),         ,       [372 -  . . ,       .    . . 3851; Spannaus N. The Decline of the Akhund and the Transformation of Islamic Law under the Russian Empire. P. 219234.].        ,    ,     [373 -  . . ,       .    . . 44.].         ,       .       ,         [374 - Spannaus N. The Decline of the Akhund and the Transformation of Islamic Law under the Russian Empire. P. 206.]. ,    ,       ,      [375 - :  . . ,       .    . . 40.].

     ,            :       ,        ;  ,          ,      ,    .      . -,          1831 [376 - Bobrovnikov V. O. Islam in the Russian Empire. P. 209.].          ,    ,        [377 -  . .    , 17931883. . 93; . : ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea. P. 55.].            [378 - ,  1798             :  . .   - . :   ., 1897. . 139.]. -,                        (    ),          (. )[379 - ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea. P. 82, 179, 181.].  1830?           ,      :         . Β, , , ,                 ,     -,   ,    [380 - Ibid. P. 173.]. -,        .            1837         ,           ,          [381 -            -  .   ,      ,     ,       .            -   1870? : . . 241. . 1. . 165.].   -       :   ,   ,  -     .

     , , ,                ,   [382 - Kozelsky M. Christianizing Crimea. P. 17, 3237.].         1859 [383 -  . .    , 17931883. . 88.].  ,    ,       ,     ,  ,      (            ).  ,        ,   .     (18531856)        ,       [384 - Kozelsky M. Casualties of Conflict: Crimean Tatars during the Crimean War // Slavic Review. 2008. Vol. 67. 4. P. 866891; . : Fisher A. W. Emigration of Muslims from the Russian Empire in the Years after the Crimean War // Jahrb?cher f?r Geschichte Osteuropas. 1987. Vol. 35. P. 336371.].         ,      , ,          ,   . ,    ,     -         . ,           1860?                     ,      [385 -      1897 :      , 1897 . . XLI:  . . VIII.].

                .             -  ,        ,   .                ,       .      ,      ,   [386 -  . . ,       .    . . 18, 21, 2829, 35.      .: Kappeler A. Russlands erste Nationalit?ten. S. 482; Geraci R. P. Window on the East. P. 75.     : Pagden . The Fall of Natural Man. The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986,  P. 57108.].           .           ,     . , ,  ,     ,  1837      ,           .   , ,    ,            ,               1863 [387 - Werth P. W. The Tsars Foreign Faiths. P. 140142.].  , ,       ().       ,         ,         ,    ,  [388 -  . .    , 17931883. . 91.       .: Kizilov M. National Inventions: The Imperial Emancipation of the Karaites from Jewishness // An Empire of Others: Making Ethnographic Knowledge in Imperial Russia and the USSR / Eds R. Cvetkovski, A. Hofmeister. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2013. P. 369394.     ,   ,  :      //   . . 14. : . 38, 291.  ,          ,     ,        1891  1893  (. . 27. . 1. . 8758):  1891       , ,    ,       .     ,         ,    .     ,      (. 3).     1893 ,           ,            ,        ;  , ,             (. 45).].




     :  ,   


,   -     ,       ,    .               ,     .  ,       ,       .      ,  ,    ,     ,     [389 - Romaniello M. P. The Elusive Empire. P. 117120.].   XVII    ,   ,               [390 - Ibid. P. 128129, 144145.].        ,            .

     ,    ,  ,            .    ,   I             ,     ,        .      ,   (  )  ,   1718      I     .          ,           .            [391 -  . .          1762 . . 2426;  . .   . . 90106;  . .    . . 3132;  . .  //  . 1978. 6. . 209214; Kappeler A. Russlands erste Nationalit?ten. S. 437438.].       : 1782      34 290    ,   555 -[392 -  . .   . . 93.].             ,    [393 -            //  I. . 22. 15936. 22  1784 .].

   -      ,  1775  1860    ,      [394 - Kappeler A. Russlands erste Nationalit?ten. S. 455474.].   XIX    32%     [395 - Ibid. S. 458.].  ,    1840?          , ,    ,       : 1857     263      [396 -  . .    . . 94.        .:  . . 84116.].         ,    ,       ,        .   ,   , ,   ,            [397 -           1861             : .:  . .    . . . .: . . , 1904. . 18. . 203.   ,     .:  .  . . 127;  . .    . . 96.].

 1718     ,   ,         .    -    ,    ,      :           ,   ,     ,   [398 -  -    .: Kappeler A. Russlands erste Nationalit?ten. S. 413480; Noack C. Muslimischer Nationalismus im russischen Reich. S. 4262.].           1720   I   ,        [399 -  . .          1762 . . 22.].    ,      1861 ,  214 649    71 [400 -    -   . : . . , 1896. . 8081. ,     (3564)         :  . .            5070 . XIX . //      5070?  XIX .  :      . XIX . .: ?   , 1936. . I. . 24.].

, ,  ,    ,    .           [401 -  . .          1762 . . 13, 2123.].    1831      XVIII  ,         ,   .               ,  ,   1000 ,    [402 -    // . . 4. . 18.].      (,  , ,  ,     ,     )      ,       [403 -  . . 9. . 14, . 13. . 1, 17, 28.].     -     ,      .   ,      ,  18531854         : , ,    ,      ,           [404 -          ,   ,   ,  :          ,    //  II. . 28. . 1. 27727. 25  1853 . . 2.  1;              //  II. . 29. . 1. 28331. 9 1854 . . 4.].      ,      -  [405 -  . .  1897     . . 8687.].

       . ,           ,         ,     .           ,     .      -  17871791         ,         .            ,      [406 -  .       1783  1889  //     . 1899. 30. . 23; . : ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea. Ch. 3.].           230       ,         1874 [407 - Baumann R. F. Universal Service Reform and Russias Imperial Dilemma // War & Society. 1986. Vol. 4. 2. P. 40.].

  1860?  -  ,   -,   .    ,    ,    ,               .            ,     .  1880?     ,     ,     ,       ,      [408 -  . .      . . 90.].       ,        ,       [409 - . . 1317. . 1. . 2. . 2.].       .    ,            [410 -  . .    . . 109.].  89 000                [411 -  . . 110.].

      .              ,     .          .  ,       ,      ,       : , ,  , ,   [412 -  . .      , 18251860 . .: , 1981. . 4142.].  -,       ,  ,    [413 -  .].    1823  1844       ,           ,     .  1827       ,                 [414 -  ,        ,         //  II. . 2. 1521. 9 1827.      . : Rhinelander A. L. H. Prince Michael Vorontsov: Viceroy to the Tsar. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1990. P. 8485.].

         ,     .         .            ,   1782    50 00060 000   ,   ,       [415 -  . .    17751800 . .: -   , 1959. . 105106.].               [416 -  . .     , 17311823. :  ., 1836. . 1 ( 1731  1796 ). . 138.].

