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           :    ,       ,   . ,  ,  ,  .    ,   ,     ,  ,      ,    .         .  ?

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 ,     ,   :  . ,     젖     ,       .         . ࠖ      ;   Fortnite.     ?      ?

         ,    . Ƞ   -    , ,       ,  .       , ,    ,   -.    -ࠖ ,    ,    . Ƞ          ,   . Ƞ     ,  ,          ,    ,      .

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      .      -      - . ,      ,  ,     ,         .  ,       ,   .          : ,          , ,         ,     ? ʠ,     ,      ,       ,         . ,            , ࠖ   ?              ,     ?        ,             [1 -            .]    ,     .

 ,         .     -         .           .      Architecture andCritical Imagination  ,       , . Ƞ   ,  ,    ,  . ,  ,     ,  .

     ,  젖  , ,  .      젖  ,  ,   .     , - .        TripAdvisor Metacritic.

     ,        ,        .   ,  ,       .   ,    ,   .  , ,   ⠖  ,    ,   .              ,      , ,       ,     :    .          YouTube, TikTok Twitter,     젖  .        ,      .

 ,    ,   ,         ,         .  ,       ,    .     -,       .           .

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https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1PVwQjZ5QHKpJu_Qm7YCBWKa3jSmWiaJl?usp=drive_link (https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1PVwQjZ5QHKpJu_Qm7YCBWKa3jSmWiaJl?usp=drive_link)






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    - ,      ,       .    ,     ,   .     ,        ,  .      ,     .        ,   .     -       . Ӡ   ,   ,      . Ѡ   :   ,     .      ,     .

       Perfect Muscle Developer (1920)      .         .          ,    .    堖    ,    ,     ?   ,    , Perfect Muscle Developer    ,    .      :       -    !,      , !.     ,        ,     .           ,     .               .       ?       ?    ,     .






https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ymBvrOcokcUVdYI_LxdLxUhwl9-vVq63/view?usp=drive_link (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ymBvrOcokcUVdYI_LxdLxUhwl9-vVq63/view?usp=drive_link)



   .     ?      Tennis ForTwo(1958)[2 -    ,  - ໠   ,       ,     . Tennis ForTwo   - (Bertie TheBrain OXO 1950 1952 ),          Hutspiel,  1955.䠫    ,   :      ,      ,   ,     .      . ΠTennis ForTwo     !  .],          .               ࠖ       .  Tennis ForTwo      ,        .           ,   ,  .

            -  ,     ,      . ,   60- 70-    PLATO (Programmed Logic forAutomated Teaching Operations),       Spacewar!   Empire  50  1981,     Dungeons & Dragons  .      pedit5 (1975).      20000  ,     ,      .   1975-   Moria   ,        ;       ,        PLATO. ,   Pac-Man     .          ,          ,          .

         ,     .       ,   .            ;     ,      ,       Fortnite.              .              .       :          ,   . ,    ,            .    ,     ,     .             .   ?




  


Ӡ      .  70-         ,      ,    .          Dungeons & Dragons 1974.         ,  ,      .          .                .    蠫 ,  -     ,  .  ,   ,    , :      ,  -        .     ,   .






https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kDC2s8q7mVryn5waFpcPICzntD2yQ6vQ/view?usp=drive_link (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kDC2s8q7mVryn5waFpcPICzntD2yQ6vQ/view?usp=drive_link)



,     AMind Forever Voyaging (1985) 蠫       :     ,    .          렖     Examine,      :    ,    ,  .     . AMind Forever Voyaging, ,    ,     .      ,      :    ,     ,       .

      ,      PONG Space Invaders (1972 1978 ).  PONG ,    ,   ,         ࠖ      .        ,       .         ;        ,     堖       . ,       , ꠫, , , , , 仠      .           .

Space Invaders       :   ,    ,     .      ,       .     ,      ,   .      :    ,   ;     ,   .          ,   -       .        ,       .   ,     ,          .    ,       ,        . Space Invaders    ,      蠫  ,        .

  (1984)   Space Invaders  Cosmic Monsters (1979) Space Fever Color (1980)  ,       .  Space Invaders          ,           .      Space Invaders  ,      ,   .       .     ⠖       .        ,       .  ,      .     ,    ,          ࠖ      .        ,      ,   . ,    ,    ,        ,      .     ,           :          .

 1980-         .         蠖  ,       ?      ,    [3 - Adventure    ,       . Adventure, ,      Starship 11977.],  Adventure (1980).       ,       -   .  ,   ,      ,    . Adventure    ,               .       30 ,   .      ࠖ   ,    .    :      ,        -.

