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Christian Montag

DU GEH?RST UNS!

Du geh?rst uns! Die psychologischen Strategien von Facebook, TikTok, Snapchat & Co  und wie wir uns vor der gro?en Manipulation sch?tzen



 2021 by Christian Montag and Karl Blessing Verlag, a division of Penguin Random House

Verlagsgruppe GmbH, M?nchen, Germany

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 ,    ,   -          .            ;       Apple,  ,   1,17 .  ,  ,                ,       .  ,       ,            . ,   ,        .    ?          , ,            (WWW)?        .               ,        ,   30     1991    68%      [8 -   : Internet usage statistics // Internet World Stats. URL: https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm (    17.07.2021).]          Meta[9 -   Meta: Number of monthly active Facebook users worldwide as of 4th quarter 2022 // Statista. URL: https://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide/ (    17.07.2021).], [10 -        Facebook Inc. Meta  2021 ,          Meta   ,   Facebook, WhatsApp  Instagram (    ;    2021 ,  Facebook Inc.).].        : ,   ,     ,              .     ,   ,        , .      ,    ,       ,    .           ,         .       .   ,    :   ,    (  ),              ,  ,  -        .            ,  ,          . ,              ?  , ,   ,         ,       [11 -   :       -      .   7            .],        .  , , ,         .

,  ,    ,     ,   ,         ,      .                      [12 -    : Montag C. et al. Molecular genetics in psychology and personality neuroscience: On candidate genes, genome wide scans, and new research strategies // Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2020. 118. P. 163174.],          ,           ,      .      ,      ,      .       ,       ,    ,           ,         ,          - .

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  Facebook    2020 ,      .   ,           ()      ,        .     The Guardian     2020     Facebook       [21 -   : Facebook refuses to restrict untruthful political ads and micro-targeting // The Guardian. 2020. January 9. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jan/09/facebook-political-ads-micro-targeting-us-election.].

      2020  ,    Twitter, Meta (  Facebook Inc.)  Google         ,         . Facebook                 [22 -    : Timberg C. Critics say Facebooks powerful ad tools may imperil democracy. But politicians love them // The Washington Post. 2019. December 9. URL: https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/12/09/critics-say-facebooks-powerful-ad-tools-may-imperil-democracy-politicians-love-them/.],   Twitter      .

Google     YouTube   :    ,            ,     .      ,     , Google .   Facebook     [23 -    : Wong J.C. Google latest tech giant to crack down on political ads as pressure on Facebook grows // The Guardian. 2019. November 21. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/nov/20/google-political-ad-policy-facebook-twitter; Sandler R. Google Limits Microtargeting For Paid Political Ads // Forbes. 2019. November 20. URL: https://www.forbes.com/sites/rachelsandler/2019/11/20/google-limits-microtargeting-for-paid-political-ads/.].

    cbsnews.com ,   -       20192020     [24 -   : Gibson K. Spending on U.S. digital political ads to top $1 billion for first time // CBS News. 2020. February 12. URL: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/spending-on-us-digital-political-ads-to-cross-1-billion-for-first-time/.].   ,          .

     ,  IT-  -         .             2020      [25 -   : https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52815552.], Facebook          .      ,  Facebook     [26 -  : McCarthy T. Zuckerberg says Facebook wont be arbiters of truth after Trump threat // The Guardian. 2020. May 28. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/may/28/zuckerberg-facebook-police-online-speech-trump.].   2021 ,            ,   ,         .            ,  .     ,      ,     ,   -    [27 -    : B?hm M. An euren H?nden klebt Blut // Der Spiegel. 2021. January 7. URL: https://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/netzpolitik/donald-trump-einen-halben-tag-twitter-sperre-nach-vier-jahren-zaudern-a-d1b9c43d-e093-4ca1-a901-ef2be8c43ea3.].     Facebook[28 -   Facebook ,         .   Facebook,     .]      ,  ,         ,         ,  [29 -  : https://oversightboard.com/decision/FB-691QAMHJ/.].  Facebook   [30 -   2023           .].

