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Elisabeth Ervin-Blankenheim

SONG OF THE EARTH

Understanding Geology And Why It Matters



   The Jennifer Lyons Literary Agency    



 Elisabeth Ervin-Blankenheim, 2023

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    -         :          .       -              ,         .       ,      ,        ,  4,6 .            .  ,  ,       ,     4 ,     .

      ,      , ,   .    ,      .  ,      , ,      ,       ,            -   [2 - Dodick J. and Argamon S. Rediscovering the historical methodology of the earth sciences by analyzing scientific communication styles // Manduca C.A. and Mogk D.W. (eds.). Earth and Mind: How Geologists Think and Learn about the Earth. Special Paper 413. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America, 2006. p. 105.].

     :             XVII.  ,     ,    ,            (  ).      ,         .

       -,      , ,     ,  ,    ,   ,  .          ,       ,   .       ,         :       .     ,           ,     ,     .     ,   ,   ,    ,           .       ,     ,      ,            .   , ,   ,          ,         ,    .

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 ,        .      :     ,   ,   .      .           ,         ,    ,    ,   ,  .            ,       .  ,         ,     ,              .      ,   , ,  ,           .          ,   ,      ,       ,          .     , ,           .

 ,  ,    ,          .   [3 - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate change 2013: The physical science basis // Stocker T.F., Qin D., Plattner G.K., Tignor M., Allen S.K., Boschung J., Nauels A., XiaY., Bex V. and Midgley P.M. (eds). Contribution of working group Ito the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Cambridge, UK and N. Y., NY: Cambridge University Press, 2013.],      ,      ,    .     ,   ,  ,    ,  ,      ( ,   ,  10  2050.)[4 - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World population prospects: The 2017revision, key findings and advance tables // Working Paper No. ESA/ P/ WP/ 248ed.: N. Y., United Nations, 2017.]. ,                   .

       .               .          ,       ,          ,    ,      .   ,    ,   ,    ,    .               ,    ,    ,         ,    .

 ,                      , , ,       -  .  ,  ,    ,      ,     :  ,     ,   ;   ,     ,        .     ,           ,    ,     : ,   ,         .

                       .     ,   , ,        ,      .  ,        ,    ,            , , -,     .

 ,       ,     ,   ,    [5 - Archer M.O., Hietala H., Hartinger M.D., Plaschke F. and Angelopoulos V. Direct observations of a surface eigenmode of the dayside magnetopause // Nature Communications, 2019. Vol. 10. 1. P.111.].      :     ,     ( ).     1952.     [6 - Schumann W.O. ?ber die strahlungslosen Eigenschwingungen einer leitenden Kugel, die von einer Luftschicht und einer Ionosph?renh?lle umgeben ist // Zeitschrift f?r aturforschung A. 1952. Vol. 7. 2. P.149154.].     1960- .      [7 - Soriano A., Navarro E.A., Paul D.L., Port? J.A., Morente J.A. and Craddock I.J. Finite difference time domain simulation of the Earth-ionosphere resonant cavity: Schumann resonances// IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2005. Vol.53. 4. P.15351541.].          96.   ,       [8 - First D. The music of the sphere: An investigation into asymptotic harmonics, brainwave entrainment and the Earth as a giant bell // Leonardo Music Journal, 2003. Vol. 13. P.3137.].

       , ,      ,   ,   ,   ,         .     [9 - . :  .. :  ,    / . . . . .: , 2005. .340.][10 - Sagan C. Cosmos. N. Y.: Random House, 1980. P. 151 ( .. :  ,    / . . . . .: , 2005. .340.) 1.    :  ].      ,    4,6        .  ,       ,         .   (.   1.1)     ,    ,  ,         ,         ,     ,        .      .




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          ,     ,    ,   XX.      ,       ,        ,       ,  ,   .  ,          .          :           .   ,       ,     ,        ,        ,   ,               .  ,         , ,      .              ,   , .

          XVIIXVIII.     ,   ,         .    ,           ,    ,      . ,          XIX.                              , XX.

                  .         ,  ,    ,    ,    ,   ,    .       ,     ,   ,       ,      .

 ,           ,    ,   . ,      ,    ,    ,    ,  -. ,   ,           [11 -          ,    ,    ,          . . .].                    .       ,     ,          ,           ,     .         .          ,        ,    ,        [12 - Leonardo da Vinci. The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (translated by Richter J.P.). Milan, 1888. (  .    / , ,    .. . .: -  , 1955).].

        (),  -,    .     ,          ,     ,          .  ,       ,   .                 .    ,             .     ,      ,  ,    ,       ,        .

   XVIII   XIX.,      ,       .           ,  ,          .   ,            . ,               .          ,     ,  ,   ,   ,         ,         ,    ,        .

