.   
 


  ()
        . Ӡ   ,  ,      .    ,     .       ,    .    (  )      .   ,  .      .   .         ,      .   .





  

.  



 , 2015

  , 2015


* * *






, ,  


 -    ,   ࠫ .

     , ,    ,       .   ,  ,  .   :   ,     ,      ,    .

   . Ƞ ,   ,   ,      -,  ,  ,     .        ,        -  ?   , , .

 .  ,  :    ?.

,   ,        ,  ,  ,            ,  - .      ,    .  .

        XIX.  , ,  , ,        ? ,  ,    .

蠖  ,      ,    -,  ,    ,         .   ,            젖 .

    ?         頖     ,  .

젖  .      ,    ,   蠖     .  ⠫,    , ?   ?    ?  (   )   .   . , , , ,      ,      .      ,    ࠖ   .

 XXI   ,       . ,   ,    -  . .   ,    .

    .

       ,  . ,  .




 I.  





1.  :   








     2011  ,       ,  . ,          [1 -  ,  ,           .        SWP  ˻,  22 2014,    ,   ,    .].                    ,       ,          2003.          ,       ࠖ      1000  -   14 2013,   40000            - -.           2011 .

        ( ,     )      (),      ()  ( ).      2014 ,    ,     .          ,      ,     ,   ,   .      ,     .      ,        [2 - Chulov, 2014; Human Rights Watch, 2014a; Human Rights Watch, 2014b.].

     ?       -  ,       .       .   - ,  ,       ? ,  ,    ,  -  ?   ,      ?    ?        ?   ? Ƞ      ,    ?

        .    : -,         ,       ,     ,            -   2008.    ,         . - -,    2010,   ,       20062007.           ,    2009[3 - Cockburn, 2014, pp2829.].

,            2011.       . ,   ꠖ     ,       .   ,    ,       ,    ,        ,  [4 -             1990?,              .].     ?    ,        ,    ,    .    ,     ,     ,      .     ,      ,  ,     ,  .




,  


      堖   ,        - .            ,         [5 - . 12 Alexander andBassiouny, 2014,       , Achcar, 2013, Hanieh, 2013,      .]. -,     .

,   ,           [6 - Naguib, 2011, p5.].   ,  ,   ,     ,        ,            [7 - Haddad, 2011.].

        ᠖          ,    . ,      ,      黠   .    ,          ,    ,       ,         [8 - Harman, 1994.].

     ,            ,         .       [9 -   . Alexander andBassiouny, 2014, 2.], .   ,      [10 - ,     20 , ,           , ,     ,      ,   (Trotsky, 1992).              :  .      ,           ࠖ Choonara, 2011.].  ,        ,    .

-,       ,            ,  .      2011?      ,        ,    ࠖ       [11 - Maunder, 2012.].   ,  ,  [12 -  www.ruralpovertyportal.org/country/home/tags/syria          .],      .

                  .   ,        ,  ,   :    ,   ,   ,         [13 - Hanieh, 2013.].

        ,    - .        堖  ,     , 頖       .

            ࠖ , ,     .  11   ,        ,          :          ,   ,    [14 - Cordesman andKhazai, 2014, p227.]. ,       ,       .         ,    90?.                 2003.

             .     ,        ,          ,     ,     .    ,       堖  ,         ,   ,  ,       [15 - Burleigh, 2014; Conant, 2014.].   ,  ,    ,    ,   .  ,   ,     , ,  ,  ,     18    --  ,   ,   [16 - Crooke, 2014. . Al-Rasheed, 2010, pp1368  ,       .].

   ,      젖 ,    ,        ,        .  ,      ,  ,         .

  ,      .  ,       .     ,    , [17 - Harman, 1986, p11.].

        ,  . , ,    ,  ,  ,   .  , ,           20 .        ,  ,     ,    , [18 - Batatu, 2004; Zangana andRamadani, 2006, p60.].  ,        ,     ,       ,  , , ,    .

  ,  ,     ,      ,   ,    .      ,    ,         .

,      ,     ,  ,              ⠖    ,       ,     .            .  ,   ,       ,             ,  ,   .            .

 ,          ,   .     렖  ,        .   ,  ꠫-,       ,       ,    ⠖   ,      [19 - Harman, 1994; Naguib, 2006.].

      .   , ,     ,          .

 ,       ,         ,     ,     . ,      ,        ,      ,    . ,               ,      ,         , ,    [20 - .  Philip Marfleet Bassem Chit         , Assaf, 2013, Harman, 2006     .].    ,     , -      ,     .

           ,   ,      .    (    ),       , ,   [21 - Callinicos, 2014a; Callinicos, 2014b, p19; Callinicos, 2009.].   ,    ,      ,        .             ,   ,        .

     ,   蠖      렖      ,   ,       .                    ,       ,          .

  ,    ,          .  - ,       .             ,     ,  .     ,        ˠ       ,   ,     2011.




 2003:       


   2003  ,      ,       2014 (, ,  ).   ,    ,             .

       ,    ,  ,    ,    .  ,  ,      .     ,           ,       ,    .   ,   ,   -  ,             20072008.

