 .       
 


 
   19081918         .         :       ,                .               , , , , , , .     ,   ,              .                    ,     .          ,               (UCL SSEES).





 

 .       



Rachel Morley

Performing Femininity. Woman as Performer in Early Russian Cinema



 Rachel Morley, 2017

 .,   , 2023

 .,  , 2023

    , 2023


* * *




  


   XX              . ,  -,        ,     ,            ,             .         ,          ,  ,    .           :    ,     . ,                    .                ,      ;              [1 -    . ..].   ,        1917 ,        .

       ,          ,                  ,     .     ,     ,                 1920-       ,        ,         .                 ,          .



    







             (AHRC),    ,         .           :  ,              . , .         (, -, 2010, . 269316).    , Koninklijke Brill NV,       .

 ,  ,  ,  ,    ,  ,  ,  ,        .    .

 ,    ,    ,     UCL SSEESS,      UCL SSEESS,      ,    ,    ,   .  ,     ,  ,              .       ,        .     -,  ,  ,  ,  ,  -,  ,     ,                .       ,     ,    -     I.B.Tauris         .   , ,  .

       ;      ;     ,      ,       ,        ,    .

,      ,                  .     ,        , , ;  ,   ()     ,   ;    .        ,   ,         .










    :  


[]  ,         .  ,             ,         , ,    ,       .           ,     -               ,          [2 - . :  .     , 19081919 /  . ., .  . , 2002. . 384.].


             1980-              Giornate del Cinema Muto,      1989-,          .          . ,     ,        ,   .

,           1945     ,   [3 - .    :  . ., 1945.].     ,    1716   ,   1907-  1917-,         . ,  ,       : ,  ,   ,    ,  ,   ,   .    ,     ,          .    ,       ,  .

              .    ,   1930-  ,           1960       .  ,      ,     ,      [4 - LeydaJ. Kino. A History of Russian and Soviet Film. Princeton, NJ, 1960, 1983.].   ,       ,  ,     [5 - Silent Witnesses. Russian Films 19081919 / Eds. P.Cherchi Usai, L.Codelli, C.Montanaro, D.Robinson London, 1989. P. 14.].       ,   ,          [6 - .      . ., 1961; .   . ., 1963.].         ,            ,     ,                 [7 - .    /  . . ... ., 1961. . 3:   . 19141920.]. ,     ,     ,             :



 ,         ,        ,        ,  ,   ,  , , , , , , , [8 - Ibid. P. 10.].


    1967    ,   ,  [9 - MitryJ. Histoire du cinma. Art et industrie. Vol. 1., 18951914. Paris, 1967.].         , ,    , ,             ,    ,    ,    1905 [10 - Ibid.].

   .           .    1988         :                ,       [11 - Ibid. P. 12.].

 ,     ,     ,     1918   ,         ,           ,    ,      ,   .          :   19081919.,   1989      .               ,    ,    ,     ,    ,            ,    .       2002-[12 -  :     , 19081919 /  . ., .  . ., 2002.].               ,       ,    .

 ,     ,           ,    ,  ,  ,  ,     .              .        , , ,    -       .   ,      ,  ,     ,     .  ,    ,         ,   ,    ,      ,    .

  1990-      -   ,   ,          [13 - Schl?pmann . From patriarchal violence to the aesthetics of death: Russian cinema 19001919 // Cinefocus. 1992. 2. . 29; HansenM. Deadly scenarios: narrative perspective and sexual politics in pre-Revolutionary Russian film // Cinefocus. 1992. 2. . 1019.].     ,      .   1990-   2000-     ,   ,       .      ,                (1992),  :            ?[14 - StitesR. Dusky images of Tsarist Russia: prerevolutionary cinema // Russian Review. 1994. Vol. 53. 2. . 294.] ,    .         ,     [15 - YoungbloodD.J. The Magic Mirror. Moviemaking in Russia, 19081918. Madison, 1999. P. 15.].            ,              , , ,    1967- ,          ,         [16 - McReynolds L. Demanding men, desiring women and social collapse in the films of Evgenii Bauer, 19131917 // Studies in Russian and Soviet Cinema. 2009. Vol. 3. 2. . 145156.].

