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       - UNESCO/UNDP  (2002).           ,      , . , 2006,        (IFAP-SIBIS, 2006)    ,      .      : ,  ?   -  ().        2015  ,     (LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2015).

          ,      .          ,   . ,            ,        .

 ,   1904        ? ,  -    ,           ,   ,       .

  ,       ,    ,     () XX .      ,        .       , ,   ,     ,    ,     .

 ,            .   ,   ,    (, ,     .),         . -      ,      .

           -  (, , ,  ..)   1904    .     -       -  ()   (19481958.).

,  ,       (19591967.).         .

 ,   ,     ,       (19681973.).     ,       ,   ,    .

  (19741982.)        ().       .    ,       ,       ().      ,      ,    ࠖ   .

       , ,    .       .

        .   ,    ,     ,       .       ,    ,   ,     .

,  ,         .         ,      .

    ,         .     ,              .      ,    ,     .

        ,     ,        ,    .  ,            .

        ,   .   , , , , ,    .      ,      .           .

   蠖    ,   ,         ,       ,     ,        .               .

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       , , , ,    .  ,    ,      / ,       , ,  ,    ,    ࠖ .

Ѡ       ࠖ        .     ..   4.0    . Ѡ      ()   ()    .

       .            .

      .     (2016)  ,    .      ,  ()      .



 
 - , , 2015
E-mail:[ ] mweb2001@mail.ru
https://sites.google.com/site/seismkantiana




 


       ,   ,       ,     .

  

  , 1873


 XX    ,      ⠖     .   ,    ,   ,   ,         .     , ,   .

         頖   ,   ,   ,   -.       ,       ,   .            .         .

    ,     1991.    ,      ,      ,        ,  ⠫         .

 1957        .         .      Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA,    ).    ARPA       .             .

     ,    .       ,    .  (1957),  (1960)  (1964)         .  1960,      (1960)     Lockheed U-2,    (Francis Gary Powers)     ,          .

 1960    軠  Research and Development (RAND)   ,  ,          .            .   ,         ,      50%  .

ʠ           ,           ,     .   ,              .  ARPA            .

        (Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider)  1962  Galactic Network.        ,     .    ,     .       (Leonard Kleinrock)        (19611964).






         .



 1962   ( , Paul Baran) RAND Corporation   On Distributed Communication Networks.          (   )        .     蠖     ,       .    ,  .      蠖 ,      .        .         ,          .

ʠ 70-          .  ARPA ,   ,          , ,      .

 1945  Wireless World   (Sir Arthur Charles Clarke)     (Extra-Terrestrial Relays)     .        ,  14 1963     Syncom 3.  ,     頖         .






           (Arthur Clarke, 1945; , 2014).



1962     蠖      . 10       Telstar 1.  15            ,     -.  -        (John Fitzgerald Kennedy).

 1967   (Lawrence G.Roberts)      ARPA.      - ARPANet. ,    (Donald Watts Davies)   ,          ,       .         ,  .

26 1968    140         .  IBM, AT&T     . ,    Heart Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN),       ,   .






ARPANET 1971  2005 (     C).      IP-. Ÿ ࠖ   ()  ,    RFC 1918. 2013   IP-    1,3.



  BBN   ,       .   .   ARPA    BBN ࠫInterface Message Processor (IMP)        .    - (UCLA, University ofCalifornia, Los Angeles),    (Stanford Research Institute),   - (University ofCalifornia, Santa Barbara)    (Utah State University)    .

    (Frank Hart) BBN       ARPANET.            Honeywell DDP-516.     ,   ,     .      12.        Interface Message Processor (IMP).          56/.  IMP        IMP. ,            .

30 1969  IMP  UCLA        (Stanford University),    - 520.    ARPANET. ʠ1 1969    - , ARPA  BBN  ,   .

     BBN,   (Ray Samuel Tomlinson)        @.   1971       QWERTYUIOP      .          (Douglas Engelbart) ,        ,    .           ,     Send Message.

         (Lawrence Roberts).        ,  ,    ,       .

      .      (Robert Elliot Kahn)   (Vinton Gray Cerf).   1974     IEEE Transaction Communications  AProtocol for Packet Network Intercommunication      ,   ,   .           TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).

 TCP     .        .  TCP    IP (Internet Protocol)   /IP    .  IP           .