 ,          ,     :                   ?    2017         (NetzDG)[31 -       (NetzDG): Gesetz zur Verbesserung der Rechtsdurchsetzung in sozialen Netzwerken (Netzwerkdurchsetzungsgesetz  NetzDG) // Bundesministerium der Justiz. 2017. September 1. URL: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/netzdg/BJNR335210017.html.],           24 .          ,    [32 -    :  ,      ,           ,            ,       .].       , , ,  NetzDG  ,   [33 -   : Mihr C. Das NetzDG ist gut gemeint, aber schlecht gemacht // Die bpb: Bundeszentrale f?r politische Bildung. 2018. February 20. URL: https://www.bpb.de/dialog/netzdebatte/265013/das-netzdg-ist-gut-gemeint-aber-schlecht-gemacht.].              -  [34 - -  : Ro?mann R. Es geht um nichts Geringeres als die Meinungsfreiheit // S?ddeutsche Zeitung. 2018. January 8. URL: https://www.sueddeutsche.de/digital/netzwerkdurchsetzungsgesetz-es-geht-um-nichts-geringeres-als-die-meinungsfreiheit-1.3816862.].

        ,   ,     230       (Communication Decency Act),     1996 .  230        [35 -   : Communications Decency Act // Wikipedia. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act.].          [36 -    : Guynn J. Donald Trump and Joe Biden vs. Facebook and Twitter: Why Section 230 could get repealed in 2021 // USA Today. 2021. January 5. URL: https://eu.usatoday.com/story/tech/2021/01/04/trump-biden-pelosi-section-230-repeal-facebook-twitter-google/4132529001/.].            ,   [37 -   ,   : Kosseff J. The twenty-six words that created the internet. Cornell University Press, 2019.] (21     ):                ,     [38 -   : 47 U.S. Code 230  Protection for private blocking and screening of offensive material // Law Cornell School. URL: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/230: No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider.].    ,               ,     ,      , .  230, ,   ,            ,    ,   ,    .   ,     ,                    . ,        230        : Facebook    ,  Google    .         WWW  ,  ,  ,    .



  ,         2021 ,                -       2020 .       ,  -    :         [39 -    : Brown L. Social media cracks down on sick challenge mocking George Floyds death // New York Post. 2020. June 3. URL: https://nypost.com/2020/06/03/social-media-cracks-down-on-posts-mocking-george-floyds-death/.], [40 -               ,    ,      8 ,     .].       ,    , , ,        ?   ,   230,     ,      ,    .       :  ,       ,     ,      #BlackLivesMatter    .



   ,        ,  Meta,  ,     .    ,        , ,     .  - 2020  Facebook      ,            .  ,         [41 -   : Facebook to tighten rules around posts inciting vigilante violence // National Post. 2021. June 21. URL: https://nationalpost.com/news/world/facebook-to-tighten-rules-around-posts-inciting-vigilante-violence; .  . 30.],      .     The Washington Post,   ,   - Facebook    ,              (  ,  )[42 -  : Lerman R. . Bowing to pressure, Facebook will start labeling violating posts from politicians. But critics say its not enough // The Washington Post. 2020. June 27. URL: https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/06/26/facebook-hate-speech-policies/: when the looting starts, the shooting starts.]              Facebook     .       The Guardian     ,   Facebook,   ,    [43 -    : Wong J.C. Facebooks decision to promote Trumps lies shows how its programmed to protect the powerful // The Guardian. 2019. October 11. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/oct/10/facebook-trump-politics-technology-zuckerberg.].

      2021      (  - Shark Tank)         [44 -  : https://twitter.com/sacca/status/1346921144859783169: Youve got blood on your hands, @jack and Zuck. For four years youve rationalized this terror. Inciting violent treason is not a free speech exercise. If you work at those companies, its on you too. Shut it down.]:    , @jack  .      .       ,  -    ?      ,     .  .              The New York Times  :       : ,     ,  -,         ,  ,    ,     [45 -   : Ovide S. Trump. Twitter. QAnon. Whos to Blame? // The New York Times. 2021. January 7. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/technology/trump-twitter-qanon.html: It takes a media that caters to the views of the president, the internet advertising industry that provides financial incentives for outlandish ideas that grab peoples attention and our human nature that pushes us to extreme views. All of this stuff gets layered on top of one another.].