           ,          . ,           ,   ,  ,      [17 - CavendishPh. The hand that turns the handle: camera operators and the poetics of the camera in pre-Revolutionary Russian film // Slavonic and East European Review. 2004. Vol. 82. 2. . 201245.].   ,        [18 - DrubekN. Russisches Licht. Von der Ikone zum fr?hen sowjetischen Kino. Cologne, 2012.].       ,   ,        [19 - DeBlasio A. Choreographing space, time, and dikovinki in the films of Evgenii Bauer // The Russian Review. 2007. Vol. 66. 2. . 671692.].

 ,                  .    ,                    .              ;        .




  


    ;       .

.[20 - .    1915/1916. . : . .    //  . 1990. 10. . 34.]

          19081918 .                [21 - MorleyR. Gender relations in the films of Evgenii Bauer // Slavonic and East European Review. 2003. Vol. 81. 1. . 3269.].    ,         .   ,  ,          :           (1908)[22 -      ,    . ..],         1910-       (1918),    ,  ,    .       , ,   , ,         .           ,  ,    ,     ,         ,      .      :   ,    . ,    ,    ,   ,    ,    . ,        ,         ,    ,  ,    .

                ,   ,  ,           .   XIX   XX         ,      .          ,                :      ,        ,    ,      .  ,   XIX       ,   .               ,      .     ,    ,    1896  [23 - Schuler.M. Women in Russian Theatre: The Actress in the Silver Age. London, New York, 1996. P. 19.].    ,    ,   -    ,     .       ,            [24 -  ,                     -. .: Schuler.M. Women in Russian Theatre: The Actress in the Silver Age. London, New York, 1996. . 2025.].   ,    ,                   [25 - McReynolds L. Russia at Play. Leisure Activities at the End of the Tsarist Era. Ithaca, London, 2003. P. 46.].

,   .      ,     .   XX        ;          1896-,      :        1907 .  ,         ,       , ,     .  ,    ,         . ,           ,      ,       .          , ,  .       ,                ,      .         ,     ,        .

,       .       ,             XX,   ,    ,              .

             ,       -   [26 - La Pense sauvage, 1962.  : -.  .   / .  . ... ., 2008.  ..].      ,     ,      ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,      .       ,   ,    , ,         . ,          ,     ,          ,      ,         .




 1.  





   :       


  1908     -      ,        :     ? ,    Free Men of the Volga (  . ..).              ,   ,    1660-         .     ,   ,        ![27 - . : ..    (      ) // . 1957. 12. . 197.].

       ,      , ,          . ,      ,   :     ,    ,  -[28 - . .   ( ),    //  . 2008. 11. . 5.].    :    -,       ,  Times, London Illustrated News  L Illustration,   ,       .           ,      ,  ,    Path,       ,    .  ,  1908          .           ,     1907          1831 [29 -   ,      ,    ,  . .: TsivianY. Early Russian cinema: some observations // Inside the Film Factory. New Approaches to Russian and Soviet Cinema / Eds. R.Taylor, I.Christie. London, 1991. P. 730.].             1862   .

          ? ,   ,            .         ,          ,   .          .        ,           .         ,        :



       ,      ,   ,    ,         ,     ,   ,      [30 - . : .      . ., 1961. . 14.].


             .         ,   ,      ,       ,              [31 -         .    ,           .          ,            .              .  ,    ,                      .      . .: IangirovR. Talking movie or silent theater? Creative experiments by Vasily Goncharov? // The Sounds of Early Cinema / Eds. R.Abel, R.Altman. Bloomington, 2001. P. 112.].  ,       ,  (  )  .            ,    .                          [32 - CavendishPh. The hand. . 203.].     ,      . ,       -,         -[33 -      -,          , ,   . .: LeydaJ. Kino. P. 35.               .].

       ,   ,   ,    ,       . ,    ,               1896-,      ,              .       ,    -   ,  -           , ,    ,       :  ,      [34 - . : ..    (18961926).     .  1. 19861913. ., 1927. . 51.].   ,           [35 - LeydaJ. Kino. P. 35.].                   1908-,      , ,   ,         ,          [36 - .   // .   / . ... 1992. . 10. . 358359.].

      . ,     20  1908 , ,        ,           1  1908  :     .  , ,    ,          [37 -    :  . C. 23.].       -     :



        .      . ,  .      ;  ,   ,       .          ;     ,     [38 -  . . 22.].


               .    ,     ,   ,          1989 . ,               , ,   ,   :            ;    ,    ;       ;  - ,           ,   [39 - .. . . 199.].     ,  [40 -  .].          , ,                [41 - LeydaJ. Kino. P. 35.].              ,  ,           :     ,   ,  [42 - . .  80-   //  . 1989. 1. . 11.].  ,        , , ,       ,         ,        [43 - .  . . 359.].

