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   .  ,    I,    .    ,  ,        , ,       .       ,   ,   ,   ,    [5 -    :RorvikD. The winner will be a brave new baby conceived in a test-tube and then planted in a womb// The New York Times. 1974. 15. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1974/09/15/archives/the-embryo-sweepstakes-the-winner-will-be-a-brave-new-baby.html.] ( ,      ).

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   :     ,   .      [8 -     : Female scientists IVF contribution was unrecognised// BBC News. 2019. 10. URL: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-48581510.].   -,   .        250.     ,  .       ,     .  in vitro         ,     ,      1977.  1985     ,    39.  1988   .

 2001     ,       .  2007- The Telegraph    -100   [9 - -100   : Top-100living geniuses// TheTelegraph. 2007. 28. URL: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1567544/Top-100-living-geniuses.html.].   ,   .         .    :      .          .          in vitro    c;     .  2011    .  2013-  c .           .

          2012     (  ,   ).     ,     [10 -    :         : BrownL. My Life As The Worlds First Test-Tube Baby. Bristol: Bristol Books, 2015.].         .         .    ,   ,        .     .       ,    .




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          1953 [26 -     1953:MadrigalA. The Surprising Birthplace of the First Sperm Bank. What happened when fatherhood after death was proved possible// The Atlantic. 2014. 28. URL: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/04/how-the-first-sperm-bank-began/361288/.].        ,        .     ,    ,       .    .

           ;  ,    ,      .   ,    ,     .      ,    ,  蠫 .    TheGazette    ,               .   ,         .

  .     The New York Times  1974,      [27 -  1974 ,     : Rev. Basile Luyet, Expert On Freezing of Living Cells// The New York Times. 1974. 12. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1974/04/12/archives/rev-basile-luyet-expert-on-freezing-of-living-cells.html.].  ,    ,     1984  [28 -      1984 : Pregnancy Induced via Thawed Out Egg// Chicago Tribune. 1985. 19. URL: https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-12-19-8503280188-story.html.]. The Atlantic  ,          [29 -        :ZhangS. A Woman Gave Birth From an Embryo Frozen for 24Years// The Atlantic. 2017. 21. URL: https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/12/frozen-embryo-ivf-24-years/548876/.].

         .             .     ,  ,       .  2005          ,         [30 -    :ArgyleC., HarperJ., DaviesM. Oocyte cryopreservation: where are we now?// Human Reproduction Update. 2016. 4(22).].  2013     (ASRM) ,         ,    ,   .




      


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 3: 



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 1884      ,    ,         [37 -       :YukoE. The First Artificial Insemination Was an Ethical Nightmare// The Atlantic. 2016. 8. URL: https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/01/first-artificial-insemination/423198/.].  ,       . -     .

 XX       : c1940- 1960-          , c     , -.  1948,    The British Medical Journal[38 -     The British Medical Journal:BartonM., WalkerK., WiesnerB. Artificial Insemination// British Medical Journal. 1945. 13.],    ,    ,     XII    .          ,   :        .

 1920-   : ,   ,   .  1954      ,   .  :     ,   .  1970-  ,           :   ,   ,  .           .

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     :       .          .       ?    ,        .          5800 [40 -  5800 : Becoming a Recipient of Donor Egg/Embryo// Carolinas Fertility Institute. URL: https://www.carolinasfertilityinstitute.com/treatments/donor-egg/?fbclid=IwAR2VfiAXflNh3WhVGcYtQiPfhfQWxY_heI8guXzpd5UI8RmGwUXH05zruJk.].      2500  ,    [41 -  2500   ,   :PackhamA. A Shortage of Sperm Donors: The Brexit Dilemma We Didnt See Coming// Huffpost. 2018. 11. URL: https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/british-men-reluctant-sperm-donors_uk_5bbdfc4ae4b01470d057984a?fbclid=IwAR2KIifWALlH366L0tNmhtgQ-BZJ70c7sJJ9aEv27O-qm00AH6bNPXcO-Dw.].

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  Adoptive Families -     28- ,      ,    :         ,   ,       [44 -      :VerebM. Donor Sperm: Real-Life Stories// Adoptive Families. URL: https://www.adoptivefamilies.com/how-to-adopt/donor-sperm-real-life-stories/.].          .  ,    ,    .

,    ,     .      ,  The Guardian   Renlau Outil [45 -   Renlau Outil:OutilR. My son was conceived with donor sperm  but Im no less a real man for that// The Guardian. 2015. 2. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/02/donor-sperm-real-man-shortage.].       . ,    , :   ,   ,      , .  ,   ,       ,   .   ,     :    (  ). ,     ,     ,   ,   .


 

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