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  PDF A4   .





 

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Adrienne Mayor

GREEK FIRE, POISON ARROWS, AND SCORPION BOMBS

Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World



   2003   Overlook Press

    Sandra Dijkstra Literary Agency



 Adrienne Mayor, 2009

 Michele Angel, maps, 2009

  . .,    , 2023

    .    -, 2023








* * *



                 .

  ,       Times Literary Supplement



    ,   .   .    , ,   ,         ,    .

Classics for All



 ,  ,        ,        ,     .

Library Journal



     ,         .     ,           .

  ,     New York Times



 .

 . , ,       Foreign Affairs







        -,  ,    -   ,      2020 .  , ,             ,        ,    .    COVID-19         ,         .  ,           ,     ,     ,    ,    [1 -      -19,     2020 ,     Health Feedback,         . 9 2021     ,   ,        ,             2019      (    ).     ,           ,    2017     .. Teoh, 2020; Guterl et al. 2020; Spore Wars, 2020; Origin of Covid-19, 2020.].

    . ,   430   ..        ,       .        ,         .    ,   COVID-19,      .  ,          .                   [2 -   2021 -19     4     . .  4      .             Rear Vision  ABC Biowarfare  Can It Tell Us Anything about the Corona Virus? ( :        ?)  7  2020 .     -  . Ahmadi 2020.].

                 -   -[3 -   ,       . . .]       11  2001 .      ,     ;      .      ,  ,     .    ,         .          1990- [4 -           ,            . . Mayor, 1995a ( ); Mayor, 1995b  1997b; Maskiell, Mayor, 2001 (,    ); Mayor 1997a (    ).].

    ,                  .   2003         -   ,         .      1980-  1990- .   2003       -    ,   1988     5000 .          ,            [5 -      ,   2001 ,    ;         ,    ,      2008 .   -      2010 .        8090- . . Colvin, Mahnaimi, 1998.  2008         -      -,               ,   .              2011 .].

     2003 ,        .        :            ,    .      ,     ,           .  ,       (.  2).      ,      .

            . Newsweek     ,  - ,  ,          ,     .       ,    ,  ,             III  .   ,       ?  Newsweek ,            (.  6)[6 - Newsweek: Carmichael 2003.  2004   ,      ,     .].

             ,         .   ,  2014  ,     [7 -   ,       . . .]        ,      .       ,       (. .24)[8 - Newman, 2005; Eveleth, 2012; Lockwood, 2014.      . Grossman, 2014.].

        ,   ,        .       ,         ?        .     ,    ,       ,      .  -         ,    ,       . ,             ;        ;               ;       ,      ,         .  2009   ,       -  , ,   256. ..                 ,   .  20      ,          . ,      7,     , ,           [9 -     .  4;    .  2;       .  7; -  . James, 2011;   . Farrokh, 2017, P. 257259.].

  ,     ,      79. ..,   .   ,   2007 , ,       ,      ,     .   ,        ,     [10 - Ciaraldi, 2000; Ciaraldi, 2007.].          ,   ,     VI (13463.  ..).      ,                .        .   ,   ,  ,   ,    ,    ,     [11 -    ,          .  5,   Mayor 2010, . 237247; Mayor 2019a.].

           .       2003     ,          ,      Global View     ;      New York Times  ,   2001       ,   ,         ,   1992   .            .                 .              .             [12 -  BioSecurity 2003  2022  2003         ,            RAND        Janes Information Group.           , , SARS    . -    A&E History Channel International 23  2004 .   2004                   ,   Biohazard ( , 2000).Π  .     Spore Wars, 2020.].

            ,                  ,    .  ,        ,        .            ,        ?   ,     .          ,          .

         ,                  .    /           .  ,  ,  ,               ,    .           ,    ,        . ,  ,  ,         198  ..         ,          2003 .    ,   ,   .   2017            ,          ,  ,      .          -  2013          .   ,    :        .

   National Geographic    (Twelve Toxic Tales, 2005)   .       ,     ,    .          ,   ,   ;    ,     .           Leiurus quinquestriatus      -.  ,   ,           ,  -    . , ,       ?   ,                .     ,           ,        - .

  ,     ,     .     ,    ,           (. .5)[13 - Newman, 2005.].