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,    2021 ,          ,   .     ,    ,     ,     .   :       ,   ,   ,   ,     -  COVID-19.        - 2020    20202021 .      ,      ,      2020-            ,     [46 -     : Urschinger K. Faktenchecks: Wir kl?ren L?gen & Fake News // swr3. 2021. June 9. URL: https://www.swr3.de/aktuell/diese-meldungen-sind-fake-news-von-coronavirus-bis-volkmarsen-100.html; https://www.br.de/nachrichten/netzwelt/alles-ueber-telegram-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly, SdESFKQ.].   ,   COVID-19,  ,          [47 -    : Fake-Artikel zu neuen Supermarkt-?ffnungszeiten wegen Corona im Umlauf // FOCUS Online. 2020. March 16. URL: https://www.focus.de/gesundheit/news/in-eigener-sache-fake-artikel-zu-geaenderten-supermarkt-oeffnungszeiten-wegen-corona-krise-im-umlauf_id_11773132.html.]; ,          .        ,          COVID-19,      [48 -    : H?ttemann D. Fake News zu Ibuprofen und Covid-19 // Pharmaseutische Zeitung. 2020. Match 14. URL: https://www.pharmazeutische-zeitung.de/fake-news-zu-ibuprofen-und-covid-19/.].  ,                 (    [49 -     : https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article207471609/Corona-Desinfektionsmittel-injizieren-Trump-spricht-jetzt-von-Sarkasmus.html.]).          ,       : Twitter  Facebook      .         [50 -   : https://www.msn.com/de-de/finanzen/top-stories/twitter-geht-verst-c3-a4rkt-gegen-verschw-c3-b6rungsmythen-zu-corona-impfungen-vor/ar-BB1c00hD; Akhtar A. Facebook will start removing posts with false vaccine claims as experts worry misinformation might discourage Americans from getting immunized // Insider. 2020. December 3. URL: https://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-will-start-removing-posts-with-false-vaccine-claims-2020-12?r=DE&IR=T.].       :     ?              ? ,        .                   IT-.    ( )     ,      ?



 20202021    :      ,            .        . ,       ,    Facebook Inc. ( Meta).       ,    ,   ,        [51 -    : Kang C. et al. U.S. and States Say Facebook Illegally Crushed Competition // The New York Times. 2020. December 9. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/09/technology/facebook-antitrust-monopoly.html.].     ,       ,        .   ,  ,        ?      ?      ? ,   ,    .           ,          Meta[52 -     Meta: ?hman C. . What if Facebook goes down? Ethical and legal considerations for the demise of big tech // Internet Policy Review. 2020. 9 (3). P. 121.].

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       - .     -   HTML, Netscape  Microsoft       -,   HTML-        ,     .  1994     Amazon,  1998-  Google.  2004-  Facebook,   ,        iPhone  2007-.   16    ,       Apple  ,    .  ,          [59 -   : Digital 2020: Zahlen zur globalen Nutzung von Smartphones, Internet und Social Media // mcschindler.com. 2020. February 18. URL: https://www.mcschindler.com/digital-2020-zahlen-zur-globalen-nutzung-von-smartphones-internet-und-social-media/ (    18.07.2021).], [60 -  2022     6,5 ,   Statista.],  ,            .  ,      ,     ,   ,     ,   .   (    )    ,   ,          .         ,    .


       

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       ,         .          .  2020          180 ,      [81 -      : Entwicklung der durchschnittlichen t?glichen Radioh?rdauer in Deutschland in den Jahren 1995 bis 2021 // Statista. URL: https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/4554/umfrage/radiohoeren-taegliche-dauer-seit-1995/.].    ,   XXI      ,    : ,     ,     ,    .  ,         .

 ,   ,       1920- ,  [82 -  :         ,   (Stille Nacht, Heilige Nacht). https://www.br.de/nachrichten/kultur/vor-100-jahren-die-geschichte-des-radios-in-deutschland-beginnt, SJpMLzX.],      .                   ?          .       ,          .


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     3,8    [83 -  3,8    : Kroker M. 3,8 Milliarden Social-Media-Nutzer weltweit  knapp die H?lfte der Weltbev?lkerung // Krokers Look @ IT. 2020. January 31. URL: https://blog.wiwo.de/look-at-it/2020/01/31/38-milliarden-social-media-nutzer-weltweit-knapp-die-haelfte-der-weltbevoelkerung/.].  3        ,  Meta.   ,  2,8      Facebook,   2     WhatsApp   1,2        Instagram (,  ,  )[84 - ,  ,  : Most popular social networks worldwide as of January 2023, ranked by number of monthly active users // Statista. URL: https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/ (    18.07.2021).], [85 -     2023 ,   Statista: Facebook  2,9 , WhatsApp  Instagram   2 .        2023 ,   DataReportal,  4,76 .].  ,    -   ,  ,        .       Meta    ,    Oculus,     VR-,        .  , Meta  -  -     (.  .2.1). ,       ,        [86 -     : Hatmaker T. Facebook hit with massive antitrust lawsuit from 46 states // TechCrunch. 2020. December 10. URL: https://techcrunch.com/2020/12/09/facebook-antitrust-state-attorneys-general/.].






