   
 


           .         ,         IT.      :        .  ,      ,     .        ,    ,    .





 

   













 


!   ,          ,         .      ,     -.          ,    .

   ,         .      ,      .                  .          .

    ,       .     ,       .           ,   ,        .

,        , ,    -,      ,    - .      ,      ,            . ,   ,              .




     


       ,         .     12           -,              .

          ,    --    .               .          -,   -    .

   :                 . ,   ,    ,      ,        .

           ,     HTML  CSS.   ,  ,     -.       IT-   .    ,    ,   ,  .

  ,  ,  -      .     -,    Full-Stack -  Python.        . ,     IT,  ,       . ,     ,   ,  ,     ,       .  ,         ,   ,    ,   .

 ,      ,                 .        ,        .




  ,    


    :    ,   ,            .           .        ,            .

   :                .      ,        ,      .       ,         .

  :       .  ,       .       .  ,        ,       ,    .

   :            ,       .       ,         .              .




     


     :      ,           .     ,    ,         .              IT-.

    :             .        ,      ,         .             .

    :                .     ,      .    ,    ,      .       ,      .  ,   ,       .

     :                .      ,           .         ,     .               .




      


 :               .   ,     ,  ,      ,    .  ,            ,           .

   :          . ,      ,    ,     .       ,       .  ,                .    ,    ,    ,           .

   :               ,        .     ,         ,      .          ,                      .

    :    ,    ,         .    ,          .   ,   ,            .  ,      ,     ,    .




     


 :      ,  ,           .  ,     ,      -,   ,     -  .    ,   ,          .

  :           ,    -  .      ,              .     ,     ,    ,     .

    :   ,             .      ,    ,    .     ,           ,    .

    :        ,          IT-.     ,                .         ,            .




    


   :      -,       .    ,   ,      .    .       ,        .   ,         ,       .

   :  ,       ,       .          ,         .           ,       .            .

  :  ,                 .        ,   IT-.   ,  ,    ,     ,         .       ,       .

  : ,        ,              .   ,        . ,     ,    -,         .                .













 1:    ?


      ,     ,     .       ,     .  ,           .

   :          .     ,      IT-         ,       .

    :       ,     .        ,      ,         .

   :      .     ,         .    ,         ,    .

    :     ,      ,            .            ,      .

       :         .          ,        ,        .

     :               .         ,        .

  :       .           .              ,       .

 ,     ,   ,     .      ,       . ,   ,               .    ,     ,     ,      :

     :      ,    , ,            .

     :      ,      .     ,        ,      .

    :        ,    .               ,      .

       :          .                ,       .

       :     ,             .             ,      .

 ,        ,     .   ,       ,       .











 2.     IT





     


    ,  IT,  ,            .       ,        .         .            ,  ,   ,   .

     ,           ,   .  ,     ,    ,    ,     IT-. , IT-,          ,          .      ,   ,      .

       .        ,    ,   -   .             ,     ,   ,   ,    .

     ,           .        IT-.       , , ,      ,        . , ,       ,                 ,       .

 ,  ,      ,           ,          .




     


       .          ,        ,         ,         .

  ,          ,          ,           ,        ,       .

 ,        .  ,     ,      ,      ,         ,     .




    


     ,   IT    .   ,  ,       ,         .      ,       .

,    IT-       ,      . ,      ,     . ,             ,       ,    ,       .

        .   , ,    ,   ,    ,    ,        ,    .      ,         ,         .

,      ,        .             .  ,    ,         ,            .







 ,             .         ,               .             IT-.











 3.         IT-





   


         ,       ,   IT.      ,     ,      .   ,      ,               .




     


            .       ,    ,          IT-.      ,        .

 ,        .  ,      ,       ,     .           .

    ,      , .      ,    .  ,       ,       ,         ,     .                IT-.

,      IT-           .   ,            .

           -        .        , ,    ,       .

 ,        .  IT-     -,      ,     ,   ,       .

 , IT-            ,     , ,    ,          .




   


              .   ,   :

   :     ,  , , ,     .          .

: ,      ,     ,   ,        .

:            .   ,         ,            .