    History     (Ancient Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2006),      ,  .    :  -     ,    2500-          .        ,         590   .. (.  3).        ,    ,  ,         .  ,        ,      ,       .          ,       429   ..     (.  7).              ,       ,     .         ,          ,   .       ,     !

 2012          (The Link)   National Geographic.          ,             ,       -. ,     ,  ,       (.  7).        ,       ,  ,           ,         .

            ,  ,             .          Military Officer,      , , , ,    .               ,     ,         .                 2013 ,   2016      -.           ,          Agent Orange.            :    ,      . ,   ,    ( (Troy, 2004)   (  (Game of Thrones, 8 , 20112019).                . ,       (Helen of Troy, 2006)        .       (Blowback, 2005)     ,        (    ,    1  4).       [14 -      :  . .   / . . . , . . .: , -, 2020. . .]       .                (Silk and Song)     (20142015)    (Death of an Eye, 2018)      [15 - Vaughan, 2011. Koblentz, 2011; Valente, 2019; Balmer, 2016; Cotton, 2013.Bond S. Five References to the Ancient and Late Roman World within Game of Thrones // Forbes, July 24, 2017.  Blowback    :                         ,  ,          ,  , Behind the Book www. bradthor. com.     -          ,   2020   .].

       ,        ,          .     (Encyclopedia of Ancient History, 2013)  Blackwells      .     -           (The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life, 2014),      (The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army, Wiley, 2015)         . ,    ,      ,          ,     ,   4-       (Toxicology in Antiquity, Elsevier, 2023).

     ,  .      20202021.,           92nd Street Y  -     History Hit, History n Games, Power Corrupts, ABC Radio Australia  Naked Scientist  BBC.        (    )          .



         ,        20  ,    .             , , ,  , ,     .                    .            , ,           .                .         .



  .   , ,  ,           - (.  2).      .  2006               .         .

                    (Toxicology in Antiquity, 2019).                 :      (Poison Arrows: North American Indian Hunting and Warfare, 2007).    ,      -    (            )  ;      . ,    ,          ,    ,             .

 V   ..        ,     .   2  ,         ,   .  2009       VII   ..    , ,  ,   ;           ,    .       ,  ?   2009   ,     ,    ,           - [16 - Armbruster, 2009, .5, -2, .].

   Smithsonian          - (Epic Warrior Women, 2018),     :     -    (The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World, 2014)   ,   .   ,    ,       .     -  ,          .           ,    ,    :      (. .4)[17 -    Smithsonian Channel Epic Warrior Women ( ),  1, , 2018. https://www.smithsonianchannel.com/shows/epic-warrior-women/amazons/1004515/3437447.].



 ,  .   3            323   ..       ,    ,   ,      .    ,       ,   ,  ,   ,    ,  ,        .        ,           ()   .          XII       2015 [18 - Mayor, 2019b.].



 .  2007              ,    4.   ,     13201318.  .. ,          ,     .        ,      (      ).        [19 - Lorenzi, 2007. Trevisanato, 2007.].

  ,         ,  -     1346      ,   ,          .   4              ,       ,       ,     ,    [20 - Barker, 2021.].

  ,     ,     ,   pestilentia manu facta,   (.  4).    COVID-19,   2020 ,        ,                   .    ,    ,    ,          ,    [21 -          , 1724 , . Walker, Winter, 2020. Ahmadi, 2020.].



   .   5     ,     .  ,  ;         .    1000.  ..       ,    ;           ,      .       . ,  ,     ,     .        .         . ,     -,   ,     ,     ,  , ,   .        , , ,      [22 - . Williams, 2006. Ahmadi, 2020.].



    .    ,          (.  6).       ,             :       (Six-Legged Soldiers: Using Insects as Weapons of War, 2009).            2006      :  -,      -,       [23 -        2006  ,       (HIMEMS)        -           .        ,            .     . Weinberger, 2017.].

       3D- Rome: Total War    2003 .      .          6     ,      ,     :    .         GameSpy.com:    12 !     .      ,    . ,  !   .     .   -!   !      !   .    :        :    ,         ,   .  , ,     .   ,     ,              ,   .      ?!      [24 -       Activision Rome: Total War,  Creative Assembly    2003 ;      2004 , . totalwar.com.  totalwar.fandom.com,     ,      ,    .         96   24  :   ,   ,    .      ,  ,   ,        ,     .  ,   ,    ,      ,    .               .        ,      .    , gamespy.com, 19  2004; .  Burns, 2005.].

