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     .       .          ,           ,      .             ,       (Hofmann, 2005).      ,      .          .  ,   ,      .   ,   ,  .          .

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-             ();      1973      ,  ().



  1955     ,   -  ,     ,          ,  velada.   ,        ,     ,        .         ,    ,         .

     ,   ,     ,        Psilocybe mexicana.        ,            Sandoz   .             ,     ,      . Sandoz                     .











   .       ,    ,   1000   ..  500  .. ().         , ,   (axis mundi). ,  200   ..  100  ..,  ().



               (Rivea corymbosa),      ,         .   ,       (LAE-32),       -25.               ,    ,       ,                Rivea corymbosa.   ,     ,    ,         .

   , ,    ()       XX .              (-),  (-)  (-),        ,     .  5--          Bufo alvarius     (soga de los muertos,  ).             .

 1964            ,  ,     (),    (  ) (Mechoulam, 1970).        1960-   ,     .           .              (),    .      ,      .

                    .  ,      .  1992   ,         ,  , ,   .                  .           .

 1960-         .             ,     .   ,        ,        .  1954      ,     -25   (5--) (Woolley and Shaw, 1954, Grof, 1959).

    ,          ,         (Hoffer and Osmond, 1954, 1999).      Betta splendens    ,    ( )         (Abramson and Evans, 1954, Abramson, Weiss and Baron, 1958).       ,   -25           ,  ,     .




- 


              ,      .              .           , , ,       ,      ,      .

               .        , ..  ,        (lart brut),     ,   , , , , ,    .   ,   -,        .   ,        .                . ,  ,      ,      (Masters and Houston, 1968, Grof, 2015).

      ,            .  ,       ,         ,  ,  ,     ,        .  ,             ,     .

     ,          .           ,  ,  ,   ,      (Pahnke, 1963).  ,             ,    ,        (Griffiths, Richards, McCann, and Jesse, 2006).

         ,   , ,         ,     .           ,             .         .     .            ,            .

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       ,             ,     ,      ,     .  ,   ,        ,      .   ,  ,        ,      : , , -      (Grof, 1980).

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              ,            (Vojtechovsk? and Grof, 1960).               .     ,         ,       .          ,               .         ,            .             .






  (19172004), -     ,   .






  (19322019),  -,    ,      .



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        ,                    .    ,     ,    .       ,       (Grof, 1975).






  (19352019), , ,    ,             .



               ,             .      .      ,     :      ,   .     :       ,   .

  ,     ,    , ,    ,      ,       .  ( . psyche   deloun,    )      .     1960-         .     ,    ,    ,            .

                     :     ,  ,        ,   ,  ,   ,    ,     .          .

    ,    -25              ,     XX,         .  -   ,       ,            ,   MDA MMDA    ,    .

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  (19201996),   ,     ,        .






  (19101987), -, ,          .



  ,                ,      ,      . , 1960  ,     ,       :    ,    25?000   -25  .  ,      ,  ,  ,               (Cohen, 1960).        ,     ,       ,     1%    .    ,                ,        ,      .

  ,            ,   ,     ,    ,   ,       .      ,     ,      .       ,          ,          .

  1960-      ,   -  ,      ,        (Cohen, 1968).             ,   ,    .              ,        .

-          :       ʠ  ѠȻ.    ,         ,   ,       . ,    ,     ,             ,  -      .           ,    ,    .   ,       ,     ,        ,     .          .       ,         - (Grof, 1980).

                 , ,     ,       ,     .        ,     ,  ,   -   ⠫         (Hofmann, 2005).

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   ,  ,        ,       .               ,   .      3,4 - (,     ) ,     XX          .  1976      , -  , .

            (Shroder, 1997).  1970-       ,         ,     .     , ,  ,          ( . en  . tactus ).    ,     ,   .

          .  1960             .         ,      ,       ,    .     ,       ,  ,     2 (  -  2 5   ),  N, N- () 4--   ).      ,   ,          .

 1991 1997   ,       ,       PiHKAL TiHKAL.           ,    ,   .                     . PiHKAL    ,     , TiHKAL  ,      ( , 1991 1997).                   .

        ,              .   ,        ,   ,    ,      .  ,     ,       ,    .            .  ,        -, :  ,       ,       .     ,        ,   .

    ,        ,         ,   ,       ,      ,   ,       .        ,          .  -     ,         ,    .    30   ,      ,                  -.            (Metzner, 2014).      ,      , 5--,   -       Bufo alvarius.

       ,  ,  ,  ,   ,           5--       .     5--     ,              ,             .            ,     .

  𻠖     ,       .      ,      5--.        ,            .  ,    ,         ,    .        ,     ,     :           ,   (2015).        ;   ,   ,       ,        .




     


               .       ,     ,       .                  (MAPS)        .           ,  ,   ,   - (UCLA),  -  (SUNY),   - (UCSF),      .






  (. 1953),         (MAPS).



             ,   ,       ,    (, 2014).   ,          ,   ,    .         .   ,     ,     ,         .       2-     , ,  ,    3-   2018.         , ,     .

      ,         ,      ,           .   ,          ,          ⠫-.              (, 2015).                     ,     ,     .   :



            ,           ,     .   ,        ,  ,       ,       .          ,      ,         ,              ,       (D.E.A.s Schedule 1).       , ,            ,           ,          .      ,  ,    ,    .


,       ,               ,     ,   .     ,       ,     .



     ,    , ,          (),        1  ,          .     ,          .          ,    ,      ,       .      ,      ,    ,    ,     .       ,        .




   


    ,      .        ,       ,  .   ,           ,      .              .     -        -          .         ,      .               .          ,   ,          .

          .                   .  ,      , ,     ,        ,   .   ,          .               .

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           .            .                 (),           (Lilly, 1977).

          .         ,       ,    -    (     ).     ,       .         ,    ,  -    ,         ,              ,  ,      .            (Byrd, 2007).

    ,      -  ,         ,     ( 2 ),  ,     .       ,        ,  ,     .

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  (19152001),   ,      .



             ().      ,     (Green and Green, 1978, Brown, 1974).          .           ,        (, , ).           .

         .                 ,   .        - ,         .                    .         ,   ,   ,   ,    ,   ,  ,  ,     (Dement, 1960, LaBerge, 1985).

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 1


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