      Donkey Kong (1981),    [4 -       : ,  蠫. , Donkey Kong  4 ,        .]  .      ,       (     ).            .     ,     ,  . ,    :    25 ,      .      ,      .     ,     ,   .      ,        ,         .        ,         . Donkey Kong   ,       .

          Pitfall! (1982).          ,  255 ,      䠖      :     , . Pitfall!     , Donkey Kong:     Oregon Trail (1971)   ໠  20   32 .  , Pitfall!   ,  ,        :          ,        .  255        .       , 젖 ,    ,  ,  . Ѡ , Pitfall!       :  ,     ,      . Ѡ ,          ,   80-     ,     Donkey Kong.

       ,        (     wraparound).      PONG  ,  .      ,     ,   .  ,      ,  Spacewar! (1962)  PDP-1; , ,   ࠖ Computer Space   1971.   ,        ,       ,  ,   ,       .  ,       ,   ,     .

       ,       Space Invaders    .      .  Asteroids (1979)      [5 -      Spacewar!,     .],    , , ,   .  Pac-Man (1980)     ,      ,              .      Pac-Man          ,     ,          .    Pac-Man        ,     Dungeon Crawler,     ,     ,  .

      Mario Bros. (1983).   ,      .      ,     ,           .        ,   :  ,     ,    ;      ,     ,   . Mario Bros.  ,     ,      蠖    ?       ?    Mario Bros.        (  , 1981,   Donkey Kong),    Devil MayCry (2001),            .

,        Robotron 2084 (1982),    .  70- 80-     ,    .          :         ,       .     Robotron 2084   15-  ,     .         ,     ,      .     PONG Space Invaders   Pac-Man        .        ,         . -         ,   Robotron 2084.      ,      : -     ,       ,     ,    .      ࠖ     ,          -. , ,          :     ,     .  ,         .




 :    


   Tennis ForTwoPac-Man       :      . Ӡ   20 ,      ,   .           .        蠫໠     ,    .     Defender (1980)     Robotron 2084    Atari Football (1978),       .           Super Mario Bros. (1985)[6 -      ⻠        World 11.],  Spy Hunter (1983)   ,       ,  Space Invaders.      ,         . ,   Super Mario Bros.    ,   .          ,   -. ,     Defender    ,          .         ,   ⠫.  ,         .      ,     ⠫.        ,    .        :      ,       .






https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gbSD9R0aQ0xifPq9XHhD2CrUGc-1jF7W/view?usp=drive_link (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gbSD9R0aQ0xifPq9XHhD2CrUGc-1jF7W/view?usp=drive_link)



        Track & Field (1983) Konami.       -,    .            .  PONG       -     .    ,   Space Invaders   . Mario Bros.              . Track & Field         . -      .     : 1983   ,      .       . 蠖    ,  .   ࠖ    ,     .      ,    ,     .      ,   ,    .

Track & Field    ,        ,     .         (  )? 蠫     ?.       ,   Pitfall!.     ,   Adventure Pitfall!,   :       ,    .    Track & Field   ,      . ,        ,     -    . ,  ,          ,  .

Ӡ,  ,   .      ;   ,    ,    ,    .   : ,      ,  ,    ,     . , , :    ,    .   ,    ,        .        砖 ,    -.         ,      ,    .    ,      ;           ,      .  Track & Field     ,         .     ,       .

          . ,     ,  -   ,   ,     蠖    .     ,  ,       .       2D-, Jackie Chans Action Kung Fu (1984) Blasphemous (2019).

      19851986.      Dragon Slayer[7 - Dragon Slayer  Action-RPG  ,        :         .  ,   ,   ,    Dragon Slayer      .] (1984), Gauntlet[8 - Gauntlet        ,       Dandy   .] (1985), Metroid (1986), TheLegend ofZelda (1986) Dragon Quest (1986).  ?      ,    ,  . ,   ,          . ,     .    Space Invaders PONG     ,       .       Robotron 2084      Donkey Kong Super Mario Bros.        ,  ,     . , -   ,     .        :    ?  -   ,  ,   2D-      .      -.

 Gauntlet    ,   4       ,   .          Gauntlet    .   ,    ?       ,    ?            Donkey Kong (    ?)    ,   .     ,        .

     ,     .        , Dragon Slayer Gauntlet,   ,    Metroid. Metroid      ,         ,     ,   .  -          ,      ,  .          ,        -  .       堖      .              Metroid,   . TheLegend ofZelda    ,     ,  ,   .