          ,                   [417 - Martin T. The Empires New Frontiers: New Russias Path from Frontier to Okraina 17741920 // Russian History. 1992. Vol. 19. 14. P. 183185; . : Sunderland W. Taming the Wild Field. P. 7395, 123134.].               ;          ,        ,    ,   1830? [418 - ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea. P. 3031, 6871.].   ,    ,             ,         [419 -  . .   - . . 128130.     :  . .    17751800 . . 171174.].  , , , , ,             [420 -  . .    17751800 . . 132.     .].  ,           ,  ,      [421 -  . . 129130.].  ,     ,  ,    .           ,            [422 - Sunderland W. Taming the Wild Field. P. 114; Brandes D. Von den Zaren adoptiert: Die deutschen Kolonisten und die Balkansiedler in Neurussland und Bessarabien 17511914. M?nchen: R. Oldenbourg, 1993. S. 1944.].            ,   ,      [423 - Brandes D. Von den Zaren adoptiert. S. 7288, 229.].         ,   1871               [424 - Lohr E. Russian Citizenship. P. 61, 88.].

   ,      .           [425 -  . .   - . . 131136; Jobst K. S. Die Perle des Imperiums. S. 99.].       15% :    ,   ,     [426 -      350 000  :  . .   - . . 13;  . .       17741791 . . 68.      2 360 425 . ,         ,   ,   ,    ,   .].  ,        .     ,    ,           ,  ,    ,    ,     ;           ?  ,     [427 - Williams B. The Crimean Tatars. P. 8385; Jobst K. S. Die Perle des Imperiums. S. 95, 101104.].      ,     :  XIX   -       ,     [428 - ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea. P. 197.].

  , ,        .  1783   ,        .  , ,      ,   [429 -  .      //  . 1887. 5. . 62, 75.].  ,           ,   ( )            (  ) ,       [430 - Utz V. Die Besitzverh?ltnisse der Tatarenbauern im Kreise Simferopol. S. 93, 9698.].    ,      ,     .     ,         (1796)[431 - Ibid. S. 74.].       [432 - L?we H.-D. Poles, Jews, and Tartars. P. 57;  . .   - . . 135136.].

          XIX .    1802  1848       .            ,     ,       [433 -  . .    , 17931883. . 168; ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea. P. 187188.].              ,         ,        [434 - ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea. P. 187188;  .   . . 152.].

           ,   [435 - Kozelsky M. Christianizing Crimea. P. 3235.].        .      ,   1874       .      ,       ,        . ,   1827 ,     [436 -   -       //  II. . 2. 1417. 28  1827 .].       (,   ,        ),        .

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81


Gorizontov L. The Great Circle of Interior Russia: Representations of the Imperial Center in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries // Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 17001930 / Eds J. Burbank et al. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007. P. 7980.




82


Becker S. Russia and the Concept of Empire. : P. 337341. . : Kivelson V. A., Suny R. G. Russias Empires; Kollmann N. Sh. The Russian Empire 14501801. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.




83


ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea: A History of Catherine the Greats Southern Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017.




84


 : Williams B. The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation. Boston: BRILL, 2001; Jobst K. S. Die Perle des Imperiums; ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea.  :  . .  1897     . :   -, 2000; Geraci R. P. Window on the East: National and Imperial Identities in Late Tsarist Russia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001 (. . :  .   : , ,     . .: , 2013); Frank A. J. Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 17801910. Leiden: BRILL, 2001; Werth P. W. At the Margins of Orthodoxy: Mission, Governance, and Confessional Politics in Russias Volga-Kama Region, 18271905. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002; Romaniello M. P. The Elusive Empire: Kazan and the Creation of Russia, 15521671. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2012; Steinwedel Ch. Threads of Empire: Loyalty and Tsarist Authority in Bashkiria, 15521917. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2016.




85


-          20  1864   32 . .: .   , 1866. . I  .   .   .: -          20  1864   32 . .: .   , 1866. . III.




86


Kivelson V. A., Suny R. G. Russias Empires. P. 45.            ,     XVXVIII ,          : Kollmann N. Sh. The Russian Empire 14501801. P. 4, 55, 103, 262, 459461.




87


Mironov B. A Social History of Imperial Russia. Vol. 2. P. 238240.




88


Gaudin C. Ruling Peasants. P. 7.




89


         ,     .




90


 . .  1897     . . 81110;  . .    . .: , 1992;  .   .  : , 1994; Mukhametshin R. Islamic Discourse in the Volga-Urals Region // Radical Islam in the Former Soviet Union / Ed. G. M. Yemelianova. London: Routledge, 2010. P. 3161.    .: Fisher A. W. The Crimean Tatars; Rorlich A.-A. The Volga Tatars. P. 111138.      :    XVIIIXIX . //      . .:  - -, 1937. . 323359;  . .   ,     -     //    . . 1 / . . . . :   -, 1948. . 226285;  . .    . :   -, 1977. . 2124.




91


 . .  1897     . . 89.




92


 . . 88, 105106.




93


 .      ( . XVI   . XIX .). . 140; Usmanova D. M. The Legal and Ethno-Religious World of Empire: Russian Muslims in the Mirror of Legislation (Early Twentieth Century) // Ab imperio. 2000. 2. P. 152153.




94


Yemelianova G. M. Volga Tatars, Russians and the Russian State at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century; Geraci R. P. Window on the East; ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea. . : Jobst K. S. Die Perle des Imperiums.




95


Frank A. J. Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia; Frank A. J. Bukhara and the Muslims of Russia: Sufism, Education, and the Paradox of Islamic Prestige. Leiden: BRILL, 2012; Kefeli A. N. Becoming Muslim in Imperial Russia: Conversion, Apostasy, and Literacy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014; Meyer J. H. Turks across Empires: Marketing Muslim Identity in the Russian-Ottoman Borderlands, 18561914. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014; Tuna M. Imperial Russias Muslims: Islam, Empire and European Modernity, 17881914. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2015.




96


Crews R. D. For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006 (. . .:  .    .        . .: , 2022).




97


Ibid. : P. 3, 910, 20, 190, 323.




98


Spannaus N. The Decline of the Akhund and the Transformation of Islamic Law under the Russian Empire // Islamic Law and Society. 2013. Vol. 20. 3. P. 202241.




99


 2014         .           ,   .




100


Hirsch S. F., Lazarus-Black M. Introduction/Performance and Paradox: Exploring Laws Role in Hegemony and Resistance // Contested States: Law, Hegemony, and Resistance / Eds M. Lazarus-Black, S. F. Hirsch. New York: Routledge, 1994. P. 1011.




101


History and Power in the Study of Law: New Directions in Legal Anthropology / Eds J. Starr, J. F. Collier. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989. P. 3, 7.    ,       XIX ,         ,   . ., :  . .     18281876. .:     -, 1935. . 3. . 317318;  . .   : 90 . . 38. . 5556.