 2012   ,      2003-   ,    ;             .    ,   ,      ;      ,        .               :     Xyston Miniatures.     Invicta,     YouTube (2020),        [25 -       . : Xyston (2013), www. scotiagrendel.com: http://dreispitz. blogspot. com/2013/05/rome-republican-army-triarii-and-war. html. Flaming Pigs and Anti-Elephant Tactics Documentary // Invicta, June 25, 2020. https://www. youtube. com/watch?v=8Bdk82xTNm8.].



     .          ,      ,      212.  .. (.  7).            .     2003      ,  2005-       .                  -,         (MythBusters),   .  2010  -      ,         ,               [26 -                :  - 22  2005        1924  .       Discovery    25  2006 . http://web.mit.edu/2.009/www/experiments/deathray/10_Mythbusters.html.        . Hsu, 2010.].

 2001             ,    (.  7).     Raytheon       ,            :      .           55 ,     ,    .   ,   ,      ,  ,      .   2007           ,   2010          .  , ,           -         .      2010     -     ,     .   2020                [27 -                 1995 .  2007      : . Pentagon Looks to Sci-Fi Weaponry// Agence France Presse, 30  2007. , ,  2007        , ,       : Pentagon Denied U. S. Calls for Ray Gun Weapon in Iraq,  AP, 30  2007.    .: Shachman, 2010; Rise of the Ray Gun, 2020.].

     ,    ,     -.             2020    Smithsonian        (How Greek Fire Was Used to Target Enemy Ships)    :    (World of Weapons: War at Sea):       , ,    ,        [28 -  How Greek Fire Was Used to Target Enemy Ships  World of Weapons: War at Sea  Smithsonian Channel, 13  2020 ,         : https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=lPUgvYZ5UDk.].



 .      , ,     ,          ,    .   ,    ,   ,   ,  ,  ,       ,      ,    .           ,              .         , ,        ,          ,     .

       -           .  ,      ,        .            :        .

      ,    ,      .      ,        .     ,      .  ,  ,       ,            ,     .   ,   ,   ,     [29 - Gordon, 2019.].

   ,   ,   ,            ,         ,        (Avoiding Armageddon).          ,      .           ,   ,  .  ,  ,    ,           [30 -   ,    ,    Silent Killers: Poisons and Plagues  Avoiding Armageddon  PBS  2003 . .  Balmer, 2016               .].

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 ,                    , ,     ,   .         ;         ,       .          ,   : , , , .            ,   ,    ,      [37 -  ,      -    ,       . ,   IV.  ..       ,  :      ? (. .  , 219).  XII       ;     XIV   .          ,  Β  Cowley, Parker, 1996. . 417419.     ,         .  Zimeta, 2013.   : Koblentz, 2011.         . Renic, 2020.].

            ,     ,            ,            .     ,     ,        ,         . ,    , ,  ,    ,     ,     .           , ,   ,    ,        [38 -              Wheelis, 1999. . 9.       1914     ,        .].



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   ,       .  I.  ..   : ,      , ,       [40 -  X, I, 12.  . . .].    (V.  ..) ,            ,   ,   .             ,        .            ,                   .  ,    ,             ,             [41 - , 10.1.1213.  Creveld, 1991. . 23 ,       :      . .  Fenn, 2000, . 15731574.                     .  Ober, 1994; Krentz, 2002  Lanni, 2008.       . Renic, 2020.].

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        (431404.  ..),         ,  ,     -     -     ,      .   , , :  ,   ,                ,  .

          [42 - Krentz, 2002. . 25. Ober, 1994, . 14;   . . 1417.  Lanni, 2008 ,              , . 486; .  Sheldon, 2012. . xxixxvi.           .      (. 16001651)      ,            ,  ,   .].        ,     ,    ,           (.1).                     106.  ..:

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            ,         .                ,            .  ,     ,      ,     ,       ,   .      ,  -  ,  ?           .  ,           ,       .  ,  ,     ,    ,      .                [47 - Lanni, 2008; Sheldon, 2012. . Krentz, Wheeler,   Polyaenus 1994, 1: vixxiv,  vii and xii,          ,  ,         .].