  1977     , ARPANET   .         .  1973            . Ѡ     ,       .  1984     (NSF)     NSFNet (National Science Foundation Network).        .

 ,    ,       .   1990   ,   젖 ,   ,   ,   .      ,       .      ,     ,    ,     .






   ,      -: Barry M. Leiner, Vinion G. Cerf, David D. Clark, Robert E. Kahn, Leonard Kieinrock, Daniel C. Lynch, Jon Postel, Lawrence G. Roberts, Stephen Wolff (1997).



          (CERN)  - (Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee),       HTML.  1989    World Wide Web (Web, WWW).      ,   ,       .         .

 1990  CERN    - -,  -  NeXTStep.       -   . , ,       ,         ftp telnet.

  1991 -      WWW .    1993 - NCSA Mosaic   (Marc Andreesen)         堖 .   . ʠ      ,        頖      .

,       ,  ,  .  ,              . -       .   ࠖ   ()   .

 1981  Osborne Computers    .       1795 .     International Business Machines (IBM, --)     .    .  IBM       IBM 5150(Personal Computer, )    BIOS (Basic input/output system).             IBM PC.     ,     IBM PC     . ,  PC    ⠖  ,   .

       (William Henry Gates III): Ѡ      .    ,        40⠖          . ,       .     18 , ࠖ Digital Equipment Corporation  PDP-8.     -,  ,    .     (      ),  120.       ,     . PDP-8  ,  -      ,      .           Digital Equipment Corporation.  ,   ,   ,  .

 IBM PC             .     136 PC  Time     1981.        (1982)   : ʠ 1981     ⠖ ,         .

 1983  Compaq Computer    IBM- ,    Apple  Lisa      .    ,               .    Apple  Macintosh,     ,     .   Macintosh    ,  Lisa,    堖 2,5 .

         ,    .        ,        .      90-       .

 1990  Windows 3.0  IBM      .  1993   (Marc Andreessen),     (Illinois State University),      NCSA Mosaic    Microsoft Windows   .    Windows for Workgroups  3.1.     ,      .     ,     ,    .






        .



Windows for Workgroups      .        Windows 95.      TCP/IP,  Dial-Up Networking     . -  ()   ,          ,    .

       ,    -.            ,   .       .      ,  2,5G       GSM GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)   ,        GSM   .

        ,  , ,  , ,     .        ⠖ ,  ,      .            ,         ,  .






     -   .       20032010  3G,       (, 2015).



            1970-  (1G)    (2G) 1991,   3G (Third generation) 2000-  , ,  4G 2010.        100/.    3G 4G     .           2020,  ,     .

 4G     12000 ,   2G,        .  2015        5G.    ,  ,    -.   ,    ,    ,     .          .

 - -      ,        .     - (Herbert Marshall McLuhan)       (1964).        .

 1993   (Carl Malamud)      The Internet Multicasting Service (a -)  1   Internet Talk Radio ( -).    ftp-       .

    蠖 - - (Web pages Web Broadcasting)     . ʠ   -      ,    , , , ,    .

 1995   Classmates.com    .     ,           .  2003 2004      Facebook, LinkedIn MySpace.        ,      .

  ,   ,              ,    .        .   ,   -     ,  ,     ,   ,  .

  ,        .          .                 . Ѡ       ,       .

       ,   -         ,    .

 2000 86%     ,    25%     .  2007          6%. ʠ2000        .  2015 60%       ( ).

               . Ѡ              ,   ,          . ʠ          .

       .       ,   - .          . Ѡ2010     ,          .






      .   2G 4G           (, 2015).



 2003    6,3 ,    500 .  2010           12,5,      6,8 . ʠ 2013         2,5.      (National Science Foundation) 2020      .

 2014    250 (250x10


) ⠖ ..       .  25     , 75     .      46%       ( ,   ).    -.

   (Jakob Nielsen) ,   -  . Ѡ          .         .. ໠      .

   Global Cloud Index (2013 2018)  Cisco     ,     ,        .  , 2018        7,6  .    50%       .

        .       (Lawrence Berkeley national laboratory)      20002006 ,   2%    (30. .).         10%.

     30%  ,  -   5,32.  1995       -,        ,  2014    .

  XXI         .  2000        ,     94%    .     19862007  295 (), 2009      500.  2011         1,8 ().         .

, 2020,     35  ().      .  2013     22%, 2020,   35%    .     .