 :      ,        .

  : ,  ,   ,  -3  ,       . -3     .

      : , -  (, ),   (, )       ,      .

:      ,          .




     


             ,   , ,     .    ,        ,        .

  ,     ,       ,     ,       .      .  ,            ,       ,      .

 ,      ,     .         ,            . ,       ,   ,        .          ,        .

             .      ,      ,         .    ,         ,       .

 ,             ,      .        ,         ,            .




   


        ,     .       ,         .   ,    .    :   .        ,     .      ,        ,    .

        IT,  ,        .  ,    - ,   ,   .

  .    ,     ,     .  ,  ,              .

        ,        .              ,      .

        ,                 .   ,        ,    .        ,      .




     


   ,     , ,      ,                 .        ,       ,          .

     ,      .       ,    .        ,     ,     .         ,        .

      .        ,   .  ,       ,      ,  ,   ,             ,     .

         ,      .      , ,   ,    .    ,  ,     ,          .

 ,                 ,      ,       .




  ,    


    ,          .     ,        ,  IT.              ,  ,  ,     .                  ,    .

      ,       .   ,       ,   ,    ,       ,   .  ,      IT-       ,       ,          .       ,      .

,  ,        ,       ,  IT.   ,     ,     ,               ,           .  ,          ,        .

    ,                  ,       ,  IT.   ,   ,     ;      ,      ,     ,      .







              IT,  ,           .

      ,          ,     ,         IT.      ,      ,              .

      .      ,        ,            .       ,    ,      .

 ,         ,    .      ,      ,      ,     ,       .

   ,             .    ,     ,      .  ,    ,      .   IT   ,      ,     .           IT-.









 4.  :   





    


      ,             .      ,   ""    ,   .




  


   ,        .       ,    ,    .

Python   ,       ,           .             ,         .      Python  ,        .

Python     ,      .       .    -    ,                Python     .

  Python        .             .          ,     ,     .           Python     .            ,    ,  ,  -   .

 , Python      .   ,              .    ,      Python       .

JavaScript      ,        -.    ,      -  ,  -,     .

         , JavaScript          -.             JavaScript    .

      .   Node.js, JavaScript        .     ,    ,             .

JavaScript      -.      ,    .  ,   ,     .   ,   -     .        ,      ,        .

Java   - ,    .      :   ,     ,     ,   -.

  Java,       ,     ,  -,   ,   ,       .       Android,          ,        .

Java        ,    ,   Python  JavaScript,    .      . Java   ,         ,        ,    .

 ,      ,       ,  , Java   ,   .     ,         .

C#    ,   Microsoft,   C#      Windows-   .        C#   ,                .

              ,  ,     .        ,       Windows  ,       .

          , C#       Microsoft,           .        Microsoft, C#     ,               .

Ruby         ,   ,      .     -,       ,      -.

    Ruby on Rails     ,          -.       ,    ,      .

, Ruby       ,  Python  JavaScript,        .    ,      ,   ,  .   Ruby         ,        .

PHP       ,    ,     -.           -,          .

   ,   WordPress,    PHP,       -.     PHP,     -,            .

  , PHP   ,         -  -.  PHP     ,          ,    -,     .

Swift    ,      Apple, ,             iOS  macOS.    Apple, Swift     ,      .

  , Swift         Apple.      ,        ,        Apple.

 ,            Apple, Swift   .       , Swift     ,        Apple.    ,        ,        .

Kotlin    ,      , Kotlin      .   ,       Android-,    Java,          .

 Kotlin       .       ,       .  Kotlin         ,         .

          Android, Kotlin         Java.     Java  Kotlin           .

R      , R   .          ,          .  ,    , R  ,  ,      .

R     ,    ,    ,      ,     .       ,   ,    .

               , R           Python.         ,  R      .

Go (Golang)    Google, Go,      Golang,     ,        .             .

Go      .      ,         . ,          . Go     ,       ,      .

 , Go    .  ,      ,         -   .

     , Go      ,    ,       .

Rust   ,         .         ,      ,         , Rust    .

, Rust      ,    ,    .      .  Rust      ,         .

