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  ,  .      



Rainer ZITELMANN

CAPITALISM IS NOT THE PROBLEM, BUT THE SOLUTION

A JOURNEY THROUGH RECENT HISTORY ACROSS FIVE CONTINENTS



First published in German Language as: Kapitalismus ist nicht das Problem sondern die L?sung: Eine Zeitreise durch 5 Kontinente, 2018 by Finanzbuch Verlag, Munich, Germany /

All rights reserved. www.finanzbuchverlag.de

Translated into English as: Capitalism is not the problem, but the solution  A Journey through Recent History across Five Continents, 2nd updated Edition 2022 by Rainer Zitelmann, Berlin, Germany / All Rights Reserved.

 2022 Rainer Zitelmann / All Rights Reserved.

Translated into Russian Language by arrangements with of Maria Pinto-Peuckmann, Literary Agency, World Copyright Promotion, Kaufering, Germany.



 2022 Rainer Zitelmann / All Rights Reserved

  . ., , 2023




:     


           1980-          .     [1 -      ,       (),  ,            . . .]   ,            ,         2008.  - ,           ,   ,         .

             ,   -   ,      .       2018.       ,  ,      , , ,    . ,    ,  ,    2022.

   컠  .         ,            .

           .                .      ,   ,    .              ,  , ,   ,  . ,       ,   ,     , ,  ,         .     ,   .               ,     ,        .

                 .     ,     ()    ,       ,            .          .       , ,   ,        .  ,     ,     [2 - Zhang Weiying, The Logic of the Market: An Insiders View of Chinese Economic Reform (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2015), 12.].

  ,           ,        ,          .        1970- ,                  ,          .

    ,    ,     .       ,  ,      .  ,    ,   ,        ,  ,     ,     ,    .          .

    ,        .     .         ,      .        ,  .      ,   ,          ,       .            ,          -   ,    [3 - Friedrich August von Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty: The Definitive Edition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011), 111 < . . .  . .:  , 2018. . 81>.],          [4 - Ibid., 117 < . . 85>.].

  ,        ,   ,       ,   , ,   ,   ,               ,       .

           , ,      ,   , , .      ,                    ,             ,    ,    .    -   ,     ,   .    : -,              ,     . -,       ,  ,  ,   ,        .

      : ,  ,   .   ,    ,          :    ,   ,   .    ,            ,   60        ,     -,    .

            ,           ,       ,  :     ,  .        ,    .  ,    ,    ,     10%    33%      [5 - Index of Economic Freedom 2022, p. 24.].

         ,       ,              ,             .  1980-          ,      ,  ,              .    ,    7,             .

  70                  ,      .                .             :     ,               ,       [6 - Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of History (London: George Bell and Sons, 1902), 19 < . . .    . .: , 2000. . 61>.].

      , ,            ()  .     ,          (      ,  ,   ,   , ),       ,  -    ,   -    .

       1990-               ,       ,    .           ,            XXI [7 -      . : Hollander, Paul. From Benito Mussolini to Hugo Chavez: Intellectuals and a Century of Political Hero Worship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016, 253259.].         ,   ,     6.

             ,     ,        ,     .     ,           197080-  ( 7).

    ,               . ,           ,        .     ,      ;       ,   ,       . -    ,        ,        .       ,    .

   :                          ,      [8 - Thomas Mayer, Die neue Ordnung des Geldes: Warum wir eine Geldreform brauchen, 3rd edition. Munich: FinanzBuch Verlag, 2015, 228.].     ,  ,       ,          .                     .

-     .                        ,    ,   .          .

   ,        ,          .     ,           ,    ,     .      .

,       Ipsos MORI  20212022. 21  , ,    , ,      (, ,  , )  ,     ,   ,     .            ,      , , , , , , ,      [9 -                :    (.; : , 2022).   12      ,   13   .].

      ?      ,            , :

   ,     ;

    ;

    ;

   ;

      [10 - Allensbach Institute survey 12038, Ipsos MORI survey 20-091774-30.].