.2.1.     Meta  -  - (  )



    ,    ,      Meta      .       ,     .  ,   ,    Facebook    Google[87 -    Google: https://www.businessinsider.de/international/major-us-tech-companies-blocked-from-operating-in-china-2019-5/?r=US&IR=T.]     ,          .

-           .      (p?iny?in, ??),   1950- .    ,          (???,    ).   ,       ,             .      ,   . ,         :          ,       .

WeChat      WhatsApp,      . We?ix?n   [88 - We?ix?n   : Montag C. et al. The multipurpose application WeChat: areview on recent research // Frontiers in Psychology. 2018. 9. P. 2247.].  WeChat      -.       -    1,2  [89 -   1,2  : Number of monthly active WeChat users from 2nd quarter 2011 to 4th quarter 2022 // Statista. URL: https://www.statista.com/statistics/255778/number-of-active-wechat-messenger-accounts/ (    18.07.2021).], [90 -  2022   1,3 ,   Statista.]. ,       ,   [91 -   :      ,     . ,    ,            .].    ,     ,    . ,           [92 -    : Lee K.F. AI superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the new world order. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018.].     : 1,4     ,            .       ,           [93 -   : Strittmatter K. Die Neuerfindung der Diktatur: Wie China den digitalen ?berwachungsstaat aufbaut und uns damit heraus-fordert. Piper ebooks, 2018.]. ,       ,        .  ,   [94 -   : Zuboff Sh. Big other: surveillance capitalism and the prospects of an information civilization // Journal of Information Technology. 2015. 30 (1). P. 7589.], ,     (,    ?)[95 - ,    : Jacques M. When China rules the world: The rise of the middle kingdom and the end of the western world. Penguin UK, 2012.]     ,   . ,         [96 -    : Verble J. The NSA and Edward Snowden: surveillance in the 21st century // ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society. 2014. 44 (3). P. 1420.].

    WeChat.    ,   ,          .    WeChat,     2.2.        (Chngdu?, ??),    14       .






.2.2.       .      .    .    ,       AliPay.   ,       WeChat (  )



 2-     -    .     ,          .     .   -    .         .         ,   .   .    ,  ,                 .        .

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  -    .         QR-   (.2.2,  ).   QR-     .    AliPay  WeChat       QR-    . , !

           .     ,       (.2.2,  )        WeChat       .     (hngba?o, ??)          .       2018  768   WeChat      [97 -      : Billy. Tencents WeChat boasts 768 million people used its digital red envelopes over the Lunar New Year // Verdict. 2018. February 22. URL: https://www.verdict.co.uk/tencents-wechat-boasts-768-million-people-used-digital-red-envelopes-lunar-new-year/.]. Facebook Inc. (Meta)   ,        ,         Diem, ,  ,     .  -    

 ,         ,            (28  2021 )  The Economist:         .           ,       :       ,          .           .   [98 -   : Why retailers everywhere should look to China // The Economist. 2021. January 2. URL: https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/01/02/why-retailers-everywhere-should-look-to-china: There is a pattern to how the West thinks about Chinese innovation. From electronics to solar panels, Chinese manufacturing advances were either ignored or dismissed as copying, then downplayed and then grudgingly acknowledged around the world. Now it is the Chinese consumers taste and habits that are going global. Watch and learn.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/kristian-montag/novye-bogi-kak-onlayn-platformy-manipuliruut-nashim-vyboro-69345976/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


     ,      (.). . .




2


    .    ,    ,  .




3


    .




4


     (.). . .




5


     : Erstmals Online Music Awards verliehen // Der Standard. 2000. April 28. URL: https://www.derstandard.at/story/220255/erstmals-online-music-awards-verliehen.




6


  --,     . . .




7


Web 2.0       -,     . ,  Web 2.0    2000- ,       .




8


  : Internet usage statistics // Internet World Stats. URL: https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm (    17.07.2021).