       ,        , Rust      ,    ,              .

     ""       ,       ,    ,      .             .

        ,     ,     .       ,       .

       ,       .          ,   ,     ,     .

            . ,                .      ,       .

 ,     ,            .  ,   ,      ,    ,         .




  


           .       ,  ,   , ,    ,       .

   ,       ,         .        ,      .      ,          ,    .     ,        ,          .

 ,     ,      .   ,         .             ,                .




   


              .       ,        .        (IDE)   Visual Studio Code  PyCharm,     Git,      ,  Django  Python  React  JavaScript.

     ,   ,  ,   HTML  CSS   Sublime Text.    ,        ,       .   ,    Visual Studio Code       .   ,     ,  , VS Code      .

  ,  ,           . ,       ,     .    ,           . ,          , , ,   ,           .




     


              .         ,           ,      ,     .

          .   ,     ,     ,    .  ,      ,             .  ,      ,      ,         .




  


        ,       .       Ruby  ,        ,       .

   .              ,      .    ,    ,     ,  ,   ,           .

     -  ,         ,   html.slim,    .

 ,       ,      ,    . ,             ,  , ,   ,    ,    .           .

 ,    ,              .           ,     ,       . ,   ,           .

,         ,    - ,   .       ,       .      ,      .

        .           .    -  : "     ,   ".    .    c  ,      ,   .




   


 ,         ,         ,           IT  .                ,          .

   ,                 ,        .   ,    ,        ,          .

    ,           .          ,      ,           .

 ,                    ,      .          ,            .

 ,                  IT  .  ,         .      ,   ,   ,    .




   


   IT,   ,        .     ,         ,          .   ,   front-end , back-end ,    ,            .

    ,              ,        .    ,        ,          .

,     ,         .  -,       ,           .           ,  ,   -  .

,        ,        ,     .  ,     ,                . ,   ,       ,             .







  ,  ,       ,          .        ,         ,        ,       .

           .      IT    ,      ,       ,       .

   , ,      ,      .          ,    ,       .         .

   ,              .        ,      ,     .

   ,       ,     ,   ,     ,          .   ,       ,           .











 5.     





-


-        -  -.     :

Frontend-        -. ,  ,       ,    frontend-. ,   ,   HTML  , CSS    JavaScript  .

Backend-         -.     ,       .   ,    -.        ,  PHP, Python, Java, Ruby, Node.js  .

Fullstack-     ""  -.            frontend,    backend .   fullstack-  -  - " ",    .




 


     ,        .   :

iOS-      ,   ,     iOS  Apple,   iPhone  iPad.   ,   iOS-,  Swift.     ,  Apple       .

Android-            Android  Google.  Android        ,      .     Android-  Java  Kotlin,        ,     Java.




Game Dev ( )


       ,             .       :

        ,       .      ,    ,      , , .

  /        ,     :  , ,      .           .

   ,   ,   ,      (  ).      ,  C++, C#  Python,      ,   Unity  Unreal Engine.

Sound Designer /     ,         .        .

QA Tester /             .                .




 Desktop 


       ,         ,   Windows, macOS  Linux.         :

 Windows-  ,        Windows.        ,   C++, C#  .NET,      ,   Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF)  Universal Windows Platform (UWP).

 macOS-          macOS  Apple.        ,  Swift, Objective-C   Cocoa.

 Linux-  ,        Linux.        ,  C++, Python, Java   .

Fullstack-             .            Windows, macOS  Linux,     .

QA Tester /             .             .




Data Science (  )


  ,  Data Science,  ,          .       ,              .       :

Data Scientist (  ):             .     Python  R,          .

Data Engineer ( ):     ,    .     ,        .       ,  Python, SQL, Hadoop  .

Machine Learning Engineer (   ):        ,        .     ,  Python, R    C++  Java,      ,   TensorFlow  PyTorch.

Business Intelligence Analyst (   -):         -      .      ,   Tableau  Power BI,    ,   SQL.

Statistician ():         ,    .     ,   R, Python  SAS.




Embed-


  ,  Embedded Systems Development,        ,     .     ,    -      ..        :

Embed- (  ):            .    ,   C  C++,   ,      .