      ,     Smartdust ( ), Planetary Skin ( ), Central Nervous System for the Earth (   ) ..     (NASA Interplanetary Internet, Cisco Internet Routing inSpace ).

 2009  IPN     ().  2010      , 2012  IPN   ,      .

    , ,      -  .       頖        ࠖ  (, Artificial intelligence,AI).






   . Ѡ2008           . Ѡ2010    -    (, 2015).



             .   -  .

 2002            .   (Martin Hilbert)   (Priscilla Lopes)        blu-ray (2011).   21 39   19862007. ,          砖 2,6 1986 295 2007     .       . Ѡ1986   33% 0,007% 2007.

        .    Pew Research Center Pew,   ,  ,    . Ѡ2004  Google     .    2010    15  .  2015    Facebook       Instant Articles.         -.

          .    2007    94%     .            .

Ѡ     ,   . ʠ2015  90%         .  IBM, 2015   2,5  .      , , ,     ,   .             .






       ,  IP-,    ,  ,    2025.  ,     2010              (, 2015).



         ࠖ . Ѡ              .

Ѡ      ,     .      3D-. ,             .

               .            .

           .       젖           .

     ,            ,    ,    .

     .     ,   ,   ,    ,     .      ,        .         -.




 19041910


1904



   ,    -   .

  

 , 1913


     (Sir John Ambrose Fleming)       ().  1905    ࠫ     .        .

    (Julius Elster)     .

     (answerphone)        .    ࠫ    (Valdemar Poulsen).        ,     1898.

      Ericsson      60000.         .      1882        .            (Bell Telephone Company).

         200.

  (Lumi?re et compagnie)      .

      .  , ,  -  (, ,  ). -           .    .          .      .

     - .

   - 15         ().            .



1905



  ,     .

 -, 1964


   蠖     ,  ,   ,      19051907.

    (Albert Einstein)    ,      .      , ,          , ,     .            . 14 2015          ( LIGO).

    (Guglielmo Marchese Marconi),     (1909),     .             蠖   .

        ()  .

          .   -        (John Walker).      .



1906



 . ,  ,    .    - ,    .  ,     ,     .    ,        . , ,    ,    ? ,    .   .    ,   .

 

 , 1929


24  .  (Reginald Arbrey Fessenden)      (    )  ( Ombra mai fu   ) .     (Brant Rock,  )    .       ,     .  ,     ,   ,        .    185.       堖 27 1899.     -    (Greenleaf Whittier Pickard)   Blue Hills (. , )     18.     ,           .

    (Lee de Forest)     ().    䠖 .   ,         ,        .

 Bell Telephone Laboratories     ,     .       .   .

      ITU     (International Radiotelegraph Convention)  ,      ITU  ,     ,        .

      ,  ..,   ,  .     .

       (Torres de Quevedo)      Telekino.

    (Slavoljub Eduard Penkala)   ,       .      ,        .



1907



,  ,     ,      .

   

17151780


   (Edouard Belin)      ,  .                   ,  ..

    (Arthur Korn)       .

18      .

 ..  -      . .       .

     ..    ࠹18076     .

 ..        .

      (Kemmler)   .   ,      .    ,   .

      . , . , .  .     ,        , .. 2007.

    (Russell Sage Foundation)     .

     (William Randolph Hearst)  -    (International News Service),      ,   .

         . ,          .

  (Robert Hutchings Goddard)                ࠫ .

 24      (hlicopt?re)      (Louis & Jacques Brguet)      (Charles Richet).    50   578.

 ,          (Paul Cornu). 13   ,   ,     50   20.



1908



   ,  -   ,           .         ,   .  ,  ,  ,       , ,  , ,  ,   .    , , ,       .       .        

 , 1908


  .      ( ), ,      ,      17(30) .    1040,      .

  15   (Lee De Forest)   ࠫ     ⻠       (   879532).     , 1919   .

     (Herbert George Wells)     (The War inthe Air)   .    ,     ,        ,    ..

       ()  ()       15     .

   ࠖ      .    ,    .

    (Fritz Haber)     (1918)    .                  .

  ()      .

    (Nikola Tesla)         .



1909



,     ,  ,       .     ,      .   ,     ,      ,       .

 , 1924


  (Karl Ferdinand Braun)   (Guglielmo Marchese Marconi)       .

  (     )     ( , )  .

         ,      .

       .      (Harriet Stanton Black)         .