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  (16381686;      ,           (, )     -.       ,            ,        .     1660.  ,       .       :      ,       .     , ductus stenonianus,      ,        .            II    ,       ( ),    .

 1666.      ,    .         ,      .   ,           (glossopetrae) (.1.1),           [13 - Hansen J.M. On the origin of natural history: Stenos modern, but forgotten philosophy of science // Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 2009. Vol.203. P.15.].    ,        ,         ,   1667.[14 - Steno N. Elementorum Myologiae Specimen seu Musculi Descriptio Geometrica cui accedunt Canis Carchariae Dissectum Caput et Dissectus Piscis ex Canum Genere. Florence: Stellae, 1667, 123p.]         [15 - Scott M. Nicolaus Steno (16381686): The head of a shark.  20 2004.   http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Steno/steno3.php.].          ,     .     ,   ,    ,       ,   ,  ,      .    :         ?    , , ,      ,     ,     ,     .   ,    ,  ,  .






.1.1.  ,          (Steno, 1667, fol. 90)



    ,     .  1669.      ,     (De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus)[16 - Steno N. De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus. Florence: n.p., 1669, 78p.]       .                 ,         .        .

 ,    ,  , ,          ,     ,      .     ,       ,                 .

    ,  ,           . ,    ,    ,     .           ,       ,      .   ,   ,   ,       , ,    ,    .  ,  -       ,     ,       (       ,    -).

 ,       ,           ,    (  )    ( ).      (       ).   (.1.2)       (20 ),  ,        ,       (25 )        ,    .

 ,   ,          :    (    ).    ,             ,     ,    .   ,      ,        :   , -           ,           .






.1.2.    (Steno, 1916 [1669]. P.226)



    ,      .      ,  , , -,          , , ,  ,   .   ,        ,     .   ,       ,    .

     ,        .                ,                .             .

      1675.  .        ,  1677.    ,         ,    .   ,    ,  ,  ,   .        ,  1686.       .        -    .         ,    .      :



            ,         [17 - Hansen, 2009. P.21.].


    ,       ,         ,          .




 


  (17261797)  ,    ,  1726.      ,          ,      ,      .        ;       ,        .            XVIII.     ,    .  , , ,       1783.       ,          .           .

             ,        .    17591771.,   -,         .     ,     ,          ,        .  ,    ,   ,     ,   ,     .

 1785.               ,     (Concerning the System of the Earth, Its Duration, and Stability)[18 - Hutton J. Concerning the system of the Earth, its duration and stability, a paper read to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, on the 7th of March and 4th of April 1785. Edinburgh: Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1785.],             (Theory of Earth).     ,    1200,   1795.,      [19 - Hutton J. Theory of the Earth with Proofs and Illustrations (2volumes). Edinburgh: William Creech, 1795.].                  .   ,    ,    :   ,       ,      ,      .                  (    )  ,    ,   ,    ,          .    ,               .

 ,       ,      (  ,    ),    (  ):     ,    .     (   )      ,        ,     .       ,         .         ,             .    .

         ,    (  ,      ,    ,    ,            ,     ).       [20 - Hutton J. Theory of the Earth with Proofs and Illustrations (Vol. 3, edited by Sir Archibald Geikie). L.: Geological Society, 1899.]          ,    ,         .             ,          .           ,    ,  1669.[21 - . Steno N. (1669), The prodromus of Nicolaus Stenos dissertation, concerning a solid body enclosed by process of nature within a solid (translated by John Garrett Winter, English version with an introduction and explanatory notes). L.: Macmillan, 1916. P.173.].    ,       ,     ,         [22 - Carozzi A.V. Horace Benedict de Saussure: Geologist or educational reformer?// Journal of Geological Education. 1976. Vol. 24. 2. P.48.           :  ,   ,       .     .].        ,     ,      .           ,  ,     .            ,    (      )          .    ,          ,     .  ,  -     ,    ,       ,       .    ,       ,  (.1.3) 1787.         ,              ,     .     ,           ,     ,       .

      - (.   1.1).     , ,   ,    ,                ,    ,    (         ).            (     )      .         .  , , ,          ,     ,  -  ,            ,          ,    ,       ,       .  ,            ,   , ,    ,            .






.1.3.     (Hutton, 1795. Vol. 1. Plate III;       )



   ,        ,      , ,       , ,        .       (17411811),    [23 -    1767 1810.    .      ;  1794.    ; 1768 1774.    ,  , ,  , ,            .            ;          , , , ,   ..     (Flora Rossica)   (Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica) ,    ,         //  ..  //   . ., 2014. .25. .161, 162. . .],  ,      ,   ,      .  ,       :            ,    ,   -     [24 - Hutton, 1795. Vol. 1. P.369.].           ,       ,     ,      [25 - Dean D.R. James Hutton and the History of Geology. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992. P.221.].