    :       ,       .       ,        .

Hardware Engineer (   ):           .      ,    ,     .

 :          .  ,        .

Firmware Engineer (  ):      ,  ,       .    C  C++     .




Automotion QA


 ,  Automation QA,  ,  -           .         :

Automation QA Engineer (   ):            .    ,   Python  Java,  ,   Selenium,     .         .

QA Analyst ( ):      ,   ,   ,     .                  .

QA Automation Architect (  ):        .  ,      ,     ,     .

DevOps Engineer:   ,         ,  DevOps         QA,           (CI/CD).




DevOps


 DevOps,    ,    ,      ,     .              .  DevOps     ,  Docker, Jenkins, Kubernetes  .     :

DevOps Engineer ( DevOps):         ,      ,     .  ,   Docker  , Jenkins      (CI/CD),  Kubernetes   ,       .

Site Reliability Engineer (  , SRE): SRE-    DevOps,     ,    .       DevOps,               .

Infrastructure as Code (IaC) Engineer:       ,     IT.   ,   Terraform  Ansible,   ,        ,     .

Security Engineer:        IT-,     DevOps,  "DevSecOps",         .







 ,   ,    ,      ,      .        ,          .              .        :

    :         ,        .    ,       ,   ERP-   .

 - (-): -                 ,  .           -.

-  IT: -  IT          ,       .           .




-5        2023 :


Backend-:  ,     -  .       ,  ,    .

Frontend-:       -  .     ,       .

Full Stack-:     frontend  backend .      ,       .

 :        ,      ( Android  iOS)     .

Data Science:                     .        .

            ,   ,   ,    .   ,         IT.

 ,      ,        .    ,      :

Backend-:    ,            .       ,    ,      .      ,     .

Frontend-:   ,      .         -,     .     ,         .

Full Stack-:                 ,      . ,       ,      .

 :    ,    ,          .       ,         ,   iOS  Android.

Data Science:     ,             .      ,        .







 ,         .       ,       .    ,      ,     .

,  ,          .     ,    .    ,                 .

,          .          .     ,      .   ,    ,      ,      .









 6.       :    IT





     


           ,          .          .  ,          .

          : -, , , ,    .          ,    .

-         ,    .     ,   ,    .               . ,   ,            .

 ,     -,     ,     .  ,   ,           .                 .

 ,      .    ,   ,           .          ,      ,     .




    


         ,           ,    .            ,      .

      ,   Agile, Scrum, Test-Driven Development (TDD)  .        ,      .   ,       ,           .

 Agile, ,    ,      . Scrum,   ,     ,        . Test-Driven Development (TDD)      ,        .

     ,     .   ,             .        ,      .

 ,      ,       ,      .         ,   ,      .

    ,       .            .




     


             ,      .         .  ,       ,            .

     .       .        .          ,     .        ,      .

         .       .       ,      .      ,    ,       .

 -,       ,      ,    .   ,    ,        .          ,         .




   :    


                .  ,      ,       ,       ,          .

      .            .           .             .

 ,       ,            .            .     ,         .

 ,                . ,   ,  ,     .           ,     ,    .




    


          .  ,      ,         ,    ,    ,           .

    .  , ,            .         .

       ,       .         ,           .

      ,            .    ,   ,    .  ,        ,     .

,          .           ,     .               .




    


    IT         .  ,         ,             .          ,      .

        .   ,    ,       .    ,   ,  -    .  ,     ,         .

       .         .      ,           .             .

,          .    ,         .                 IT.




     


        ,           .       ,         .      ,            .         ,      .




      


     ,    .  ,    ,        .   ,      ,        . ,      ,          .             .       ,          .







          ,     .       ,    ,         .

,     .     ,   .     ,        .     ,        .

 ,      .    ,          .       ,   ,            .

,       .    ,         .   ,    ,        .











 7.    





-   


-       ,  ,           .   ,    -   .               . Coursera, Udemy, edX, Codecademy  freeCodeCamp     .      ,       .     ,       ,     ,          .     -   ,      .      ,     ,       .