         ?         ,     ,    .     , ,   ,     /,            .      ,           .            , , ,    ,         ,        [48 -    Creveld, 1991. . 27,              .  ,          , ,  ,   .       ,     .  ,       (16251631),        ,        .           (, , , , ,   ),          .        . Penzer, 1952. . 56. (Drummond, 1989) ,        ,             .     ,           .           . . Howard, Andreopoulos, Shulman, 1994; Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 1975, . 1820.    . Nardin, 1996; Hashmi, Lee, 2004.].

  ,    ,     .   ,           ,  ,  ,       .              .  󻠖    -,        500.  ..,      150. ..          ,     ,    .     ,  ,               [49 -         ,   Agent Orange,          .         ,  . . Laws of Manu 7.90; 92; Buhler, 1886. . 195.     . Hashmi, Lee, 2004.].

         .   ,      ,   IV.  ..,                  .       ,        ,      ,            :     ,   ,        .       -                .              .       ,          ,       ,    [50 - : . Kautilya, 1951. . 436437; Kautilya, 1992.  : . Lesho, Dorsey, Bunner, 1998. . 516.].

             . ,    - (. 500.  ..)      ,       .             .      ,   450200.  ..,   ,   [51 -   ,     ,     , ,   .. . .]    [52 - Cowley, Parker, 1996, . Sun Tzu,  .  Sienho Yee  Zhu Wen-Qi, Outline of International Humanitarian Law (Shanghai: International Committee of the Red Cross, 1997,  ,   ), https://www. icrc. org/en/doc/resources/documents/article/other/57jnzc.htm.    : . Sawyer, 2007.      : . Hashmi, Lee, 2004.].

     ,   (  VII  V.  ..)     ,  .       ,     ,   ,   ,   .                ,     ,       . ,          :   ,    .    .     , ,     . 1350.  ..         ,   ,  ,             . ,   ,   [53 -  1920.  :   6.21, 24.      . Nardin, 1996. . 95, 9798, 106109; Hashmi, Lee, 2004.   ,   ,    4.].

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        ,       ,      632 .       ,      ,   ,    , ,   ,      .       ,    .       :       ,     ,       .        ,      ,  ,       [56 -  22: .].   ,                 ,     [57 -      Goldstein 2001. .  Nardin, 1996. . 129133, 161164, 166 . 25  26.              . Hashmi, 2004.].

    ,    ,       . (,          .)    ,     ,    ,    ,    [58 - Hashmi, 2004. El Fadl, 2007, 144.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/adrienna-meyor/yady-mikroby-zhivotnye-adskiy-ogon-istoriya-biologicheskogo-69607777/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


     -19,     2020 ,     Health Feedback,         . 9 2021     ,   ,        ,             2019      (    ).     ,           ,    2017     .

. Teoh, 2020; Guterl et al. 2020; Spore Wars, 2020; Origin of Covid-19, 2020.




2


  2021 -19     4     . .  4      .             Rear Vision  ABC Biowarfare  Can It Tell Us Anything about the Corona Virus? ( :        ?)  7  2020 .     -  . Ahmadi 2020.




3


  ,       . . .




4


          ,            . . Mayor, 1995a ( ); Mayor, 1995b  1997b; Maskiell, Mayor, 2001 (,    ); Mayor 1997a (    ).




5


     ,   2001 ,    ;         ,    ,      2008 .   -      2010 .        8090- . . Colvin, Mahnaimi, 1998.  2008         -      -,               ,   .              2011 .




6


Newsweek: Carmichael 2003.  2004   ,      ,     .




7


  ,       . . .




8


Newman, 2005; Eveleth, 2012; Lockwood, 2014.      . Grossman, 2014.




9


    .  4;    .  2;       .  7; -  . James, 2011;   . Farrokh, 2017, P. 257259.




10


Ciaraldi, 2000; Ciaraldi, 2007.




11


   ,          .  5,   Mayor 2010, . 237247; Mayor 2019a.




12


 BioSecurity 2003  2022  2003         ,            RAND        Janes Information Group.           , , SARS    . -    A&E History Channel International 23  2004 .   2004                   ,   Biohazard ( , 2000).

Π  .     Spore Wars, 2020.