    (Thomas Hunt Morgan)      .        1933   젖  .

               .  1700,  .

 ,        .      28.

         54,77/.

 ,  ,   Blriot-Voisin   (Louis Blriot)  25 - .

         (Ferdinand Adolf Heinrich August Graf von Zeppelin)    .

             .

    (Wilhelm Ludvig Johannsen)       : ,  蠫.

     (Edward Morgan Forster)   -   (The machine stops).        (  ),  .     ,  .   -   ,      .



1910



      , , ,    ,        .      ,  ,       ,  .



 , 1968


    (Robert von Lieben)    (Eugen Reisz)   (Sigmund Straub)          - (Lieben-Reisz Valve).          .              .

       ,   .

     Hitachi     .

   150  ,   11.

       - Metropolitan Opera House  .      Times Square,   -    .

,       60,     4000.

        .

       .

     .

   Watertown Arsenal     - ,            .

   The Times     .

        - ( 350),    .

  ,      蠖   ,        (Hawley Harvey Crippen).  - ,            ,      .             .




 19111920


1911



   ,   .

 

     

18541856


  .

    (Ernest Rutherford)    -    ,    .        ,        .

          .      (,   50-  )   ,    20.     50 (92).

         ,   -    .

    (Joseph Alois Schumpeter)           ࠖ ,   ,      .

  ..    .

  18            (Henri Pequet)  -.        First Aerial Post, U.P.Exhibition Allahabad 1911  . 18    .

   .     ()      .

5     .   -1-3      .

12      .



1912



  ,      ,           砫     .

 , 1912


   .    (Georges Claude)     .  1911    .  1902     ࠖ        ,  .

    (Irving Langmuir) ,           .       1932      .

    (Bertrand Arthur William Russell)   (Alfred North Whitehead)     (Principia Mathematica)      .       .

                 .              .

        1909,       .         .

      480.

  3         :   :    ,   ,  .    ,   ,   .     50. Ѡ1863           , 1866         .     ,  .       138   1912 (1975)        Siemens & Halske.

   SOS        .

14      Titanic ()     ( 52310).  SOS,         58  Carpathia.  3,5       .   Titanic     ,            .

  21-    (David Sarnoff)          ,     ,  -.



1913



   .

 , 1913


  .   1   (Henry Ford)   .     2 38.

        ⻠   ( ).

     - (Heike Kamerlingh Onnes):      ,     .

      .  Seikosha    Laurel.    Seiko  黠          20 .

   ,    ()           .      .

      .

   ໠    ,      .        ,  ,  : ,    ..

  -   (Luigi Russolo)   ,       .     .      ,  , , , ,    .       ,      ,  ,  ,  ,        ,  .

      14. ,   17 堖 236..

   New York World      (Arthur Wynne).   31        ,        ,   ,    .

   Scientific American         .   :      18881913 (  );    ;      .       .     ,   97% .    (75%),   (74%),  (66%)  (63%).   蠖    37% ,   35%.

     (Harry Brearley)       .       ,     .       .  ,     .      .

             .

    (Herbert George Wells)    ,          .      (Frederick Soddy)     (1921)              .  ,       .



1914



ࠖ    ,  ,    ,       ,  ,   .

 

   , 1949


-   .     (28 1914 11 1918)       .           ,  .   ,       .  ,        .  蠖      , ,   (  ), -,     .  ࠖ      .    ,          ,   .

       12    .    . ʠ     ,    .     ,   250 ,   32  ,           .

  . 4                . 7     蠫,   ,              蠖 ,   .    ,  .

   (Herbert George Wells)    .          .         1953.  ,     ERR-I ()       20 1951,        堖 1954 ().

    (Edward Kleinschmidt)     .    ,   - .

   Western Union      .

      (American Radio Relay League)  .

  .     (Oskar Barnack)   Leica ().

   .           ,  20- .       ࠖ .



1915



   . - ,  ,     ,    ,  ,   .  , ,   , , ,  ,  - ,  ,      ,   ,    .

  , 1915


  25   -          ,   .

    (Irving Langmuir)    ,      .

    (Walter Hermann Schottky),    Siemens&Halske,     頖 .

     (Sir William Henry Bragg)      (Sir William Lawrence Bragg) ,            .        1915

      .

25         - -.

      .   AT&T  (B. Webb)  ( ),    (Ferries)    .      .        .