  


       !             .      .    :

 :      ,        .   ,           .

:       ,       .        .

  :         .           .     ,         .

,      ,      :

 :     ,          .      ,       .

 :          .       ,      .

     :

:       ,       .      ,          .

:       ,           .

   :

  :            .           .

   :          .     ,     .

:        .  ,        .

       .    ,        .           !




   


       ,     .  -,     ,    JavaScript     Python.       ,   ,          .

     :  " JavaScript"  ,      ,  ":     C++"  ,   C++   .  ,      ,       .

     ,   .      ,         . , ,      .   ,       .          .

    ,      :

"Clean Code: A Handbook of Agile Software Craftsmanship" by Robert C. Martin                   .

"Introduction to the Theory of Computation" by Michael Sipser      ,            .

"Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software" by Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, John Vlissides         ,        .

"The Pragmatic Programmer: Your Journey to Mastery" by Andrew Hunt and David Thomas          ,          .

"Python Cookbook" by David Beazley and Brian K. Jones        ,   Python          .

"The Pragmatic Programmer's Guide: Learn and Apply the Art of Software Engineering" by Thomas Limoncelli and Christine Hogan -         ,       .

"Head First Design Patterns" by Eric Freeman, Elisabeth Robson, Bert Bates, Kathy Sierra            ,          .

,       ,     .     ,    ,      .        !




  


         ,      ,        .      ,  -          .

          ,         ,    .        -,  , ,     .              .

            .       ,       - .         :

:

CSS-Tricks (css-tricks.com (https://css-tricks.com/))  ,  -,  CSS  .

Smashing Magazine (smashingmagazine.com (https://www.smashingmagazine.com/))   ,      -,    .

SitePoint (sitepoint.com (https://www.sitepoint.com/))  ,  ,     -,   .

A List Apart (alistapart.com (https://alistapart.com/#))  ,   -, ,    .

Martin Fowler's Blog (martinfowler.com (https://martinfowler.com/))    ,      .           .

:

"Syntax" (syntax.fm (https://syntax.fm/))  ,     -, ,     .

"Software Engineering Daily" (softwareengineeringdaily.com (https://softwareengineeringdaily.com/))  ,     ,  ,   .

"The Changelog" (changelog.com/podcast (https://changelog.com/podcast))  ,     ,    .

"Developer Tea" (spec.fm/podcasts/developer-tea (https://spec.fm/podcasts/developer-tea))  ,            .

,            ,   .    ,       ,  ,        .             !




  


        ,     .    ,      .   ,  ,   Stack Overflow, GitHub  Reddit,    ,     ,      .

       . -,          ,       .     ,              .

-,              .    ,         .  ,           ,      ,        .

,     ,        .      ,      ,       ,   .

     ,      :

Stack Overflow (https://ru.stackoverflow.com/)    ,          .

GitHub (https://github.com/)                .

Reddit (https://www.reddit.com/)       (subreddits),       .

dev.to (https://dev.to/)   ,     ,        .

Hashnode (https://hashnode.com/)    ,    ,        .

     ,     ,                . ,           ,          .




 -,   -


         ,  -,   -               IT.         ,       ,       .

 IT-           -  -,          .  ,        ,       -.             ,       ,        .

     -,   -   :

Google I/O (https://io.google/2023/)   ,  Google,          .

WWDC (Apple Worldwide Developers Conference) (https://developer.apple.com/wwdc23/)  ,  Apple,         .

Microsoft Build (https://build.microsoft.com/en-US/home)  ,       Microsoft.

AWS re:Invent  (https://reinvent.awsevents.com/)   Amazon Web Services,           .

Coursera Global Skills Initiative (https://www.coursera.org/skills-reports/global) -  Coursera,           IT.

    ,            .            -   . ,    -,   -       ,     ,        .







  ,  ,         ,   .        .       ,          ,      ,       .

 ,    ,   . , ,     ,   ,         .     ,     ,       .

           .  ,          .        ,           .

      .                    .     -   ,  , ,   .       ,       .













 8.   


,      ,   .           .        ,      IT-:

 (bug)       ,        .

 (debug)        .