9


  Meta: Number of monthly active Facebook users worldwide as of 4th quarter 2022 // Statista. URL: https://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide/ (    17.07.2021).




10


       Facebook Inc. Meta  2021 ,          Meta   ,   Facebook, WhatsApp  Instagram (    ;    2021 ,  Facebook Inc.).




11


  :       -      .   7            .




12


   : Montag C. et al. Molecular genetics in psychology and personality neuroscience: On candidate genes, genome wide scans, and new research strategies // Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2020. 118. P. 163174.




13


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14


 ,    2022 ,   83% .




15


 61  : Tenzer F. Statistiken zur Smartphone-Nutzung in Deutschland // Statista. URL: https://de.statista.com/themen/6137/smartphone-nutzung-in-deutschland/ (    17.07.2021).




16


   2021   62,6  .




17


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18


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19


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20


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21


  : Facebook refuses to restrict untruthful political ads and micro-targeting // The Guardian. 2020. January 9. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jan/09/facebook-political-ads-micro-targeting-us-election.




22


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23


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24


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25


  : https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52815552.




26


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27


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28


  Facebook ,         .   Facebook,     .




29


 : https://oversightboard.com/decision/FB-691QAMHJ/.




30


  2023           .




31


      (NetzDG): Gesetz zur Verbesserung der Rechtsdurchsetzung in sozialen Netzwerken (Netzwerkdurchsetzungsgesetz  NetzDG) // Bundesministerium der Justiz. 2017. September 1. URL: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/netzdg/BJNR335210017.html.




32


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33


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34


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35


  : Communications Decency Act // Wikipedia. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act.




36


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37


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38


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39


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40


              ,    ,      8 ,     .




41


  : Facebook to tighten rules around posts inciting vigilante violence // National Post. 2021. June 21. URL: https://nationalpost.com/news/world/facebook-to-tighten-rules-around-posts-inciting-vigilante-violence; .  . 30.




42


 : Lerman R. . Bowing to pressure, Facebook will start labeling violating posts from politicians. But critics say its not enough // The Washington Post. 2020. June 27. URL: https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/06/26/facebook-hate-speech-policies/: when the looting starts, the shooting starts.




43


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44


 : https://twitter.com/sacca/status/1346921144859783169: Youve got blood on your hands, @jack and Zuck. For four years youve rationalized this terror. Inciting violent treason is not a free speech exercise. If you work at those companies, its on you too. Shut it down.




45


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46


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47


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48


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49


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50


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51


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52


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53


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54


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55


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56


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58


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60


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61


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62


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65


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67


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68


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71


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72


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74


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75


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78


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79


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80


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81


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82


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83


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84


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85


    2023 ,   Statista: Facebook  2,9 , WhatsApp  Instagram   2 .        2023 ,   DataReportal,  4,76 .




86


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87


   Google: https://www.businessinsider.de/international/major-us-tech-companies-blocked-from-operating-in-china-2019-5/?r=US&IR=T.




88


We?ix?n   : Montag C. et al. The multipurpose application WeChat: areview on recent research // Frontiers in Psychology. 2018. 9. P. 2247.




89


  1,2  : Number of monthly active WeChat users from 2nd quarter 2011 to 4th quarter 2022 // Statista. URL: https://www.statista.com/statistics/255778/number-of-active-wechat-messenger-accounts/ (    18.07.2021).




90


 2022   1,3 ,   Statista.




91


  :      ,     . ,    ,            .




92


   : Lee K.F. AI superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the new world order. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018.




93


  : Strittmatter K. Die Neuerfindung der Diktatur: Wie China den digitalen ?berwachungsstaat aufbaut und uns damit heraus-fordert. Piper ebooks, 2018.




94


  : Zuboff Sh. Big other: surveillance capitalism and the prospects of an information civilization // Journal of Information Technology. 2015. 30 (1). P. 7589.




95


,    : Jacques M. When China rules the world: The rise of the middle kingdom and the end of the western world. Penguin UK, 2012.




96


   : Verble J. The NSA and Edward Snowden: surveillance in the 21st century // ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society. 2014. 44 (3). P. 1420.




97


     : Billy. Tencents WeChat boasts 768 million people used its digital red envelopes over the Lunar New Year // Verdict. 2018. February 22. URL: https://www.verdict.co.uk/tencents-wechat-boasts-768-million-people-used-digital-red-envelopes-lunar-new-year/.




98


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