      Dragon Quest,    Wizardry, Ultima ThePortopia Serial Murder Case (1983)    Dragon Quest  . Dragon Quest,    Dungeons & Dragons,     .         ,      ,   ,    . Dragon Quest,     Ultima,        ,   Metroid,      . Metroid   ,  Dragon Quest    . Ѡ   RPG         堖      ,      NPC.

       ,       .        TheLegend ofZelda   ,  ,   .        : ,   ,      ;      ,   .  ,     ,    [9 - 젖  ,            .]        .        8- . 8     ,   Metroid, Dragon Quest TheLegend ofZelda, ,       8 .      0 1 ,     256 .  ,    256   . 8  ,     D-pad  4  4 蠖      NES[10 -   ,     ColecoVision 1982,    ,  .        ,    .          :  NES   8-  , 8-  NES  -  -  ;  ColecoVision,  ,   16- .      .]. 8    ,       ,       [11 - ,  - .   TheLegend ofZelda      255 頖   .].    NES,     Select Start,      ,  ,       .

  16-   TurboGrafx-16[12 -        . TurboGrafx-16   PC Engine, SegaGenesis   SegaMega Drive, SNES    Super Famicom.], SegaGenesis SNES  . 256    65535 ,      ,   ,       .              . Ƞ     1991.      Sega Genesis      ,  , ,        .         ,        .           ,       .  ,             ,         ⠖     .     ,          .  8-           ,   ,       1986- .

         1987-  Metal Gear       stealth action. Metal Gear     Pac-Man        ,        .   Metal Gear      (     ),    ,  -:    ,  ,  Metal Gear   ,   ,     .    ,   1986-   Metal Gear   :       ,     . ,  ,     ,    .   ,     .    ,       .

,      Sonic TheHedgehog (1991)      Sega Genesis,   2D-. Sega   頖  ,  Sega    NES.  ?   ,      ,       .

     Sonic theHedgehog         ,    Green Hill Zone     ,          . Green Hill Zone      ,      .  Sonic TheHedgehog   ,          .        ,  -  ;          .     ,   Green Hill Zone    :      ,      ,      .         ,     25䠖     .   Sonic TheHedgehog ,     :      [13 -    How Long ToBeat.],    [14 -    .]      14. Sonic TheHedgehog, ,     ,           90-.

Green Hill Zone        ,  :   ,  ,   ,     .    7080- ,  ,   젖       ,      .

 ,           ,      [15 -        milieu.]. Ӡ  - Rocket Knight Adventure (1993),        Final Fantasy VI (1994),             Super Castlevania IV (1991).         -  ,       :    , Disneys Aladdin (1993) TheLion King (1994),         .

 , 2D-   90-   . Ѡ ,   ,    :  Sonic TheHedgehog,   ,    ,   Super Castlevania IV    TheAdventures ofBatman & Robin (1994).   蠖 ,  ,     .    VectorMan (1996)    ,     .    -  :              TheTerminator (1992). Ѡ ,      ࠖ      ,   .

      beat emup. , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles inTime (1991)   ,  :       ,  -  ,        .    , Streets ofRage 2 (1992),   :       ,  ,     - ,      .       2D-       [16 - Cinematic platformers  .],        Another World (1991), Flashback (1992), Septentrion (1993) Blackthorne (1994).     -: ,       ,        :   ,   ,  ,        Track & Field.            !         .




   2D 2,5D


  ,      ,      ,    .   80-  90-      .

,     .   ,   .        ,    - .   ,            ,  ࠖ  .  ,             .      Night Driver (1976)      ,      .             Dungeon Master (1987),  Wizardry,     Turbo (1981), PolePosition (1982), Hang-On (1985), OutRun (1986), F-Zero (1990) .

          ,      ࠫ .     ,           -   (   ).       ࠖ    ,    .         ,   :         .          ,         .              ,    ,    .






https://drive.google.com/file/d/1L9FbITXeARHU4oq-ETNjq6y68etO4bng/view?usp=drive_link (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1L9FbITXeARHU4oq-ETNjq6y68etO4bng/view?usp=drive_link)



   . ,   ,         .                .           ,     ,     .   ,        ,  - ,      .       젖    ,         ,          ,     [17 -         Zaxxon (1982)    ࠖ     .]  RPG Legend (1982) Darklands (1992)  Fallout (1997), Planescape: Torment (1999) Icewind Dale (2000).

           ,      .        2D-,       .       RPG:  , , , .         ,  .         ,       .