          ,    , ,     .     ,                     .

    :          ?     ,    ,    ,      .      ,        ,        :          ,   .         ,      .  ,      ,          .   ,                     .

          ,        XXI ,            ,              ,           [11 - Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Boston: Harvard University Press, 2014), 41 < .   XXI . .:   , 2015. . 50>.].       ,    ,       ,     ,      ,  [12 - Ibid., 42 < . . 50, 51>.].                      .          .

     ,            :          养[13 - Ibid., 20 < . . 34>.].           [14 -  . : Jean-Philippe Delsol, Nicholas Lecaussin and Emmanuel Martin, eds., AntiPiketty: Capital for the 21st Century (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2017).],         [15 - .: Tom G. Palmer, Foreword, in Anti-Piketty: Capital for the 21st Century, edited by Jean-Philippe Delsol, Nicholas Lecaussin and Emmanuel Martin (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2017), xv.].        ,      , , ,   ,       ,     .   ,       ,     ,      .

                  1990  2010.                ,             .

      : ,     ,  ,     , ,     ,     ?        ,                        .                    ,     .

  ,         .   ,                      , ..   ,    .        . -:    ,              ,   ,  ,               ,           -   . -,   ,            ,    .   2011.       ()     10%    1980-         [16 - Kristian Niemitz, Der Mythos vom Globalisierungsverlierer: Armut im Westen, in Das Ende der Armut: Chancen einer globalen Marktwirtschaft, edited by Christian Hoffmann and Pierre Bessard (Z?rich: Liberales Institut Z?rich, 2012), 152.].

               ,        . ,       ,   ,   ,     ,    60%   .    ,       : ,          . ,        ,  1000   ,   10 000 .       .     .       60%  ,     ,  .

  ,  ,       ,    ,      [17 - .: Jean-Philippe Delsol, The Great Process of Equalization of Conditions, in Anti-Piketty: Capital for the 21st Century, edited by Jean-Philippe Delsol, Nicholas Lecaussin and Emmanuel Martin (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2017), 89.].     .      ,   ;     ,        .

    :      ? ,     ,        5000 .,  1000    100 .      115 000 .       .              230 000 .         15 000 . ;    45 000 .    1000     85%   185 .   .            .

       115 000 .      1003   114,66 .   .          100 .,             ?   ,     ,     ,       80 000 .,   79,80 .   ?

,   ,                 .       XX ,    .               . ,          ,   ,  ,   .

      ,     .      ,      , ..   ,   ,      , ,              .    , ,    (, ,     ..)    ( )    ,       [18 - Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, translated by S. W. Ryazanskaya (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1959), 15 < .     //  .,  . .: 2- . . 13. . 67>.]. ,   ,     ,         .   ,           .

         ,        .   99,4%  2,5- ,   15 000        90   (     ,       1990.).   0,59%  ,      180    1750.  1750  2000.  ,   0,01%     ,        37    6600  .  ,   250    97%  ,     [19 -       , . : Zhang, The Logic of the Market, 2425.].                 ( 1820.    26 ).     -          ,    ,      200  ,        : .   ,    , ,    ,         250   , ,     ,     .




1.:     



        .     1981.  88%      ,       1%.                   .

   XIX   XX       100 .         ,        ,   .      1949.         .   1957.            .   ,       15 ,          .                       ,     [20 - . : Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story (London: Jonathan Cape, 2005), 519.].




 


        ,                   .                  [21 - Frank Dik?tter, Maos Great Famine: The History of Chinas Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958  62 (London: Bloomsbury, 2010), 27.].            ,      .         :            .      .       ,  ,      [22 - Ibid., 32.].

          ,      .         ,         ,   ,      20 000    .     24 000  ,   ,     8000 .

        廠     ,   9369       ,              .         ,   [23 - . : Chang and Halliday, Mao, 529.].

   ,       .              ,         ?,     .      ,         ,     ,       ,     ,     ,     [24 - Ibid., 529530.].                ,   .

   , ,               .    ,     ,     1958  1962.      32,5 .   ,     ,    6 ,   18% ,    ,   13%  (9,4 )[25 - Felix Wemheuer, Der gro?e Hunger: Hungersn?te unter Stalin und Mao (Berlin: Rotbuch Verlag, 2012), 194195.].

  ,     ,    ,        ,          : 1958  1962.        45 .      ,  2,5      [26 - Dik?tter, Maos Great Famine, xii.].                   ,    ,        ,   -    ,     [27 - Ibid., x iii.].      .       , 28 026  ( 12% )           ;  441  ,   383   [28 - Wemheuer, Der gro?e Hunger, 203.].

         ,     ,       2008.    , : ,   ,    .   ,     ,      ,       ,   .        ,   [29 - . : Felix Lee, Macht und Moderne: Chinas gro?er Reformer Deng Xiaoping  Die Biographie (Berlin: Rotbuch Verlag, 2014), 80.].    .        ,       ,    .           [30 - Dik?tter, Maos Great Famine, 320321.].  ,              ,   1960.      ,     ,       [31 - Chang and Halliday, Mao, 533.].

    ,             ,   . ,   ,          ,      .                   .   ,  ,     ,       .        [32 - Wemheuer, Der gro?e Hunger, 169.].

  ,    ,  ,    , ,   ,  ,      (19371945):       . [ ]   ,    .      ,  .       ,    .     ;    ,   ,   .                  ,    ,  ,      .                           [33 - Chang and Halliday, Mao, 531.].

   ,       ,              .           ,   ,     ,     ,        .  1957.   5,35  .   1958.     6,2 ,      12      [34 - Dik?tter, Maos Great Famine, 57.].

            (        ,   ),         .   ,           ,         ,      [35 - Ibid., 61.].

       ,        ,      .  ,  ,    ,    ,        .   :        ,        [36 - Chang and Halliday, Mao, 526.].

,      ,   , ,     [37 - Dik?tter, Maos Great Famine, 60.]. ,     ,  .      , ,           ,   ,   ,   [38 - Chang and Halliday, Mao, 526.].

   1958.         ,   40%          ,        3          , []   [39 - Ibid., 527.].

               ,     ,       ,    .   1958.      ,        65 000   (660  ),        500[40 - Ronald Coase and Ning Wang, How China Became Capitalist (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2012), 15 < .,  .    . .:  , 2016. . 33>.].

      .  ,             [41 - Chang and Halliday, Mao, 520.],    .  ,      1,93   1957.  4,16   1959.  1959.,    ,       375 ,  , ,  170[42 - Ibid., 15.].

                  .       ,    ,       [43 - Dik?tter, Maos Great Famine, 128.].   ,     , ,   ,   ,      ,   [44 - Ibid., 137.].

           ,       : , ,   .      ,          ,   ,           .     ,  ,   -   (  ),  ,     .    ,     ,  .                200 000     [45 - Chang and Halliday, Mao, 525.].

   ,     ,           .       ,      [46 - Wemheuer, Der gro?e Hunger, 189.]. ,         ,           .    ,   1960., ,            ,  - [47 - Dik?tter, Maos Great Famine, 133.].   ,      ,     ,      .   ,         26  [48 - Wemheuer, Der gro?e Hunger, 193.].

          , ,      .     :   ,      ,     !  1958.           ,     ,             ,  .      .       . ,      ![49 - . : ibid., 181.]

 ,    ,    .      ,             .      ,        .    ,  500 000 ,       [50 - Dik?tter, Maos Great Famine, 117.].    ,        .

         ,        .      , ,    ,                 .          1000     .   1959.   :    .   ,     ![51 - Ibid., 92.]

  ,   ,     , ,   ,           1957.:    300      [52 - . : Chang and Halliday, Mao, 535.].   1958.,       ,       蔅  :  ,    ,  , ,  .   , , ,       50  [53 - . : ibid., 535.].