102


             : Forum AI: Islam in the Imperial Archives // Ab imperio. 2008. 4. P. 234333.




103


     .:  .    . . :   -, 1983. . 179233; Usmanova D. M. Die tatarische Presse 19051918: Quellen, Entwicklungsetappen und quantitative Analyse // Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries / Hrsg. K. Klier et al. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz, 1996. S. 239278.




104


     ,   1880 . .:  ., 1885. . 2. . 31;      ,   1900 . .:  ., 1904. . 2. . 7071;      ,   1905 . .:  ., 1908. . 7071.




105


     ,   1906 . .:  ., 1909. . 3451;      ,   1907 . .:  ., 1910. . 3551.




106


       ,          1980? .           (. 89)    (. 390).




107


 . .  1897     . . 4; Crews R. D. For Prophet and Tsar. P. 331; Kozelsky M. Christianizing Crimea: Shaping Sacred Space in the Russian Empire and Beyond. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2010. P. 27.




108


 . .    . :  , 1889. . 33.




109


   ,            ,    : . . 1. . 3. . 1854.     :  . .    :  .




110


-          20  1864   32 . .: .   . 1866. . I. .  : . II.




111


Jersild A. Orientalism and Empire. P. 99101.




112


McReynolds L. The News under Russias Old Regime: The Development of a Mass-Circulation Press. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991. P. 40.




113


  //   . 1871. 1. 1. . 9.




114


 . . -   // . 1896. 12. . 29.




115


McReynolds L. The News under Russias Old Regime. P. 41.




116


 ,              , .:  . 1891. 97. 3.        .




117


Jersild A. Orientalism and Empire. P. 102.                : Chatterjee P. The Nationalist Resolution of the Womens Question // Recasting Women: Essays in Colonial History / Eds K. Sangari, S. Vaid. New Delhi: Zubaan, 1989. P. 233253.




118


       //   . 1868. 45. 8. . 357.




119


    .: Werth P. W. The Tsars Foreign Faiths.     ,         : Steinwedel Ch. Threads of Empire.




120


:      //    . .: . II    , 1857. . 14. . 334       .




121


             ,          : Freeze G. L. The Soslovie (Estate) Paradigm and Russian Social History // The American Historical Review. 1986. Vol. 91. 1. P. 1136.




122


Freeze G. L. The Soslovie (Estate) Paradigm and Russian Social History. P. 21.




123


Khodarkovsky M. Ignoble Savages and Unfaithful Subjects: Constructing Non-Christian Identities in Early Modern Russia // Russias Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 17001917 / Eds D. R. Brower, E. J. Lazzerini. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1997. P. 926.




124


   //    . .: . II    , 1832. . 1. . 1. . 40.       ,   1797  1803 .




125


 . .          1762 . :  ., 1869. . 26.




126


. : Lohr E. Russian Citizenship. P. 34.




127


Ibid. P. 2843.




128


Mironov B., Eklof B. A Social History of Imperial Russia. Vol. 2. P. 270.




129


Usmanova D. M. The Legal and Ethno-Religious World of Empire. P. 156.




130


Lohr E. Russian Citizenship. P. 7.




131


Freeze G. L. The Soslovie (Estate) Paradigm and Russian Social History. P. 27, 30; Frank S. P. Crime, Cultural Conflict, and Justice in Rural Russia, 18561914. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999. : P. 3640; Mironov B., Eklof B. A Social History of Imperial Russia. Vol. 2. P. 274, 313, 324.




132


Burbank J. An Imperial Rights Regime: Law and Citizenship in the Russian Empire. P. 409. . : Werth P. W. The Tsars Foreign Faiths. P. 4.




133


Werth P. W. Orthodoxy as Ascription (And Beyond): Religious Identity on the Edges of the Orthodox Community // Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice under the Tsars / Eds V. A. Kivelson, R. H. Greene. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003. P. 239252.




134


  .: Crews R. D. For Prophet and Tsar. P. 293349.




135


Werth P. W. At the Margins of Orthodoxy. P. 4; Tuna M. Imperial Russias Muslims. P. 3756.




136


Werth P. W. In the States Embrace? Civil Acts in an Imperial Order. P. 435, 451.




137


Waldron P. Religious Toleration in Late Imperial Russia // Civil Rights in Imperial Russia / Eds O. Crisp, L. H. Edmondson. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. P. 106.




138


Tuchtenhagen R. Religion als minderer Status: Die Reform der Gesetzgebung gegen?ber religi?sen Minderheiten in der verfassten Gesellschaft des Russischen Reiches, 19051917. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1995. P. 25.




139


Meyer J. H. Turks across Empires. P. 61; Tuna M. Imperial Russias Muslims. P. 5052.




140


Raeff M. The Well-Ordered Police State. P. 182206.




141


Cherniavsky M. Tsar and People: Studies in Russian Myths. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1961. P. 129135.




142


Wortman R. S. Scenarios of Power. P. 79.




143


Waldron P. Religious Toleration in Late Imperial Russia. P. 107.




144


Slocum J. W. Who, and When, Were the Inorodtsy? The Evolution of the Category of Aliens in Imperial Russia // The Russian Review. 1998. Vol. 57. 2. P. 178.




145


Usmanova D. M. The Legal and Ethno-Religious World of Empire. P. 152153, 166.




146


Knight N. Ethnicity, Nationality and the Masses: Narodnost and Modernity in Imperial Russia // Russian Modernity: Politics, Knowledge, Practices / Eds D. L. Hoffmann, Y. Kotsonis. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 2000. P. 4446.




147


Romaniello M. P. The Elusive Empire. P. 65, 120.




148


Ibid. P. 69, 121123.




149


Khodarkovsky M. Ignoble Savages and Unfaithful Subjects. P. 926.




150


Romaniello M. P. The Elusive Empire. P. 60, 126127.




151


Wortman R. S. Scenarios of Power. P. 67.




152


       .: Kefeli A. N. Becoming Muslim in Imperial Russia.




153


      .: Kozelsky M. Christianizing Crimea. P. 1540;      .: Geraci R. P. Window on the East; Romaniello M. P. The Elusive Empire.




154


Kozelsky M. Christianizing Crimea. P. 29, 39.




155


Ibid. : P. 2629.




156


Fisher A. W. Enlightened Despotism and Islam under Catherine II // Slavic Review. 1968. Vol. 27. 4. P. 542553;  .      ( . XVI   . XIX .). . 137140; Usmanova D. M. The Legal and Ethno-Religious World of Empire. P. 148; Geraci R. P. Window on the East. P. 2030; Bobrovnikov V. O. Islam in the Russian Empire // The Cambridge History of Russia. Vol. 2 / Ed. D. Lieven. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006. P. 202223, : . 206.




157


 . .       XVIII  XIX . : , 1999. . 5455.




158


Werth P. W. The Tsars Foreign Faiths. P. 257.