                 .         ,  ,   .    RPG,         (  )    ,    :       ,      .     RPG              젖  ,   ,  RPG  NES,   ,       .  ,        ,    .                  蠫   .

      CD.       蠖          . -    ,  . ,            .  CD-     , -    .          -      .     ,    ,       .         .

      Myst (1993)[18 -  Myst   ,  CD-  .],     - 1994 1999  TheSims (2000),     Doom! Ѡ    Myst     ,          : Myst    ,  .     :         ,  .       ,    ,   ,   ,  ,    .    () ,     頖 ,   .   Myst   ?

 ,      . ,   RPG        ,  .       ,      .     90-     ,   ,    ,  Myst   .      (,   ,  ),  Myst     ,           蠖  ,     ,    .

 CD-      ,     ,  3DO (1993) Sony PlayStation (1994),        ,       .   Myst,        ,  -,     .  Resident Evil (1996)     ,      ,      .  ,     ,        . Ӡ        ,    ,      . ,            ,  Myst.

  , ,      JRPG    SquareSoft Final Fantasy VII (1997) Valkyrie Profile (1999).        2D- 3D-   : Final Fantasy VIII (1999)       ( ),  Xenogears (1998)      . PlayStation     ,   2D-      ,    :             .

       2,5   ,       . , ,   id Software.  1992- id  Wolfenstein3D   .   ,     ,         .   2,5D,   id,  ,    ,   2D-[19 - ,   ,  raycasting,     : https://lodev.org/cgtutor/raycasting.html (https://lodev.org/cgtutor/raycasting.html).].     :       ,     ,  Wolfenstein3D        .    id      -.          ,   2D-,      蠫 ,    ,        .

Wolfenstein3D        .             ,        .         :  .     ,   ,   .  , Wolfenstein3D  -    젖 .      ,         ,     ꠖ  ,       .       , 頖   - ,      ,     .    ,    ,         젖 ,   ,      .

    id Software, Doom(1993),  Wolfenstein3D        .  Doom   ,  ,    ,     蠖     ,  Wolfenstein3D,   . Doom       ,       ,         Doom   ,   Sonic TheHedgehog.      id     ࠖ       ,    .  Doom ,      .      ,  -      ,       ,   .    ,    ,         ,  Doom  2D-      ,    .

  - Doom   Track & Field,      .   Konami         . Doom     ,   ,     ,  360.        ,   Doom   ,           . ,   3D    ,  Doom       ,      ,   .




 3D: ()    


  ,    ,     ,        .        ,            .    ,  堖    . Ƞ     : 1968-        ,    3D-.       堖     [20 - Wireframe  .].  1973-   NASA     Maze War,   .           Elite (1984).       Commodore 64 ZX Spectrum, ,      ,    ,   .






https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gaZ2HxGVz-PUVFxR3tyfARkA-KW3hBBz/view?usp=drive_link (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gaZ2HxGVz-PUVFxR3tyfARkA-KW3hBBz/view?usp=drive_link)



 ,  3D- -  ,     .   3D-       .      . , -      ,        .  ,        ࠖ ,        .        ,      .    ,     .      id, Quake (1996),    Doom:         .    ,       ,   ,   .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=69569851)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


           .




2


   ,  - ໠   ,       ,     . Tennis ForTwo   - (Bertie TheBrain OXO 1950 1952 ),          Hutspiel,  1955.

䠫    ,   :      ,      ,   ,     .      . ΠTennis ForTwo     !  .




3


Adventure    ,       . Adventure, ,      Starship 11977.




4


      : ,  蠫. , Donkey Kong  4 ,        .




5


     Spacewar!,     .




6


     ⻠        World 11.




7


Dragon Slayer  Action-RPG  ,        :         .  ,   ,   ,    Dragon Slayer      .




8


Gauntlet        ,       Dandy   .




9


젖  ,            .




10


  ,     ColecoVision 1982,    ,  .        ,    .          :  NES   8-  , 8-  NES  -  -  ;  ColecoVision,  ,   16- .      .




11


,  - .   TheLegend ofZelda      255 頖   .




12


       . TurboGrafx-16   PC Engine, SegaGenesis   SegaMega Drive, SNES    Super Famicom.




13


   How Long ToBeat.




14


   .




15


       milieu.




16


Cinematic platformers  .




17


        Zaxxon (1982)    ࠖ     .




18


 Myst   ,  CD-  .




19


,   ,  raycasting,     : https://lodev.org/cgtutor/raycasting.html (https://lodev.org/cgtutor/raycasting.html).




20


Wireframe  .