     (Coblentz William Weber)       -    .     (1905)     .

         .

22           砖 .    168  5730,     40.        .     ,  -      .



1916



 ,     .             .   ,    , ,  .

 , 1916


       .

 ..-  .

            .

       ,          ,          .

   (Paul Langevin)            .           -,    .

    .  (Lewis Madison Terman)   IQ    .

    (Edward C. Wente)   Bell Labs,   .

 .               ,      ,    ,     ,    .   ,      ,      1916.       ,       ,    ,     .

15      . -     50  I     , ,  ,   .

      ໠   蠖       .



1917



    .    ⠖  ,    . Ƞ      .   ,     .        ,        ,    ,      ,      .

 , 1924


  23 1917    .           - . 7 (25  )    ʠ .             - .

         27 (9),  :    ,      ;                 .  ,    () ..,        .     .

        -      .  ,   , .. :    .

    Western Electric  .  (George A.Campbell)   𻠖        .

     14⻠      (Thomas Woodrow Wilson)   ,      .       - ()     ( ).

  --,            .



1918



  1914-1915.          , ..                   ,  ,              .   ,       ,     

..

   1915


   .

    (Karl Ferdinand Braun)  ,     (1909)   .   (-   )       .        ,    ,   .

        .        (Claude Elwood Shannon) ,         ,  .             .

      .

      .

  22     .

   .      ()  ,  , , :          .     .     .     Ѡ      -,    .   ,  ,    ,  .

   ()   ()      Π   ,     .   ,                 .      73    .

     ()        .      ,   ,    . ,  ,      ,   ,   ,   .

    . 10   ,  -      II (Wilhelm II, Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert von Preu?en).



1919



  ,     ,       .    ,       ,     , .

  (), 1919


   ,    .      -.  . 116    ,      1 1914,     1918  ,    .       .

    ()         ,     .

   ,   ,      ,     .    ,   ,     ,   .          .

    (Walter Hermann Schottky)  䠖    .

 ,           ,     .

    (David Sarnoff)    (Radio Corporation ofAmerica, RCA, --).

    ASEA (), AGA (  ) LM Ericsson.        Svenska Radio Aktiebolaget (SRA)       Ericsson.

   -  ,     ()    Π    .

  27     -  , 젖 -    -      .  10 2           , : , , , , .

    .         .



1920



   ,    ,  ,       .   ,      ,       ,     ,  ?      ,    , ?

  ()

  , 1920


2     .        ( ).   Westinghouse Electric Company   (Frank Conrad)      KDKA   .

         ,   .       1800, ࠖ 2800.     .

  20      .     CFCF  ()       (Dorothy Lutton).

      ,       .       .

               2000.        堖     :      ,    ,   ,    ,        .

    (Ivan Lee)          - (John Davison Rockefeller)    Public relations (PR).           .

-   Press Association       .

    ,  .                 .        - .       () :      .   ,    .     ,      ,   ?

  16   18-         0,5%.      ,    1933     (Franklin Delano Roosevelt).

   (sir Arthur Stanley Eddington)     (1926)    (Jean Baptiste Perrin)    ,           .




 19211930


1921



      (  );  ;   .   2017.     , ,     

..

 , 1920


       .

  (Ernest Rutherford)   (Sir James Chadwick)     , ,  .         1924.

    .    (      ).   Operadio (Dukane Corporation)      Operadio   .

     .

    ࠖ        (Warren Gamaliel Harding).

       (William P.Rutledge)       .      .      ,        .

    (Guglielmo Marchese Marconi)       (Chelmsford).          .        (Nellie Melba)     -   .

        ().           ,  ,    .     III   , ,  ,         .

    (Edouard Belin)        ()   - (). Ѡ   Belino        .

    (Karel Capek)        .          robota.

 John Maynard Keynes ,  XXI         15 .

      ()   ()      (),       ,     .



1922



,     ,  ,       .     ,      .   ,     ,      ,       .

 

  , 1924


22     (Alexander Graham Bell).               ,      .

    (Arthur Korn)     ,    .     -.      . Ѡ         XI   ,       New York World.

           頖 .

     ..        .    ( )   ( )   .

  ()    (John Logie Baird)    .    ,   -   .

 Р..       .

   . 18     BBC (BBC British Broadcasting Company, Ltd.). BBC         . BBC     .        .

       .         KOP.

      .      .     8,         537.