  1990-         .        ,     , [ ]         , , ,         [44 - KenezP. Cinema and Soviet Society, 19171953. Cambridge, 1992. P. 12.].           [45 - StitesR. Dusky images. . 288.].   ,      ,            [46 - YoungbloodD.J. The Magic Mirror. P. 116.].  ,   ,      ,   ,       ,          ,       [47 - Prokhorov. Petr Tochilin: Khottabych // Defense of pulp cinema and in memoriam of Aleksandr Drankov //  : www.kinokultura.com/2007/16r-khottabych.shtml (http://www.kinokultura.com/2007/16r-khottabych.shtml).].

,        .   ,               1910-,     ,    . ,             .         ,     . ,   ,        .  ,         ,              ,    [48 - .     //  : https://globuss24.ru/doc/stenka-razin-pod-peterburgom.].     :  ,  ,     [49 -  .].   ,                 , ,      ,             ,           1907 [50 - .: TsivianY. Early Russian cinema: some observations // Inside the Film Factory. New Approaches to Russian and Soviet Cinema / Eds. R.Taylor, I.Christie. London, 1991. P. 813; .   ( ),  (1908) //  . 1988. 7. . 9396.]. ,    ,      .  ,  ,     -    ,       .




 :    


,                 ,  .

      ,                 ,        .

 ,     ,      .       ,        [51 -   ,    ,          . .: .. . . 197; StitesR. Dusky Images. P. 288; YoungbloodD.J. The Magic Mirror. P. 116.].         .         ,  ,            ,        .       ,     .              ,    .

 ,           [52 - .: .  .      . ., 2008.].             ,           ,  ,   ,       1910-[53 - TsivianY. New notes on Russian film culture between 1908 and 1919 // Eds. L.Grieveson, P.Kr?mer. The Silent Cinema Reader. London, New York, 2004. P. 342.].         .    , ,  ,       [54 - McReynolds L. The silent movie melodrama: Evgenii Bauer fashions the heroines self // Self and Story in Russian History / Eds. L.Engelstein, S.Sandler. Ithaca, 2000. P. 122.].    ,             ,    ,   ,     XX.                  ,            XX.




 : ,     


     ,          , ;           ,    .       ,                 .      ,        ,    ,       .  ,    -   , ,       ,    ,       .

     :  ,    ,  ,       ,         .      1910-                   .    ,           ,   :             ,       ,  ,         .  ,    ,      ,        ,   ,  ,               .             ,    [55 -          ,  .     ,         ,   ;          .   ,      1910-,          ,     .        .: TsivianY. Two stylists of the teens: Franz Hofer and Yevgenii Bauer // A Second Life: German Cinemas First Decades / Ed.T.Elsaesser. Amsterdam, 1996. P. 264276.].

,       ,     ,  .     ,       ,    ,     ,  ,    .  ,           :       ,     ,         .       :       ,          .

 1908          ,     ,  ,      .   ,       ,     .       ,     ,   ,       , ,       [56 - Cavendish Ph. The hand. P. 217.]. ,         ,   , ,     ,    ,        [57 -      ,          100 .  .: LeydaJ. Kino. P. 34.].    ,       ?  ,       .              ,   .  ,   -       ,     :              .

    ,           ,   ;      ,         Path,     [58 - .  . . 94.].      ,   ,      ,    .  ,        ,     .   , ,     .   ,   ,         1908-,    Path   :        ,     ,      .

    ,   ,        , ,   ,        ,       .      -     ,    :      ,         . ,     ,   ,          , ,             ,  ,  -,              [59 -  . . 95.].

     .   ,         ,          ,  [60 - .            XIXXX //   :       1997 / . ... ., 1999. . 288289.].         ,    ,      [61 - .  .]. ,     ,      .       ,               .  , ,   ,           ,     .         :        .                  .

      .   ,    ,     ,           .         .      ,          .     :       ,       [62 - .  . . 95.]. ,   :     铻[63 - .   . . 288.].      ,     ,      .

          .     .            ,       ,    ,         ,   ,    .    ,          .        ,    ,          ,            ,     .

,              ,  ,   , ,    ,   .                    ,  /        ,           [64 - .      //    / . .  .. , 2000. C. 288.].

        ,  ,    ,     ,        ,  ,       .    ,    ,  .   ,             ,       ,     .  ,     ,      ,     ,     .   ,    ,     ,    .        /,   ()           ,    ()    .   ,                [65 -  . . 280285.].   ,  ,    ,      /  /, 



        ,        .           ,          .  ,     -- (to-be-look-at-ness)[66 -  . . 285.].


            .   --  .  ,   ,     ,    :    ,        .   ,             ,     ,   ,              .  ,   ,     ,     XIX ,    ,      , ,          [67 - SaidE.W. Orientalism. Western Conceptions of the Orient [1978]. London, 1995. P. 207.].   ,      ,           [68 - Ibid. P. 12.].




    :   


        .

 [69 - . : GraffyJ. Bed and Sofa: The Film Companion. London, 2001. P. 56.]

      ,     , ,  ,  ,   ,     XIX   XX.    ,       [70 -  ,        .],[71 - .   . . 279.].  ,    XIX                  [72 -  . . 281.].                        ?

 ,   ,     XX,  ,      ,      [73 -  . . 279.].   ,       ,        - .    ,       .  ,         ; ,      ,    ,           .      ,         .           ,       ,      : -,   , ,    ,    . ,         (  )       : ,        ,                       .           ,          ,          .      ,           ,   . ,  ,   ,      ,       .  ,   , ,   ,                , ,  .

  ,      ,     ,       .      ,      ,  ,    ,   .       .        ,       :        /   ,      (,                 ). ,          ,    ,   ,     .                  ,       .    ,         ,     ,   /  ,     [74 - .  //   . 2001. 26. . 14.].

,  /         .     ,      .        XX,      ,        ,       .   ,          ,    ,     .

      ,     :     ,             .  , ,      ,      .          ,  ,                 ,      . ,          [75 -   ,    ,    ,     ,        ,    1910-        . .: .   . . 288.],       /.  ,  ,      ,  ,        :



         .      ,    , ,   ,    ,      ,   ,  ,  . <>  ,     ,      ,   ,       ,      [76 - .  . . 291.].


           .  ,  ,               .      ,            ,   ,  ,     (   ),            [sic




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=69803794)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


   . ..




2


. :  .     , 19081919 /  . ., .  . , 2002. . 384.




3


.    :  . ., 1945.




4


LeydaJ. Kino. A History of Russian and Soviet Film. Princeton, NJ, 1960, 1983.




5


Silent Witnesses. Russian Films 19081919 / Eds. P.Cherchi Usai, L.Codelli, C.Montanaro, D.Robinson London, 1989. P. 14.




6


.      . ., 1961; .   . ., 1963.




7


.    /  . . ... ., 1961. . 3:   . 19141920.




8


Ibid. P. 10.




9


MitryJ. Histoire du cinma. Art et industrie. Vol. 1., 18951914. Paris, 1967.




10


Ibid.




11


Ibid. P. 12.




12


 :     , 19081919 /  . ., .  . ., 2002.




13


Schl?pmann . From patriarchal violence to the aesthetics of death: Russian cinema 19001919 // Cinefocus. 1992. 2. . 29; HansenM. Deadly scenarios: narrative perspective and sexual politics in pre-Revolutionary Russian film // Cinefocus. 1992. 2. . 1019.




14


StitesR. Dusky images of Tsarist Russia: prerevolutionary cinema // Russian Review. 1994. Vol. 53. 2. . 294.




15


YoungbloodD.J. The Magic Mirror. Moviemaking in Russia, 19081918. Madison, 1999. P. 15.




16


McReynolds L. Demanding men, desiring women and social collapse in the films of Evgenii Bauer, 19131917 // Studies in Russian and Soviet Cinema. 2009. Vol. 3. 2. . 145156.




17


CavendishPh. The hand that turns the handle: camera operators and the poetics of the camera in pre-Revolutionary Russian film // Slavonic and East European Review. 2004. Vol. 82. 2. . 201245.




18


DrubekN. Russisches Licht. Von der Ikone zum fr?hen sowjetischen Kino. Cologne, 2012.




19


DeBlasio A. Choreographing space, time, and dikovinki in the films of Evgenii Bauer // The Russian Review. 2007. Vol. 66. 2. . 671692.




20


.    1915/1916. . : . .    //  . 1990. 10. . 34.




21


MorleyR. Gender relations in the films of Evgenii Bauer // Slavonic and East European Review. 2003. Vol. 81. 1. . 3269.