 ,          ,   :      .       .      ,          [54 - . : Dik?tter, Maos Great Famine, 100.].   ,       , , ,          ,     .   1966.          ,     ,         ,       ,    .

   ,       ,        , ,   , ,   1930-       .    ,           .  ,       ,       ,                .

      .  1978.       ,   1950- .           .     1976.      . ,       ,    ,  ,    ,        ,  .  ,   ,   ,         :      : -, ,   ; -, ,   ; -, ,   .




   


  ,     ,     .       1978                   .     20     50 ,  , , , , , , ,   [55 - Coase and Wang, How China Became Capitalist, 32 < .,  .    . . 58>.].                             20  ,           ,      [56 - Ibid., 33 <.:  . . 59>.].

         :  ,         ,         .   ,          [57 - Lee, Macht und Moderne, 165.].

        .     ,     ,  :   ,   [58 - Coase and Wang, How China Became Capitalist, 33 < .,  .    . . 60>.].          .        ,      .  ,       1945.        1950- ,    ,     ,    [59 - Tobias ten Brink, Chinas Kapitalismus: Entstehung, Verlauf, Paradoxien (Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 2013), 106.].

            ,     .   , -    -, :  1978.      ,  ,  ,              ,   ,  ,      ,   .   .   ,       ,  ,  ,    ,          [60 - Coase and Wang, How China Became Capitalist, 34 <.:  .,  .    . . 60>.].

      ,    ,     . ,         ,    ,                      .  ,     ,  ,       .     [],   ,   ,    [61 - Lee, Macht und Moderne, 159.].

               ,              .      ,        ? ,            ,    ,  ,   .

                .         ,     .        ,       ,  -.     ,       ꔻ,           ,        .             ,    .     ,    ,    ,  , [62 - Coase and Wang, How China Became Capitalist, 46, 47 < .,  .    . . 78>.].

  ,   1982.       ,             [63 - Ibid., 49 < . . 81>.].      :    ,      .  1983.        .     ,    ,  .

        .           ,         .     ,         .    1978  1996.   ,    ,   28  135 ,         6  26%[64 - Ibid., 54 < . . 89>.].

 1980-    ,     (),      ()       [65 - Ten Brink, Chinas Kapitalismus, 118.].    ,        .

,        ,           [66 - Ibid., 84.].                 [67 - Ibid., 170.].                    .

           ,  ,        .    ,     ,      .                .  1980-          .

      .         ,          ,       .   ,    ,    , ,  .    ,          ..       ,        ,      -      ,   [68 - Coase and Wang, How China Became Capitalist, 58 <.:  .,  .    . . 95>.].

        ,           ,     .       ,     ,    ,  -.          140 000  1978.  2,6  1981.[69 - Ibid., 68 < . . 109>.]

      ,   1982.               ,           30 000 [70 - Ibid., 7578 < . . 120124>.].                .

  ,          ,     .   ,            .        , ,    ,         .    ,              (.  3),         .           .

      ,           .     ,       .   ,    ,    ,   .

     , ,      ,      .      ,  ,           .

   ,     ,        ,           ,     100  ,       [71 - Ibid., 60 <.:  . . 98>.].

    ,   ,    ,     [72 - Lee, Macht und Moderne, 188189.]. ,      30 000 ,           ,     ,            ,      .

 ,      ,   ,             12        ,      ,     .        .                     ,         [73 - Ibid., 191.].

           [74 - Ten Brink, Chinas Kapitalismus, 177.].  ,                  .           ,      .   2003.    200        ,    ,    2000       ,      .            [75 - Ibid., 178.].

      .                .     ,    ,           .           .   1980-     :      9,5%   1988.  38,6%     [76 - Coase and Wang, How China Became Capitalist, 92 < .,  .    . . 145>.].

      ,          ,        ,        .  ,            1989., ,    ,        [77 - Amnesty In ternational, China: The Massacre of June 1989 and Its Aftermath, accessed 20 June 2018, https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/200000/asa170091990en.pdf, 5.],       ,             .       .

              ,           .           ,   . ,          ,      .                    1984.    ,   ,    , ,   .                .       ,     [78 - Lee, Macht und Moderne, 256.].       ,     ,     ,      . 21  1992.,    ,       ,             [79 - Ibid., 258.].

              ,      ,            .      ,                 [80 - . : Coase and Wang, How China Became Capitalist, 117 < .,  .    . . 179>.].

           ,         ,     -     .          ,    :    ,      .      ,     .       ,     ,  ,               [81 - . : ibid., 120121 < . . 85>.].

    .       237 000  1993.  432 000   .        1992  1995.   20 .   1992. 120 000     ,  10       .      ,   .             ![82 - Coase and Wang, How China Became Capitalist, 123 < .,  .    . . 188>.].

            XIV       1992. ,          .    .         ,      ,         737  89,   2001.     13.    (.. ,     ,       ),    ,   0%  1978.  46%  1991.  78%  1995.[83 - Ibid., 124 <.:  . . 190>.]

     .   ,     ,        .      ,        .       .

      ,             .        ,      [84 - Ten Brink, Chinas Kapitalismus, 123.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/rayner-citelman/kapitalizm-ne-problema-a-reshenie-puteshestvie-po-noveyshe-69810265/chitat-onlayn/)  .

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notes








1


     ,       (),  ,            . . .




2


Zhang Weiying, The Logic of the Market: An Insiders View of Chinese Economic Reform (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2015), 12.




3


Friedrich August von Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty: The Definitive Edition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011), 111 < . . .  . .:  , 2018. . 81>.




4


Ibid., 117 < . . 85>.




5


Index of Economic Freedom 2022, p. 24.




6


Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of History (London: George Bell and Sons, 1902), 19 < . . .    . .: , 2000. . 61>.




7


     . : Hollander, Paul. From Benito Mussolini to Hugo Chavez: Intellectuals and a Century of Political Hero Worship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016, 253259.




8


Thomas Mayer, Die neue Ordnung des Geldes: Warum wir eine Geldreform brauchen, 3rd edition. Munich: FinanzBuch Verlag, 2015, 228.




9


               :    (.; : , 2022).   12      ,   13   .




10


Allensbach Institute survey 12038, Ipsos MORI survey 20-091774-30.




11


Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Boston: Harvard University Press, 2014), 41 < .   XXI . .:   , 2015. . 50>.




12


Ibid., 42 < . . 50, 51>.




13


Ibid., 20 < . . 34>.




14


 . : Jean-Philippe Delsol, Nicholas Lecaussin and Emmanuel Martin, eds., AntiPiketty: Capital for the 21st Century (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2017).




15


.: Tom G. Palmer, Foreword, in Anti-Piketty: Capital for the 21st Century, edited by Jean-Philippe Delsol, Nicholas Lecaussin and Emmanuel Martin (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2017), xv.




16


Kristian Niemitz, Der Mythos vom Globalisierungsverlierer: Armut im Westen, in Das Ende der Armut: Chancen einer globalen Marktwirtschaft, edited by Christian Hoffmann and Pierre Bessard (Z?rich: Liberales Institut Z?rich, 2012), 152.




17


.: Jean-Philippe Delsol, The Great Process of Equalization of Conditions, in Anti-Piketty: Capital for the 21st Century, edited by Jean-Philippe Delsol, Nicholas Lecaussin and Emmanuel Martin (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2017), 89.




18


Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, translated by S. W. Ryazanskaya (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1959), 15 < .     //  .,  . .: 2- . . 13. . 67>.




19


      , . : Zhang, The Logic of the Market, 2425.




20


. : Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story (London: Jonathan Cape, 2005), 519.