159


         .: Kirmse S. B. Territorial Organization and Autonomy in Russian History // ZMO Working Papers. 2022. 34. P. 113.          . .: Thaden E. C., Thaden M. F. Russias Western Borderlands, 17101870. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984; Haltzel M. H. The Baltic Germans // Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 18551914 / Eds E. C. Thaden, M. H. Haltzel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981. P. 109204.     .: Kohut Z. E. Russian Centralism and Ukrainian Autonomy: Imperial Absorption of the Hetmanate, 1760s1830s. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988.




160


           //  II. . 3. 2296. 21  1828 ;       ,    21  1828,     //  II. . 3. 5770. 24  1832 .




161


Steinwedel Ch. Making Social Groups, One Person at a Time. P. 6973; Werth P. W. In the States Embrace? Civil Acts in an Imperial Order. : . 435437, 441.              . : Tuna M. Imperial Russias Muslims. P. 4850.




162


Werth P. W. In the States Embrace? Civil Acts in an Imperial Order. P. 437, 444.




163


Slocum J. W. Who, and When, Were the Inorodtsy? The Evolution of the Category of Aliens in Imperial Russia. P. 179.




164


.:     .  . 1638 (    )  . 282297 (  ).




165


 .    . ,  .    . .:   , 1863. : . 8384, 504524, 622624.




166


    .: Kozelsky M. Christianizing Crimea. P. 2631.     .: Religious Compromise, Political Salvation: The Greek Catholic Church and Nation-Building in Eastern Europe / Eds J.-P. Himka et al. Pittsburgh, PA: Center for Russian & East European Studies, University of Pittsburgh. 1993; Robson R. R. Old Believers in Modern Russia. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1995; Weeks Th. R. Between Rome and Tsargrad: The Uniate Church in Imperial Russia // Of Religion and Empire: Missions, Conversion, and Tolerance in Tsarist Russia / Eds R. P. Geraci, M. Khodarkovsky. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. P. 7091.




167


Martin V. Law and Custom in the Steppe. P. 3743; Slocum J. W. Who, and When, Were the Inorodtsy? The Evolution of the Category of Aliens in Imperial Russia. P. 181.




168


Slocum J. W. Who, and When, Were the Inorodtsy? The Evolution of the Category of Aliens in Imperial Russia. P. 173190.




169


Ibid. P. 185.




170


Ibid. P. 173174, 186; Martin V. Law and Custom in the Steppe. P. 37.




171


    . . 258266.




172


Martin V. Law and Custom in the Steppe. P. 3459.




173


 94%     .    .        1880 : . . 1263. . 1. . 4101.   . . 2.     17  1879 ,  376. . 257  257 .




174


 . . 43; Werth P. W. At the Margins of Orthodoxy. P. 5, 124.




175


Werth P. W. At the Margins of Orthodoxy. P. 7, 125.




176


. : Werth P. W. The Tsars Foreign Faiths. P. 139148.




177


         :     . . 282297 (  );       , , ,    ,   ,   . . 298319. ,            . . 267281; . : Matthews M. The Passport Society: Controlling Movement in Russia and the USSR. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993. : P. 1012.




178


Knight N. Ethnicity, Nationality and the Masses. P. 56; Wortman R. S. Scenarios of Power. P. 1213.




179


 . .  1897     . . 84105; Geraci R. P. Window on the East; Dowler W. Classroom and Empire: The Politics of Schooling Russias Eastern Nationalities, 18601917. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2001; Werth P. W. At the Margins of Orthodoxy.




180


Kappeler A. Russland als Vielv?lkerreich. S. 177229; Crews R. D. For Prophet and Tsar. P. 293316; Werth P. W. The Tsars Foreign Faiths. P. 139148.




181


Becker S. The Muslim East in Nineteenth-Century Russian Popular Historiography. P. 34; Tolz V. Russias Own Orient. P. 3643.          .:  . . ,       .     //  . 1883. 3. . 864. : . 40.




182


L?we H.-D. Poles, Jews, and Tartars: Religion, Ethnicity, and Social Structure in Tsarist Nationality Policies // Jewish Social Studies. 2000. Vol. 6. 3. P. 7778.




183


Waldron P. Religious Toleration in Late Imperial Russia. P. 114116.




184


Weeks Th. R. Nation and State in Late Imperial Russia. P. 1213.




185


Lohr E. Russian Citizenship. P. 84186, 91193, 107108.




186


      20  1864 ,    ,     //  II. . 52. . 2. 57589. 19  1877 ;      20  1864 ,    ,   ,    //  II. . 54. . 2. 60269. 11  1879 .




187


        : , , , , ,  //  III. . 4. 2283. 5 1884 ;       //  III. . 4. 2314. 12  1884 .




188


 . .    , 18641917 .  : , 2002. . 142.




189


         ().  .       . .:  ., 1900. . III. . II. . 32.        1912  1915 : Usmanova D. M. The Legal and Ethno-Religious World of Empire. P. 158159.




190


       . : Baberowski J. Geschworenengerichte und Anwaltschaft: Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung der Rechtswirklichkeit im ausgehenden Zarenreich // Jahrb?cher f?r Geschichte Osteuropas. 1990. B. 38. S. 6870.




191


.  . . III. . II. . 33, 38.




192


 . . 34.




193


          III. .:   , 1901. . 227.




194


Kreindler I. Educational Policies towards the Eastern Nationalities in Tsarist Russia: A Study of the Ilminskiis System. New York, 1969. P. 108. PhD thesis.




195


    //  II. . 45. 48498. 16  1870 :    . . 35.




196


            //  III. . 12. 87078708. 11  1892 :    . . XIV,      . . 44; . : L?we H.-D. The Tsars and the Jews: Reform, Reaction, and Anti-Semitism in Imperial Russia, 17721917. Chur: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1993. P. 72.




197


 . .       . : -  , 1991. . 337340.




198


 ,     1897 ,   :  . 1904. 45. 7. . 7.   ,     ,  ,  16,1%.      21,9%.  ,         60% (   10%  ):  . . ,       .    . . 3233.




199


- // . 1885. 30. 14 .




200


    .: Etkind A. Internal Colonization.




201


Thornberry P. International Law and the Rights of Minorities. P. 2537.




202


Waldron P. Religious Toleration in Late Imperial Russia. P. 111118.




203


Ibid. P. 116117.




204


      .: Khalid A. The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998;  . .     , 19061916. :    , 2005.




205


L?we H.-D. The Tsars and the Jews. P. 206221; Hilbrenner A., Schenk F. B. Modern Times? Terrorism in Late Imperial Russia // Jahrb?cher f?r Geschichte Osteuropas. 2010. Vol. 58. 2. P. 161171; Wiese S. Spit Back with Bullets! // Geschichte und Gesellschaft. 2013. Vol. 39. 4. P. 472501; Rolf M. Imperiale Herrschaft im Weichselland: Das K?nigreich Polen im russischen Imperium (18641915). Berlin: De Gruyter, 2015. S. 325415.