 (commit)       ,   Git.

- (pull request)         .    ,     .

 (refactoring)         ,       .

 (API)  Application Programming Interface,    ,            .

 (skeleton)      ,       .

 (boilerplate)   ,           .

  (unit testing)   ,              .

  (code review)              .

- (+1)           .

  (technical debt)        ,             .

 (parsing)            ,     .

REST (Representational State Transfer)   ,    -  API,      HTTP       .

- (timeboxing)    ,        ,      .

 (frontend)   -,        .

 (backend)   -,    ,       .

- (full-stack)  ,        -.

 (patch)      ,        .

- (spaghetti code)     ,     .

     ,  , ,   .

              .

    ,    ,          .

-               .

 (Mock)  ,        .         .

  (Design pattern)    ,      .

      ,         .

 (endpoint)   URL  -,    . Black Box  ,     ,       ,     .

White Box  , ,     ,     .

Bleeding Edge      ,            .

 (Branch)   ,       .

   (Callback Hell)  ,           .

  (Code Smell)    ,      .

 (Coupling)  ,         .

  (Dead Code)   ,       .

  (Dry Run)        .

  (Eager Loading)     ,      .

  (Fail-Fast)  ,         ,  .

  (Garbage Collection)    ,     .

 (Heisenbug)  ,    ,     .

 (Idempotence)   ,          .

 (Immutable)     ,       .

    (Just-In-Time (JIT) Compilation)          .

 (KISS  Keep It Simple, Stupid)   ,        .   (Lazy Loading)     ,       .

- (Monkey Patching)          .

   SQL (NoSQL)    ,       (SQL).

     (ORM  Object-Relational Mapping)  ,      - ,     ,      .

  (Pair Programming)   ,         .

 (Query)        .

 (Race Condition)  ,       ,     .

 (Scalability)             .

   (TDD  Test-Driven Development)     ,     ,   ,   .

   (VCS  Version Control System)            .

 (Webhook)      -     -.

  (XSS  Cross-Site Scripting)     -,          . YAGNI (You Aren't Gonna Need It)    ,  ,        ,     .

 " " (Zero-Day Vulnerability)  ,    ,       .

ACID (, , , )  ,       .

-- (Backend-as-a-Service  BaaS)   ,        .

  (CI  Continuous Integration)   ,            .

  (DI  Dependency Injection)  ,        .

Event-Driven Programming   ,      ,         .

  (Functional Programming  FP)   ,           .

Git     ,      .

   (HTTP)  ,       World Wide Web.

   (IaaS  Infrastructure-as-a-Service)   ,      .

 Just-In-Time (JIT)   ,   -      .   (Middleware)   ,           .

 Null Object (Null Object Pattern)   ,         null  .

  (Observer Pattern)   ,          .

 (Polyfill)  ,   ,       .

  (Query Optimization)           .

REST (Representational State Transfer)       ,  -.

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)        -   .

  (Throttling)    ,      .

   (UUID  Universally Unique Identifier)   ,        .

   (VPN  Virtual Private Network)  ,       ,  .

- (WebSockets)   ,          .

XML (eXtensible Markup Language)        ,      ,   .

YAML (YAML Ain't Markup Language)  -   ,     .    (Zero Downtime Deployment)          .

 (Algorithm)          .

  (Binary Search)   ,       .

 (Cache)  ,          .

  (Data Mining)         .

 (Encapsulation)   ,       .

  (Functional Decomposition)       ,    .

  (Greedy Algorithm)  ,     ,      .

 (Heap)    ,         .

 (Inheritance)   ,          .

JIT- (Just-In-Time Compiler)    ,        .

 (Stub)      ,     .            .

 (Demo)              .         .

 (Scaling)             .     (  )   (    ).  (Microservices)   ,      ,     .

 (Containerization)       ,                .

  (Serverless Computing)       ,          ,        .

    (DevOps)  ,   (Development)   (Operations)            .

 (Blockchain)    ,            .

  (Machine Learning)    ,            ,   .

  (Neural Networks)    ,           ,  ,      .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/chitat-onlayn/?art=69828682)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .


