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1.1.  


,         ,             1953        .           [1 - J.D. Watson and F. H.  Crick, Nature 171 (April 25,1953): 737.],          ,   ,               .

         ,          .  ,       ,    ,        [2 - D. A. Jackson, R. H. Symons, and P. Berg, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sri. USA 69 (1972): 29042909.].         ,     ,           .      ,    ,     .

       1980      .      ,          .     ,  1973     (      -      )      ,                 ,      .           ,             .          [3 - Stanley N. Cohen, Annie  Y. Chang, Herbert W. Boyer, and Robert B. Helling, Construction of Biologically Functional Bacterial Plasmids In Vitro, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (1973).].

    ,              .        ,       . ,        ,             ?                 .     ,   1975   100            ()  ,          [4 - P. Berg et al., Potential Biohazards of Recombinant DNA Molecules, letter, Science 185 (1974): 303.].                 (National Institute of Health, NIH).             ,     1976 [5 - Federal Register 41, no. 131 (1976), 27911-27943.].

    ,         ,         ,   ,             .   ,       -,   1976                ,    ( ,      ,   )[6 - S. S. Hughes, Isis 92 (2001): 541575.].            500     Genentech,      .         ,         Biogen.  ,      ,        ,   .

 Genentech  Biogen        .  Genentech         ,    ,     Biogen    ,           . ,  Genentech      ,      ,      ,           NIH.

  ,       Genentech      ,      ,  ,  .           (City of Hope)          .        ,          ,           (    ,   ,       ).     ,       Genentech     .   ,        City of Hope  Genentech,      .         ( 21 )     E.Coli,   (        )          .

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               .   1978   Genentech        -,      (    !)   City of Hope  Genentech   ,   .      .     Genentech              [8 - S. S. Hall, Invisible Frontiers: The Race to Synthesize a Human Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002)][9 - H. Evans, They Made America (New York: Little, Brown, 2004).].      ,       ,   ,          ,           ,             .

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1.2.  1.  S- 


      S- () ,     [11 - R. Foster, Innovation: The Attackers Advantage (New York: Summit Books, 1986).]         .                (   ,   ..).             ,    (     S,    .1.1)     .   S-   .      ,             (        )   . ,       ,        ,      .         ,     ,        .     .




.1.1.     S- ()  



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1.6.  


     

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 2

   




 

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 3

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             eWEEK (  Ziff Davis Media),      .  20         -  ,                      .         Epicenters,       (CBS, NBC, CNN, Fox  PBS)         ,    ,      .

    eWEEK (  PC WEEK) .       Exxon  Aerospace Corporation,       ,     (       x86,  RISC, Windows, OS/2  ..),        .     ,  Peter Coffees Enterprise IT Advantages,      www.eweek.com/petercoffee (http://www.eweek.com/petercoffee).



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3.2.  


         ,            ,      ,     (     hype,        ).       ,         ,             (,               ).

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          ,     ,           .         ,         ,              (    ,    ..).     ,            .

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,            (  ),        ,        .




3.3. ,  


 ,           ,     -      . ,        ,  ,            .         (      10 ,      1 )   ,        ,       20 .     1/1000   ,        ,       Intel    2012 [14 - http://www.reed-electronics.com/eb-mag/article/CA475441?industryid=2116 (http://www.reed-electronics.com/eb-mag/article/CA475441?industryid=2116).]       .

    ,        ,     ,   ,             . , ,    ,           1 .         ,         ?  ,   ,       ,             , ,     ,     .    ,            ,     ,       .    ,          ,       . ,   2004                     [15 - http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/04/12/rnb_120304.asp?p=l (http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/04/12/rnb_120304.asp?p=l).].       ,    ,         . ,          ,       .

 ,  -    -           . ,    Samsung            .  ,          (      )         [16 - http://www.technologyreview.eom//articles/04/l1/mannl104.asp (http://www.technologyreview.eom//articles/04/l1/mannl104.asp).].                     ,      .  ,        .

   Samsung    ,            ,     .           1960- ,   Sony  Panasonic       ,        [17 - http://eetimes.com/special/special_issues/rnillennium/companies/sony.html (http://eetimes.com/special/special_issues/rnillennium/companies/sony.html).].  ,   Sony        ,    .       1955  Sony   ,       ,           .                Samsung (Advanced Institute of Technology)    .

                   ,        . ,            ,      .    ,         ,             ,             [18 - http://news.corn.com/Can+nanotubes+keep+PCs+cool/2100-7337_3-5166111.html?tag=nl (http://news.corn.com/Can+nanotubes+keep+PCs+cool/2100-7337_3-5166111.html?tag=nl).]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/linn-foster/nanotehnologii-nauka-innovacii-i-vozmozhnosti/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


J.D. Watson and F. H.  Crick, Nature 171 (April 25,1953): 737.




2


D. A. Jackson, R. H. Symons, and P. Berg, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sri. USA 69 (1972): 29042909.




3


Stanley N. Cohen, Annie  Y. Chang, Herbert W. Boyer, and Robert B. Helling, Construction of Biologically Functional Bacterial Plasmids In Vitro, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (1973).




4


P. Berg et al., Potential Biohazards of Recombinant DNA Molecules, letter, Science 185 (1974): 303.




5


Federal Register 41, no. 131 (1976), 27911-27943.




6


S. S. Hughes, Isis 92 (2001): 541575.




7


K. Itakura et al., Science 198 (1977): 10561063.




8


S. S. Hall, Invisible Frontiers: The Race to Synthesize a Human Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002)




9


H. Evans, They Made America (New York: Little, Brown, 2004).




10


J. D. Watson, DNA, The Secret of Life (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004).




11


R. Foster, Innovation: The Attackers Advantage (New York: Summit Books, 1986).




12


M. W. Bowman, The Worlds Fastest Aircraft (Wellingborough, UK: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1990).




13


W. Coblentz, Investigations of Infrared Spectra (Washington, DC: National Bureau of Standards, 1905).




14


http://www.reed-electronics.com/eb-mag/article/CA475441?industryid=2116 (http://www.reed-electronics.com/eb-mag/article/CA475441?industryid=2116).




15


http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/04/12/rnb_120304.asp?p=l (http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/04/12/rnb_120304.asp?p=l).




16


http://www.technologyreview.eom//articles/04/l1/mannl104.asp (http://www.technologyreview.eom//articles/04/l1/mannl104.asp).




17


http://eetimes.com/special/special_issues/rnillennium/companies/sony.html (http://eetimes.com/special/special_issues/rnillennium/companies/sony.html).




18


http://news.corn.com/Can+nanotubes+keep+PCs+cool/2100-7337_3-5166111.html?tag=nl (http://news.corn.com/Can+nanotubes+keep+PCs+cool/2100-7337_3-5166111.html?tag=nl).