206


 . .      :  . : . . , 1907.




207


Kappeler A. Historische Voraussetzungen des Nationalit?tenproblems im russischen Vielv?lkerreich // Geschichte und Gesellschaft. 1982. Bd. 8. H. 2. S. 164; Kappeler A. Czarist Policy toward the Muslims of the Russian Empire // Muslim Communities Reemerge: Historical Perspectives on Nationality, Politics, and Opposition in the Former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia / Ed. E. Allworth. Durham: Duke University Press, 1994. P. 141156.




208


Raeff M. Patterns of Russian Imperial Policy toward the Nationalities // Soviet Nationality Problems / Ed. E. Allworth. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971. P. 2242;  .      ( . XVI   . XIX .). . 137, 143;  . .  1897     . . 81110. .    :    XVIIIXIX .;  . .   ,     -    ;  . .   . : , 1955. . 1. . 311.




209


Becker S. The Muslim East in Nineteenth-Century Russian Popular Historiography. P. 43.




210


Weeks Th. R. Nation and State in Late Imperial Russia. P. 9, 13, 16.




211


Kappeler A. Russlands erste Nationalit?ten. S. 409, 505; Romaniello M. P. The Elusive Empire. P. 5961.




212


           //  II. . 39. 4147641477. 20  1864 .




213


 . .     //   . : . . , 1907. . 2. . 79.




214


. . 483. . 1. . 1. . 11, 48, 82.




215


. . 89. . 1. . 1143;  :    //  . 1884. 56. 15 . . 3;    //  . 1896. 102. 11 .




216


  : . . 89. . 1. . 1143. . 8  8 .




217


    , , ,          1866 ,        : Verhoeven C. The Odd Man Karakozov: Imperial Russia, Modernity, and the Birth of Terrorism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009. P. 25.




218


 . .      . . 91.




219


 .




220


 . .   . .: . . , 1914. . 1. . 30.




221


Nethercott F. Russian Legal Culture before and after Communism. P. 34.    1869   ,  ,                : . . 376. . 1. . 2. . 34.




222


Pipes R. The Trial of Vera Z. // Russian History. 2010. Vol. 37. 1. P. 45.




223


   .: Worobec Ch. D. Peasant Russia. P. 5; Daly J. W. Autocracy under Siege. P. 9; Mironov B., Eklof B. A Social History of Imperial Russia. Vol. 2. P. 223; Baberowski J. Law, the Judicial System and the Legal Profession. P. 347348.




224


III  .         //   . 1869. 40. 21 ;    //  . 1891. 74.




225


: . . 67. . 1. . 1762. . 181.




226


 .       .     //  . 1891. 12. . 581, 588, 597.   ,     ,   ,      , .:     //  . 1869. 89. 27 .




227


 . .  .        . :  ., 1873. . 1617. . :  .       .    . . 597.




228


:  . .       //   . 1895. 12. . 62, 64.  1881  1882        .




229


McReynolds L. Witnessing for the Defense: The Adversarial Court and Narratives of Criminal Behavior in Nineteenth-Century Russia // Slavic Review. 2010. Vol. 69. 3. P. 631, 635.




230


Nethercott F. Russian Legal Culture before and after Communism. P. 4066; Gautam L. Agents of Knowledge Transfer: Western Debates and Psychiatric Experts in Late Imperial Russia // One Law for All? Western Models and Local Practices in (Post-)Imperial Contexts / Ed. S. B. Kirmse. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 2012. P. 93116.




231


:  . 1869. 33. 9.;      // - . 1872. 8. 28 .;       // - . 1872. 24. 24 .




232


Bhat G. N. The Moralization of Guilt in Late Imperial Russian Trial by Jury. P. 9091.




233


     ,   ,    .: Mironov B., Eklof B. A Social History of Imperial Russia. Vol. 2. P. 283286.




234


McReynolds L. Witnessing for the Defense. P. 635.




235


 . .   //  . 1885. 2. . 618;  . .   :  . . 368372.




236


Mironov B., Eklof B. A Social History of Imperial Russia. Vol. 2. P. 238; Burbank J. An Imperial Rights Regime: Law and Citizenship in the Russian Empire. P. 406416.




237


  .: Comparing Legal Cultures / Ed. D. Nelken. Aldershot, UK: Darmouth, 1997; Mankowski P. Rechtskultur Ann?herung an einen schwierigen Gegenstand // Rechtskultur in Russland: Tradition und Wandel / Hrsg. O. Luchterhandt. Berlin: Lit, 2011. S. 517.




238


Heuman S. E. Perspectives on Legal Culture in Pre-Revolutionary Russia; Nethercott F. Russian Legal Culture before and after Communism.




239


Burbank J. Russian Peasants Go to Court. P. 5.




240


Nelken D. Using the Concept of Legal Culture // Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy. 2004. Vol. 29. P. 2; Nelken D. Comparing Legal Cultures // The Blackwell Companion to Law and Society / Ed. A. Sarat. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub, 2004. P. 116.




241


Merry S. E. Legal Pluralism // Law & Society Review. 1988. Vol. 22. 5. P. 869, 871, 879.




242


Benton L. A. Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 14001900. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002. P. 27.




243


: Hooker M. B. Legal Pluralism: An Introduction to Colonial and Neo-Colonial Laws. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975; European Expansion and Law: The Encounter of European and Indigenous Law in 19th- and 20th-Century Africa and Asia / Eds W. J. Mommsen, J. d. Moor. Oxford: BERG, 1992. P. 1538.    .: Merry S. E. Law and Colonialism // Law & Society Review. 1991. Vol. 25. 4. P. 889922; Benton L. A. Law and Colonial Cultures. P. 810.




244


Benton L. A. Law and Colonial Cultures. P. 22.




245


Fisch J. Law as a Means and as an End: Some Remarks on the Function of European and Non-European Law in the Process of European Expansion // European Expansion and Law: The Encounter of European and Indigenous Law in 19th- and 20th-Century Africa and Asia / Eds W. J. Mommsen, J. d Moor. Oxford: BERG, 1992. P. 32.




246


Merry S. E. Legal Pluralism. P. 875.      .: Randeria S. Entangled Histories: Civil Society, Caste Solidarities and Legal Pluralism in Post-Colonial India // Civil Society: Berlin Perspectives / Ed. J. H. Keane. New York: Berghahn Books, 2006. P. 213242.




247


Auch E.-M. Adat, Sharia, Zakon Zur; Rechtspluralismus in der Islamischen Welt: Gewohnheitsrecht zwischen Staat und Gesellschaft / Hrsg. M. Kemper, M. Reinkowski. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2005; Benda-Beckmann F. von. Pluralismus von Recht und Ordnung // BEHEMOTH-A Journal on Civilisation. 2008. B. 1. Nr. 1. S. 5867.




248


Benton L. Law and Colonial Cultures. P. 8.