22


     ,    . ..




23


Schuler.M. Women in Russian Theatre: The Actress in the Silver Age. London, New York, 1996. P. 19.




24


 ,                     -. .: Schuler.M. Women in Russian Theatre: The Actress in the Silver Age. London, New York, 1996. . 2025.




25


McReynolds L. Russia at Play. Leisure Activities at the End of the Tsarist Era. Ithaca, London, 2003. P. 46.




26


La Pense sauvage, 1962.  : -.  .   / .  . ... ., 2008.  ..




27


. : ..    (      ) // . 1957. 12. . 197.




28


. .   ( ),    //  . 2008. 11. . 5.




29


  ,      ,    ,  . .: TsivianY. Early Russian cinema: some observations // Inside the Film Factory. New Approaches to Russian and Soviet Cinema / Eds. R.Taylor, I.Christie. London, 1991. P. 730.




30


. : .      . ., 1961. . 14.




31


        .    ,           .          ,            .              .  ,    ,                      .      . .: IangirovR. Talking movie or silent theater? Creative experiments by Vasily Goncharov? // The Sounds of Early Cinema / Eds. R.Abel, R.Altman. Bloomington, 2001. P. 112.




32


CavendishPh. The hand. . 203.




33


     -,          , ,   . .: LeydaJ. Kino. P. 35.               .




34


. : ..    (18961926).     .  1. 19861913. ., 1927. . 51.




35


LeydaJ. Kino. P. 35.




36


.   // .   / . ... 1992. . 10. . 358359.




37


   :  . C. 23.




38


 . . 22.




39


.. . . 199.




40


 .




41


LeydaJ. Kino. P. 35.




42


. .  80-   //  . 1989. 1. . 11.




43


.  . . 359.




44


KenezP. Cinema and Soviet Society, 19171953. Cambridge, 1992. P. 12.




45


StitesR. Dusky images. . 288.




46


YoungbloodD.J. The Magic Mirror. P. 116.




47


Prokhorov. Petr Tochilin: Khottabych // Defense of pulp cinema and in memoriam of Aleksandr Drankov //  : www.kinokultura.com/2007/16r-khottabych.shtml (http://www.kinokultura.com/2007/16r-khottabych.shtml).




48


.     //  : https://globuss24.ru/doc/stenka-razin-pod-peterburgom.




49


 .




50


.: TsivianY. Early Russian cinema: some observations // Inside the Film Factory. New Approaches to Russian and Soviet Cinema / Eds. R.Taylor, I.Christie. London, 1991. P. 813; .   ( ),  (1908) //  . 1988. 7. . 9396.




51


  ,    ,          . .: .. . . 197; StitesR. Dusky Images. P. 288; YoungbloodD.J. The Magic Mirror. P. 116.




52


.: .  .      . ., 2008.




53


TsivianY. New notes on Russian film culture between 1908 and 1919 // Eds. L.Grieveson, P.Kr?mer. The Silent Cinema Reader. London, New York, 2004. P. 342.




54


McReynolds L. The silent movie melodrama: Evgenii Bauer fashions the heroines self // Self and Story in Russian History / Eds. L.Engelstein, S.Sandler. Ithaca, 2000. P. 122.




55


         ,  .     ,         ,   ;          .   ,      1910-,          ,     .        .: TsivianY. Two stylists of the teens: Franz Hofer and Yevgenii Bauer // A Second Life: German Cinemas First Decades / Ed.T.Elsaesser. Amsterdam, 1996. P. 264276.




56


Cavendish Ph. The hand. P. 217.




57


     ,          100 .  .: LeydaJ. Kino. P. 34.




58


.  . . 94.




59


 . . 95.




60


.            XIXXX //   :       1997 / . ... ., 1999. . 288289.




61


.  .




62


.  . . 95.




63


.   . . 288.




64


.      //    / . .  .. , 2000. C. 288.




65


 . . 280285.




66


 . . 285.




67


SaidE.W. Orientalism. Western Conceptions of the Orient [1978]. London, 1995. P. 207.




68


Ibid. P. 12.




69


. : GraffyJ. Bed and Sofa: The Film Companion. London, 2001. P. 56.




70


 ,        .




71


.   . . 279.




72


 . . 281.




73


 . . 279.




74


.  //   . 2001. 26. . 14.




75


  ,    ,    ,     ,        ,    1910-        . .: .   . . 288.




76


.  . . 291.