     2003  .       .            . ,        ꠫ ,   ,         ,          .

,         ,       .  , ,              [22 - Zangana andRamadani, 2006.], ,         ,   ,   ,      - .  ,        4060?,     ,   ,          ,       [23 - Alexander, 2003, Batatu, 2004.].

  ,    1991?,     ,   ,     ,     .   ,   ,      ,        .          ,     .

    ,           .            ,        ,   ,      [24 - Alexander andAssaf, 2005a.].

Ѡ ,   ,    ,      ,    .   ,  ,       -, - -,   ,        2003[25 - International Crisis Group, 2013, p4.].  񻠖 , ,         [26 - Alexander andAssaf, 2005a, Zangana andRamadani, 2006.].

          蠖      ,       .   ,   ,   .              ,   [27 - Dodge, 2014, p17.].

 ,      - ,      .  ,   ,  ,   ,       [28 - . Dodge, 2010; Herring andRangwala, 2006, pp222236,   .]. ,         ,        ,  蠖     ,        -[29 - . Herring andRangwala, 2006, pp236241        ⠫  Dodge, 2014   .].

      ,  ,     ,     ().    ,      ,       ,   , , ,   -.

     , ,          2005?.         ,   ,   ,    ,   , -    90?,        [30 - ʠ,        .      . McDowall, 2003,      2003 . Herring andRangwala, 2006.].

    ,     頖  ,  ,                . ,  ,          ,       ,        .   ,        2004,      ,  80% ,    ,   , 81%  ,    蠖       [31 - Alexander andAssaf, 2005a, p27.].

       ,  .         2004         [32 - Alexander andAssaf, 2005a.]. ,        .        ,     ,  .   ,       ,    -      .       -,       ,    . -      25,       ,   -,          [33 - Alexander andAssaf, 2005b.].




 - ,   


   20042005          .   ,      - ,         ,           .   ,    - ,     .        ⠖          .

          ,   -.  -     - - 2004.    ,        - -.       ,     ,       .         ,        [34 - Alexander andAssaf, 2005a.].        ,         ,         ,       .[35 - Buncombe andCockburn, 2006.].    -   2006     ,  .  -     ,    [36 - Damluji, 2010, pp75-76.].

                .    , ,  ,    .  2006    ,           .    ꠫( -).           .     ,    ,      -[37 - Montgomery andMcWilliams, 2009].          ,      ,       ,    [38 - Al-Jabouri andJensen, 2011.].   ,   -        ,    ,      [39 - International Crisis Group, 2014.].

   -      ,    ,         .    頖 ,     2004     .       70%  ,  36000 , 8400 ,      .  ,        蠖        . ,      ,          [40 - International Crisis Group, 2014, p9.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/andrey-kemal/igil-zloveschaya-ten-halifata/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 ,  ,           .        SWP  ˻,  22 2014,    ,   ,    .




2


Chulov, 2014; Human Rights Watch, 2014a; Human Rights Watch, 2014b.




3


Cockburn, 2014, pp2829.




4


            1990?,              .




5


. 12 Alexander andBassiouny, 2014,       , Achcar, 2013, Hanieh, 2013,      .




6


Naguib, 2011, p5.




7


Haddad, 2011.




8


Harman, 1994.




9


  . Alexander andBassiouny, 2014, 2.




10


,     20 , ,           , ,     ,      ,   (Trotsky, 1992).              :  .      ,           ࠖ Choonara, 2011.




11


Maunder, 2012.




12


 www.ruralpovertyportal.org/country/home/tags/syria          .




13


Hanieh, 2013.




14


Cordesman andKhazai, 2014, p227.




15


Burleigh, 2014; Conant, 2014.




16


Crooke, 2014. . Al-Rasheed, 2010, pp1368  ,       .




17


Harman, 1986, p11.




18


Batatu, 2004; Zangana andRamadani, 2006, p60.




19


Harman, 1994; Naguib, 2006.




20


.  Philip Marfleet Bassem Chit         , Assaf, 2013, Harman, 2006     .




21


Callinicos, 2014a; Callinicos, 2014b, p19; Callinicos, 2009.




22


Zangana andRamadani, 2006.




23


Alexander, 2003, Batatu, 2004.




24


Alexander andAssaf, 2005a.




25


International Crisis Group, 2013, p4.




26


Alexander andAssaf, 2005a, Zangana andRamadani, 2006.




27


Dodge, 2014, p17.




28


. Dodge, 2010; Herring andRangwala, 2006, pp222236,   .




29


. Herring andRangwala, 2006, pp236241        ⠫  Dodge, 2014   .




30


ʠ,        .      . McDowall, 2003,      2003 . Herring andRangwala, 2006.




31


Alexander andAssaf, 2005a, p27.




32


Alexander andAssaf, 2005a.




33


Alexander andAssaf, 2005b.




34


Alexander andAssaf, 2005a.




35


Buncombe andCockburn, 2006.




36


Damluji, 2010, pp75-76.




37


Montgomery andMcWilliams, 2009




38


Al-Jabouri andJensen, 2011.




39


International Crisis Group, 2014.




40


International Crisis Group, 2014, p9.