249


Benda-Beckmann F. von. Pluralismus von Recht und Ordnung.




250


Benton L. Law and Colonial Cultures. P. 1314; Aguirre C., Salvatore R. D. Introduction: Writing the History of Law, Crime, and Punishment in Latin America // Crime and Punishment in Latin America: Law and Society since Late Colonial Times / Eds R. D. Salvatore et al. Durham: Duke University Press, 2001. P. 132.




251


Diamond S. The Rule of Law versus the Order of Custom // Social Research. 1971. Vol. 38. 1. P. 4951; Hartog H. Pigs and Positivism // Wisconsin Law Review. 1985. P. 912919.




252


Babich I. L. Die Rolle des Gewohnheitsrechts in der russischen Politik im nordwestlichen und zentralen Kaukasus: Geschichte und Gegenwart // Rechtspluralismus in der Islamischen Welt: Gewohnheitsrecht zwischen Staat und Gesellschaft / Hrsg. M. Kemper, M. Reinkowski. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2005. S. 261263; Auch E.?M. Adat, Sharia, Zakon Zur. S. 292, 306.




253


Benton L. Law and Colonial Cultures. P. 10.




254


Ibid. P. 11.




255


Mironov B., Eklof B. A Social History of Imperial Russia. Vol. 2. P. 307326.




256


Burbank J. Legal Culture, Citizenship, and Peasant Jurisprudence: Perspectives from the Early Twentieth Century // Reforming Justice in Russia, 18641996: Power, Culture, and the Limits of Legal Order / Ed. P. H. Solomon. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1997. P. 9092; Burbank J. An Imperial Rights Regime: Law and Citizenship in the Russian Empire. P. 414; Kriukova S. S. Law, Culture, and Boundaries.




257


   .:  . .        (18601917); Jersild A. Orientalism and Empire. P. 89109; Babich I. L. Die Rolle des Gewohnheitsrechts in der russischen Politik im nordwestlichen und zentralen Kaukasus. S. 255270.    .: Martin V. Law and Custom in the Steppe. P. 5259, 87113; Brusina O. I. Die Transformation der Adat-Gerichte bei den Nomaden Turkestans in der zweiten H?lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts // Rechtspluralismus in der Islamischen Welt: Gewohnheitsrecht zwischen Staat und Gesellschaft / Hrsg. M. Kemper, M. Reinkowski. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2005. S. 227253.           .: Williams D. S. M. Native Courts in Tsarist Central Asia // Central Asian Review. 1966. Vol. 14. 1. P. 619.




258


Jersild A. Orientalism and Empire. P. 95.




259


Burbank J. An Imperial Rights Regime: Law and Citizenship in the Russian Empire. P. 402403.




260


Williams D. S. M. Native Courts in Tsarist Central Asia. P. 10; Martin V. Law and Custom in the Steppe. P. 5758; Jersild A. Orientalism and Empire. P. 94; Auch E.?M. Adat, Sharia, Zakon Zur. S. 307; Babich I. L. Die Rolle des Gewohnheitsrechts in der russischen Politik im nordwestlichen und zentralen Kaukasus. S. 261.




261


      .: Benda-Beckmann F. von. Pluralismus von Recht und Ordnung. S. 62.




262


 . .        (18601917).




263


Auch E.-M. Adat, Sharia, Zakon Zur. S. 305312.




264


Ibid. P. 316.




265


 .      ( . XVI   . XIX .). . 138.




266


        1724   ,        :     : 5 . .: -   , 1949. . 3. . 481482.      XVII  .:  . .   -    . :  ., 1866. . 188190.




267


Spannaus N. The Decline of the Akhund and the Transformation of Islamic Law under the Russian Empire. P. 211219.




268


 . .       XVIII  XIX .   ,     ,     ( )  1872 .




269


          //  II. . 6. . 2. 5033. 23  1831 . .: . 5, 7778.




270


Spannaus N. The Decline of the Akhund and the Transformation of Islamic Law under the Russian Empire. P. 220224;  . . ,       .    . . 44.                  (  ,          ) .:  . .     //      (  ). 1878. . 8. . 250253.




271


 1836             ,     ,      :              //  II. . 11. . 1. 9158. 11  1836 .




272


Spannaus N. The Decline of the Akhund and the Transformation of Islamic Law under the Russian Empire. : P. 224, 228230; ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea. P. 77, 80.




273


Benda-Beckmann K. von. Forum Shopping and Shopping Forums: Dispute Processing in a Minangkabau Village in West Sumatra // The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law. 1981. Vol. 13. 19. P. 117159.




274


Sharafi M. The Marital Patchwork of Colonial South Asia: Forum Shopping from Britain to Baroda // Law & History Review. 2010. Vol. 28. 4. P. 988.




275


   ,   ,      XVIII .  .: Spannaus N. The Decline of the Akhund and the Transformation of Islamic Law under the Russian Empire. P. 212213.




276


Usmanova D. M. The Legal and Ethno-Religious World of Empire. P. 154.




277


Jersild A. Orientalism and Empire. P. 106.




278


 .      ( . XVI   . XIX .). . 140; Romaniello M. P. The Elusive Empire. P. 11, 66, 73.




279


Geraci R. P. Window on the East. P. 8.




280


  //  . 1883. 4. . 853.




281


 . .   : ,       // . 1892. 56. . 456.




282


. . 1317. . 1. . 2. . 1.




283


 . .    . . 75.




284


 .    //   . 1868. 7. 24 .




285


     //   . 1871. 8. 27 .      , ,   ,    ,      -   1860-   1870? .




286


 . .  :  . .; .:   , 1929. . 57.




287


 .    //   . 1868. 7.




288


 . .  . . 62, 68.




289


 .    //   . 1868. 7.




290


 [. .] . .     //  .   . : . . , 1876. . 369370.     (17431816)   , ,  ,       (18021803).




291


 .   .     //    / . . . . .: . . , 1897. . IXX.




292


 . . XX, XIIXIII;  . .    . . . . 223225.




293


 . . 225.




294


 . . 210215.




295


 . . 228.




296


 . .   :  . . 237244;  .       (18551863) //  . 1907. 6, 7/8.




297


 . .  . . 57, 7576.




298


 ,   ,   :  . .   :  . . 237283. . : Vucinich A. Science in Russian Culture: A History to 1860. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1963. P. 360364; Kassow S. D. Students, Professors, and the State in Tsarist Russia. P. 27, 5257.




299


 [. .] . .    . . 398401.




300


 . .       . . 398401.




301


  ,          1867/68  ( 143 ) 64      :   // . 1867. 348. 17 .




302


 [. .] . .    . . 396.




303


 .




304


 . .       //    XIX . .: , 1909. . 7. . 3.  .  3. . 29.




305


   .:  . .       . . 332333.




306


 . .      5060?  XIX . . . :    , 2002.




307


 [. .] . .    . . 395.