21


Frank Dik?tter, Maos Great Famine: The History of Chinas Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958  62 (London: Bloomsbury, 2010), 27.




22


Ibid., 32.




23


. : Chang and Halliday, Mao, 529.




24


Ibid., 529530.




25


Felix Wemheuer, Der gro?e Hunger: Hungersn?te unter Stalin und Mao (Berlin: Rotbuch Verlag, 2012), 194195.




26


Dik?tter, Maos Great Famine, xii.




27


Ibid., x iii.




28


Wemheuer, Der gro?e Hunger, 203.




29


. : Felix Lee, Macht und Moderne: Chinas gro?er Reformer Deng Xiaoping  Die Biographie (Berlin: Rotbuch Verlag, 2014), 80.




30


Dik?tter, Maos Great Famine, 320321.




31


Chang and Halliday, Mao, 533.




32


Wemheuer, Der gro?e Hunger, 169.




33


Chang and Halliday, Mao, 531.




34


Dik?tter, Maos Great Famine, 57.




35


Ibid., 61.




36


Chang and Halliday, Mao, 526.




37


Dik?tter, Maos Great Famine, 60.




38


Chang and Halliday, Mao, 526.




39


Ibid., 527.




40


Ronald Coase and Ning Wang, How China Became Capitalist (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2012), 15 < .,  .    . .:  , 2016. . 33>.




41


Chang and Halliday, Mao, 520.




42


Ibid., 15.




43


Dik?tter, Maos Great Famine, 128.




44


Ibid., 137.




45


Chang and Halliday, Mao, 525.




46


Wemheuer, Der gro?e Hunger, 189.




47


Dik?tter, Maos Great Famine, 133.




48


Wemheuer, Der gro?e Hunger, 193.




49


. : ibid., 181.




50


Dik?tter, Maos Great Famine, 117.




51


Ibid., 92.




52


. : Chang and Halliday, Mao, 535.




53


. : ibid., 535.




54


. : Dik?tter, Maos Great Famine, 100.




55


Coase and Wang, How China Became Capitalist, 32 < .,  .    . . 58>.




56


Ibid., 33 <.:  . . 59>.




57


Lee, Macht und Moderne, 165.




58


Coase and Wang, How China Became Capitalist, 33 < .,  .    . . 60>.




59


Tobias ten Brink, Chinas Kapitalismus: Entstehung, Verlauf, Paradoxien (Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 2013), 106.




60


Coase and Wang, How China Became Capitalist, 34 <.:  .,  .    . . 60>.




61


Lee, Macht und Moderne, 159.




62


Coase and Wang, How China Became Capitalist, 46, 47 < .,  .    . . 78>.




63


Ibid., 49 < . . 81>.




64


Ibid., 54 < . . 89>.




65


Ten Brink, Chinas Kapitalismus, 118.




66


Ibid., 84.




67


Ibid., 170.




68


Coase and Wang, How China Became Capitalist, 58 <.:  .,  .    . . 95>.




69


Ibid., 68 < . . 109>.




70


Ibid., 7578 < . . 120124>.




71


Ibid., 60 <.:  . . 98>.




72


Lee, Macht und Moderne, 188189.




73


Ibid., 191.




74


Ten Brink, Chinas Kapitalismus, 177.




75


Ibid., 178.




76


Coase and Wang, How China Became Capitalist, 92 < .,  .    . . 145>.




77


Amnesty In ternational, China: The Massacre of June 1989 and Its Aftermath, accessed 20 June 2018, https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/200000/asa170091990en.pdf, 5.




78


Lee, Macht und Moderne, 256.




79


Ibid., 258.




80


. : Coase and Wang, How China Became Capitalist, 117 < .,  .    . . 179>.




81


. : ibid., 120121 < . . 85>.




82


Coase and Wang, How China Became Capitalist, 123 < .,  .    . . 188>.




83


Ibid., 124 <.:  . . 190>.




84


Ten Brink, Chinas Kapitalismus, 123.