13


Newman, 2005.




14


     :  . .   / . . . , . . .: , -, 2020. . .




15


Vaughan, 2011. Koblentz, 2011; Valente, 2019; Balmer, 2016; Cotton, 2013.

Bond S. Five References to the Ancient and Late Roman World within Game of Thrones // Forbes, July 24, 2017.  Blowback    :                         ,  ,          ,  , Behind the Book www. bradthor. com.     -          ,   2020   .




16


Armbruster, 2009, .5, -2, .




17


   Smithsonian Channel Epic Warrior Women ( ),  1, , 2018. https://www.smithsonianchannel.com/shows/epic-warrior-women/amazons/1004515/3437447.




18


Mayor, 2019b.




19


Lorenzi, 2007. Trevisanato, 2007.




20


Barker, 2021.




21


         , 1724 , . Walker, Winter, 2020. Ahmadi, 2020.




22


. Williams, 2006. Ahmadi, 2020.




23


       2006  ,       (HIMEMS)        -           .        ,            .     . Weinberger, 2017.




24


      Activision Rome: Total War,  Creative Assembly    2003 ;      2004 , . totalwar.com.  totalwar.fandom.com,     ,      ,    .         96   24  :   ,   ,    .      ,  ,   ,        ,     .  ,   ,    ,      ,    .               .        ,      .    , gamespy.com, 19  2004; .  Burns, 2005.




25


      . : Xyston (2013), www. scotiagrendel.com: http://dreispitz. blogspot. com/2013/05/rome-republican-army-triarii-and-war. html. Flaming Pigs and Anti-Elephant Tactics Documentary // Invicta, June 25, 2020. https://www. youtube. com/watch?v=8Bdk82xTNm8.




26


               :  - 22  2005        1924  .       Discovery    25  2006 . http://web.mit.edu/2.009/www/experiments/deathray/10_Mythbusters.html.        . Hsu, 2010.




27


                1995 .  2007      : . Pentagon Looks to Sci-Fi Weaponry// Agence France Presse, 30  2007. , ,  2007        , ,       : Pentagon Denied U. S. Calls for Ray Gun Weapon in Iraq,  AP, 30  2007.    .: Shachman, 2010; Rise of the Ray Gun, 2020.




28


 How Greek Fire Was Used to Target Enemy Ships  World of Weapons: War at Sea  Smithsonian Channel, 13  2020 ,         : https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=lPUgvYZ5UDk.




29


Gordon, 2019.




30


  ,    ,    Silent Killers: Poisons and Plagues  Avoiding Armageddon  PBS  2003 . .  Balmer, 2016               .




31


 . . .   ,    , . .




32


              . Poupard, Miller, 1992. . 9.         ,             .   ,    ,         (Wheelis, 1999. . 8),        .           (Robinson, 2002) ,           ,       .  ,      (Fenn, 2000, 1573),     ,           .         (Cole, 1996),         .




33


,    ()          : New York Times, December 27, 2002.  2014     ()   5000 -     50007000    : The Yazidis, 2020, Ahmadi, 2020.




34


  ,       (., Miller, 1998; Harris, Paxman, 2002. .190):    (   . 2400.  ..    , ,   )      ,   ,          .     ,     ,        .




35


 ,     , . Lethal in Disguise, 2016.    .  5.




36


    :      (1972)          ,         ,      ,     ,     .     ,       .  ,       : Koblentz, 2011. . 49.     .    GlobalSecurity.org:

https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/intro/bio.htm  https://www. globalsecurity. org/wmd/intro/cw. htm.   :       (SIPRI) 1971  1975, . 202206. .      :

https://www. armscontrol. org/factsheets/cbwprolif.  Robertson, Robertson, 1995. . 369        ,         .  Poupard, Miller, 1992. . 9 ,   ,         : ,    ,    .      ,            ,     Croddy, 2002, . 219;   130  ,               ,          [ ]         .     . Valente, 2019.




37


 ,      -    ,       . ,   IV.  ..       ,  :      ? (. .  , 219).  XII       ;     XIV   .          ,  Β  Cowley, Parker, 1996. . 417419.

     ,         .  Zimeta, 2013.   : Koblentz, 2011.         . Renic, 2020.




38


             Wheelis, 1999. . 9.       1914     ,        .




39


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