308


 . .  . . 65.




309


     //   . 1871. 8.




310


 :  //   . 1880. 15. 21 .




311


 .    //   . 1868. 7.  ,       ,     ,      .  1917       ,       .




312


 . . ,       .    ;  . .   : ,      .




313


   .:  .      :  . . 165;  . .         1885  1886 . : .  , 1888; . . 1. . 3. . 1437. . 29.




314


   ,            1890? .       - .         :   . .  //   . : . . , 1907. . 2. . 6974.




315


    .: ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea;  : Jobst K. S. Die Perle des Imperiums.




316


 . .       17741791 . . 61.




317


Herlihy P. Odessa: A History, 17941914. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986. : P. 5, 16, 2728, 4244; : ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea. P. 118123, 222.




318


Dickinson S. Russias First Orient: Characterizing the Crimea in 1787. P. 5.




319


    (  ) //  . 1840. . 4. . 459.




320


 .  . ,        .  XVIII   XX . : , 2006. . 3234.




321


Du Quenoy P. Alexander Serov and the Birth of the Russian Modern. Bethesda, MD: Academica Press, 2016. . 84




322


30000  ,  ,  :  . .        // . 1853. 1. . 19.   ,    45 000 : Jobst K. S. Die Perle des Imperiums. S. 352.




323


      ,          :  ,     31   28  1845 :        . .  , 18451861 . /. . . .: . , 1896. . 18, 2324.




324


       . .  , 18451861 . . 126.




325


 . . 151.




326


 . . 136.




327


 . . 198.




328


 .        //  . 1883. 39. . 346.




329


ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea. P. 4748.




330


Ibid. P. 48.




331


ONeill K. Constructing Russian Identity in the Imperial Borderland: Architecture, Islam, and the Transformation of the Crimean Landscape // Ab imperio. 2006. 2. P. 172.




332


    (  ). . 442.




333


 . . 441.




334


 . . 462.




335


 . . 462463.




336


:  .  : . : . . , 1905. . 10.  ,       ,    , .: Jobst K. S. Die Perle des Imperiums. S. 180206.




337


 .  . ,        .  XVIII   XX . . 78.




338


Qualls K. D. Where Each Stone Is History: Travel Guides and Sevastopol after World War II // Turizm: The Russian and East European Tourist under Capitalism and Socialism / Eds A. E. Gorsuch, D. Koenker. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006. P. 164.    .: Jobst K. S. Die Perle des Imperiums. S. 368406.




339


 . . 187480 .  //  . 1914. 7. . 660; 8. . 767.




340


. . 1. . 44. . 84. . 1, 56.




341


 . . 187480 . . . 656.




342


McReynolds L. Russia at Play: Leisure Activities at the End of the Tsarist Era. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003. P. 171182.




343


 . . . 25   . .: .    , 1892. . 1.




344


 . .  :   ,   . .: . . , 1875. .: . V    .   : -           // -          20  1864   32 . .: .   , 1866. . III. . 27.




345


BA.     /  ,           1886 . . 10 . 11.




346


 . .  :   ,   . .; .: , 1884. .  .




347


  1897 ,      : 38,4% , 31,3% , 23,1% , 5,7% , 1% , 0,4%   0,1% ,    ().        : 68,9%     , 29,1%  :      , 1897 . .: , 1904. . XIV:  . . V, VII.   35      27,1,      , -,       :      1861  1862 . :  ., 1862. . 23.     ,        .            .     45,4%          ; 35,5%    (    -,      ); 5,8%   ; 4,4%   , 3,1%   , 1,5%   , 1,4%   , 1,3%   , 0,4%   , 0,3%   , 0,2%   ,       ,    . .:      , 1897 . .: , 1904. . XLI:  . . 23.




348


       ,    .




349


   1861  1897     .  :  .      :  . . 160162;      , 1897 . . XIV:  . . VI.




350


          .: Kappeler A. Russlands erste Nationalit?ten. S. 489494.




351


Utz V. Die Besitzverh?ltnisse der Tatarenbauern im Kreise Simferopol // Zeitschrift f?r die gesamte Staatswissenschaft. 1911. B. XLI. S. 69.    .: Ibid. S. 7071,  : - . .  : II.     //   . 1876. 1. . 115.    .:  .    //  . 1888. 3. . 151, 157, 166.       ,    : Meyer J. H. Immigration, Return, and the Politics of Citizenship: Russian Muslims in the Ottoman Empire, 18601914 // International Journal of Middle East Studies. 2007. Vol. 39. 1. P. 1532.




352


 .          2? . XVI  XVIII . //      / . . . . :    , 1995. . 243256;  . .  1897     . . 82.




353


Noack C. Muslimischer Nationalismus im russischen Reich: Nationsbildung und Nationalbewegung bei Tataren und Baschkiren 18611917. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2000. S. 49.




354


Kozelsky M. Christianizing Crimea. P. 23.




355


Utz V. Die Besitzverh?ltnisse der Tatarenbauern im Kreise Simferopol. S. 134135.  :  . .  :      . : , 1953. . 5657;  .          2? . XVI  XVIII .




356


. . 2. . 1. . 130. . 2, 11, 14; . 418. . 1;  . .    , 17931883. :   ., 1885. . 90.




357


  . 1884. 113.




358


 . .    . . 3233.




359


 .,  . .,  . .     XVIII   XX . .:  , 2003. . 131.




360


         .    ,          .    ,    ,          .




361


   ,          , ,      ,    , .: Rorlich A.-A. One or More Tatar Nations? // Muslim Communities Reemerge: Historical Perspectives on Nationality, Politics, and Opposition in the Former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia / Ed. E. Allworth. Durham: Duke University Press, 1994. P. 6179.




362


     .: Lynch D. F. The Conquest, Settlement and Initial Development of New Russia (The Southern Third of the Ukraine): 17801837. PhD Dissertation. New Haven, 1965.




363


 . .    //    . II. :      . . . ., 1925. . 9799;  . .    . . 5859; Kh?yrutdinov R. The Tatar Ratusha of Kazan: National Self-Administration in Autocratic Russia, 17811855 // Islam in Politics in Russia and Central Asia: Early Eighteenth to Late Twentieth Centuries / Eds S. A. Dudoignon, H. Komatsu. London: Kegan Paul, 2001. P. 2742.




364


Kh?yrutdinov R. The Tatar Ratusha of Kazan. P. 2742.




365


Ibid. P. 3536.




366


,       . .  16  1787 :           //     . 1889. 8. . 10.




367


,  7  1788 :     . .    . . ,   . .  . . -, 17841791 //       . 1877. . 10. . 294.




368


     , 1897 ., . XLI:  . . 214215.




369


 1897            50%  :  . . 216217, 232233.       . : Seymour H. D. Russia on the Black Sea and the Sea of Asof. London: John Murray, 1855. P. 37, 241.        .