  19 -  WJZ       (The Perfect Fool).

  25 -     WBAY  AT&T.

  28 17     .  Queensboro 50           ⠫  (Jackson Heights) -.

         ,     ,     ...

    17   .      ,         .         .   , , ,    .

          .      ()      ,    ,  :    ?.

     (George de Bothezat)        ,            .



1923



    ,          :   , , , ,    ,    .

  

Π  , 1923


   , ,  ,   .

              ,      - .     ()  - RCA.

   (Antoine Barnay)      .

         .      .      ,  .      .  :       .     -     .

    .   ,  455-   .        .              ,      ,  .

   4  12        Π  .          , ,   .  ,  ,      .    ,  .       .   .            .



1924



      .     .      .     ,       . Ƞ ,  , .          .

..

   , 1925


     (Calvin Coolidge)   ,  -   .

    (Richard H. Ranger),   RCA,          (  -).

  3         . 28      Π        . 4,   ..,      .

    (General Electric)       .

      .    .  Bell Laboratories     .

    (Louis de Broglie)   ,       .        .

    International Business Machines C. (IBM).

          , 70%      .

30          ()  ().

    .

      ()          .      .   .         :    .  ,      ,     .     .

           (30).

 ITU  CCIF International Telegraph Consultative Committee (   ).



1925



   :          ,    .               .

    , 1925


       (John Logie Baird)         .       ,    .

    (Julius Edgar Lilienfeld)     ,     .     .

      .

 .        ,       ,  .      ,   ,   .     ,        .    ,    .

       ,   (          28,        軠 10).

  Hi-Fi (High Fidelity  ).       1005000.

     Victor    JVC (Japan Victor Company)    .

  22    .

  16     (Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft, RRG)      Zessen   .           19251945.  RRG     .  1933     .

  1      .        Westdeutsche Funkstunde.       0:5   ().

       ()           ,     .

       .             .

      .



1926



      .     .   , .

   

19251937


    (Robert Hutchings Goddard)      .     (Buzz Aldrin)       ,       .

      .

  ..    .       (),      .

              .

         .

  7    NBC (National Broadcasting Company).

    (Thomas Alva Edison)   . ,     -,     . ,  :  ,        .  !

   RCA       National Broadcasting Company (NBC).

      Π  .   ,       .       .             .

   20         ,          - -.

     Deutsche Welle ( ).

   -      .

              Verein f?r Raumschiffahrt (  , VfR).



1927



 ,                . Ӡ       ,        .

 

  , 1987


    (Fritz Pfleumer)     ,   ,   (Lautschrifttrager).       ,     堖 .

7     (15  )    .

      (FRC, Federal Radio Commission)     .   ,    ,    ,      .     .

     ࠖ   Grand National, BBC      ,    ,      -.

      CBS.

   Fox (Fox Broadcasting Company)     .    .

   Radio Nederland Wereldomroep.   11   Philips . 31      .

    ()   Π .   ,    ,          ,      ;                     ,   .

             .

     (Werner Karl Heisenberg)   黠     .    . ,   ,    ,       .  ,    , ..     .   ,      .

           ( ⠖   ).       ,      堖  .

    -        ().



1928



Keep intouch with the Dutch! (  ).

 

  Happy Station  , 1928


     (John von Neumann)          .

    (Harry Nyquist)       ,            .     ,     ,  ,       ,      .        .

         ,  堖 .          BASF/AEG ( 1932).

  ..            ࠖ .

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   .  (Paul V.Galvin)    .  (Joseph E.Galvin)     Stewart Storage Battery,  Galvin Manufacturing Corporation.      .         .  1930    Motorola.

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 Graf Zeppelin    , ,  -, .   4, 15 30.

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1929



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    .     (Edwin Powell Hubble)    .  ,     .  ,    , 1922 ..    .

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  12   ,      ,   -,       蠖 20 .         The United States Navy Antarctic Developments Program ( Highjump  )   (Richard Evelyn Byrd),     ().

        .       1913.

     (John Walter Christie)  .        .

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1931



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    .  (Ernest Orlando Lawrence)   ( ).        (1939).

    (Fritz Pfleumer)          .

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  14    (Alan Dower Blumlein),    EMI (Electrical and Musical Industries),   (394325)    .            .         .

   Bell Labs     (Harvey Fletcher)  .  (Arthur C.Keller)        .           (Leopold Stokowski)     .

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