370


       .: Spannaus N. The Decline of the Akhund and the Transformation of Islamic Law under the Russian Empire.




371


Fisher A. W. Enlightened Despotism and Islam under Catherine II. P. 547553;  . .       XVIII XIX .




372


 . . ,       .    . . 3851; Spannaus N. The Decline of the Akhund and the Transformation of Islamic Law under the Russian Empire. P. 219234.




373


 . . ,       .    . . 44.




374


Spannaus N. The Decline of the Akhund and the Transformation of Islamic Law under the Russian Empire. P. 206.




375


:  . . ,       .    . . 40.




376


Bobrovnikov V. O. Islam in the Russian Empire. P. 209.




377


 . .    , 17931883. . 93; . : ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea. P. 55.




378


,  1798             :  . .   - . :   ., 1897. . 139.




379


ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea. P. 82, 179, 181.




380


Ibid. P. 173.




381


           -  .   ,      ,     ,       .            -   1870? : . . 241. . 1. . 165.




382


Kozelsky M. Christianizing Crimea. P. 17, 3237.




383


 . .    , 17931883. . 88.




384


Kozelsky M. Casualties of Conflict: Crimean Tatars during the Crimean War // Slavic Review. 2008. Vol. 67. 4. P. 866891; . : Fisher A. W. Emigration of Muslims from the Russian Empire in the Years after the Crimean War // Jahrb?cher f?r Geschichte Osteuropas. 1987. Vol. 35. P. 336371.




385


     1897 :      , 1897 . . XLI:  . . VIII.




386


 . . ,       .    . . 18, 21, 2829, 35.      .: Kappeler A. Russlands erste Nationalit?ten. S. 482; Geraci R. P. Window on the East. P. 75.     : Pagden . The Fall of Natural Man. The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986,  P. 57108.




387


Werth P. W. The Tsars Foreign Faiths. P. 140142.




388


 . .    , 17931883. . 91.       .: Kizilov M. National Inventions: The Imperial Emancipation of the Karaites from Jewishness // An Empire of Others: Making Ethnographic Knowledge in Imperial Russia and the USSR / Eds R. Cvetkovski, A. Hofmeister. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2013. P. 369394.     ,   ,  :      //   . . 14. : . 38, 291.  ,          ,     ,        1891  1893  (. . 27. . 1. . 8758):  1891       , ,    ,       .     ,         ,    .     ,      (. 3).     1893 ,           ,            ,        ;  , ,             (. 45).




389


Romaniello M. P. The Elusive Empire. P. 117120.




390


Ibid. P. 128129, 144145.




391


 . .          1762 . . 2426;  . .   . . 90106;  . .    . . 3132;  . .  //  . 1978. 6. . 209214; Kappeler A. Russlands erste Nationalit?ten. S. 437438.




392


 . .   . . 93.




393


           //  I. . 22. 15936. 22  1784 .




394


Kappeler A. Russlands erste Nationalit?ten. S. 455474.




395


Ibid. S. 458.




396


 . .    . . 94.        .:  . . 84116.




397


          1861             : .:  . .    . . . .: . . , 1904. . 18. . 203.   ,     .:  .  . . 127;  . .    . . 96.




398


 -    .: Kappeler A. Russlands erste Nationalit?ten. S. 413480; Noack C. Muslimischer Nationalismus im russischen Reich. S. 4262.




399


 . .          1762 . . 22.




400


   -   . : . . , 1896. . 8081. ,     (3564)         :  . .            5070 . XIX . //      5070?  XIX .  :      . XIX . .: ?   , 1936. . I. . 24.




401


 . .          1762 . . 13, 2123.




402


   // . . 4. . 18.




403


 . . 9. . 14, . 13. . 1, 17, 28.




404


         ,   ,   ,  :          ,    //  II. . 28. . 1. 27727. 25  1853 . . 2.  1;              //  II. . 29. . 1. 28331. 9 1854 . . 4.




405


 . .  1897     . . 8687.




406


 .       1783  1889  //     . 1899. 30. . 23; . : ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea. Ch. 3.




407


Baumann R. F. Universal Service Reform and Russias Imperial Dilemma // War & Society. 1986. Vol. 4. 2. P. 40.




408


 . .      . . 90.




409


. . 1317. . 1. . 2. . 2.




410


 . .    . . 109.




411


 . . 110.




412


 . .      , 18251860 . .: , 1981. . 4142.




413


 .




414


 ,        ,         //  II. . 2. 1521. 9 1827.      . : Rhinelander A. L. H. Prince Michael Vorontsov: Viceroy to the Tsar. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1990. P. 8485.




415


 . .    17751800 . .: -   , 1959. . 105106.




416


 . .     , 17311823. :  ., 1836. . 1 ( 1731  1796 ). . 138.




417


Martin T. The Empires New Frontiers: New Russias Path from Frontier to Okraina 17741920 // Russian History. 1992. Vol. 19. 14. P. 183185; . : Sunderland W. Taming the Wild Field. P. 7395, 123134.




418


ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea. P. 3031, 6871.




419


 . .   - . . 128130.     :  . .    17751800 . . 171174.




420


 . .    17751800 . . 132.     .




421


 . . 129130.




422


Sunderland W. Taming the Wild Field. P. 114; Brandes D. Von den Zaren adoptiert: Die deutschen Kolonisten und die Balkansiedler in Neurussland und Bessarabien 17511914. M?nchen: R. Oldenbourg, 1993. S. 1944.




423


Brandes D. Von den Zaren adoptiert. S. 7288, 229.




424


Lohr E. Russian Citizenship. P. 61, 88.




425


 . .   - . . 131136; Jobst K. S. Die Perle des Imperiums. S. 99.




426


     350 000  :  . .   - . . 13;  . .       17741791 . . 68.      2 360 425 . ,         ,   ,   ,    ,   .




427


Williams B. The Crimean Tatars. P. 8385; Jobst K. S. Die Perle des Imperiums. S. 95, 101104.




428


ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea. P. 197.




429


 .      //  . 1887. 5. . 62, 75.




430


Utz V. Die Besitzverh?ltnisse der Tatarenbauern im Kreise Simferopol. S. 93, 9698.




431


Ibid. S. 74.




432


L?we H.-D. Poles, Jews, and Tartars. P. 57;  . .   - . . 135136.




433


 . .    , 17931883. . 168; ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea. P. 187188.




434


ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea. P. 187188;  .   . . 152.




435


Kozelsky M. Christianizing Crimea. P. 3235.




436


  -       //  II. . 2. 1417. 28  1827 .




437


ONeill K. A. Claiming Crimea. P. 42, 110, 269277.




438


Remy F. Die Krim in ethnographischer, landschaftlicher und hygienischer Beziehung. Odessa; Leipzig: Emil Berndt, 1872. S. 70.




439


Wortman R. S. Scenarios of Power. P. 6878.




440


Daly J. W. Autocracy under Siege. P. 1617.