  1797.,            (Theory of the Earth: With Proofs and Illustrations),           ,        ,    1899.[26 - Hutton, 1899.].  102-      ,  ,     ,     ,     .

 ,            ,         ,             .       1788.  ,  ,         (Memorial justifying the present theory of the Earth from suspicion of impiety),  :



   ,        ,          ,        .            ,  ;        ,  ,  , ,   ,    ,     [27 - Dean D.R. James Hutton on religion and geology: the unpublished preface to his Theory of the Earth (1788) // Annals of Science. 1975. Vol. 32. 2. P.189.].


      .        ,            .      ,   ,   ,          .   ,    ,     ,        , 1973.,          :      蔻 (James Hutton on Religion and Geology: The Unpublished Preface to His Theory of the Earth)[28 - Ibid. P.187.].

           ,     ,  ,         ,        .                  . 1 1799.           ,       [29 - Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1826. P.452.].          (Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth),  1802.     ,          ,       (        )    ,   ,           .  ,             [30 - Playfair J. Illustrations of the Huttonian theory of Earth. Edinburgh: Neill & Co. for Caddell and Davis; L.: William Creech. 1802.].  ,     ,         .

            10 1803.,      ,      The Transaction of the Edinburgh Royal Society[31 - Playfair J. Biographical account of the late Dr. James Hutton, F. R. S. // Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1805. Vol. V. Part III. P.3999.].         .  ,        ,       .                ,      .

           .        :   ;         ;  ;    ,       ,    ;         ,    .   1788.       :



 ,       ,       ,    [32 - Hutton, 1788. P.304.].





 


  (17501817)           ,     (       1749-).                  ,  [33 - Werner A.G. (1786). A Short Classification and Description of the Various Rocks (translated with an introduction and notes by Ospovat A.M.). N. Y.: Hafner, 1971, 194p.].    ,               .

        , [34 - Memoir of Abraham Gottlob Werner, late professor of mineralogy at Freiberg// Philosophical Magazine, 1817, series 1. Vol. 50. 233. P.182.].      ,      .      ,   ,   ,    ,          ,    .                       ,         .       ,      ,           .

      ,     .       .         (Von den ?usserlichen Kennzeichen der Fossilien)    1774. (  ,      )      1805.[35 - Werner A.G. (1774). A Treatise on the External Characters of Fossils (translated by Weaver T.). Dublin: M.N. Mahon, 1805, 312p.].  fossil ( ),    (14941555)      (De natura fossilium),    ,       ( ),  蠫  ()[36 - Guntau M. The rise of geology as a science in Germany around 1800 // Lewis C.L. E. and Knell S.J. (eds.). The Making of the Geological Society of London. Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 2009. Vol. 317. 1. P.168n.12.]   1820.,    ,     .         ,          .          .          ,       .

          ,          ,    .        :      (17191767)    (17221773)[37 - Schuhert C. Correlation and chronology in geology on the basis of paleogeography// Geological Society of America Bulletin. 1916, September 1. P.491.].  ,   ,                  ,   .             .          1787.         (Kurze Klassifikation und Beschreibung der verschiedenen Gebirgsarten)[38 - Werner A.G. Kurze Klassifikation und Beschreibung der verschiedenen Gebirgsarten. Dresden: Waltherischen Hofbuchhandlung, 28p.].      :  (),  (),  ()  .              [39 - Greene M.T. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing world (Cornell History of Science Series). Ithaca: Cornell University Press. P.41.].      :   ,      ,       .

  ,  -     [40 - Oldroyd D.R. The Vulcanist-Neptunist dispute reconsidered // Journal of Geological Education. 1971. Vol. 19. 3. P.124.   : Lehmann, J.G. Versuch einer Geschichte von Fl?tz-Geb?rgen. Berlin, 1756, n.p.].       ,        ,    .  ,     ( ,       ;   ,        ).               ,     ,  , ,    .                  ,  ,    ,    ,       [41 - Seng?r A.M.C. On Sir Charles Lyells alleged distortion of Abraham Gottlob Werner in Principles of Geology and its implications for the nature of the scientific enterprise // Journal of Geology, 2002. Vol. 110. 3. P.361.].    ,    (  ), , ,  ,      ,             ,   ,   , ,       .

       ,                  .     ,  ,        ,    ,  , , , ,        [42 - Philosophical Magazine, 1817. P.187.].   1817.,       ,      :         .

        ,             ,    ,    ,    .  ,     ,      ,     ,    .             .    ,              ,     [43 - Werner, 1787.].        ,  ,           .        [44 - Oldroyd. 1971. P.125.].




 


            (17761845),   . (      1775-.)       .    ,      ,     ,        .

ʠ1809.       ,    .      ,   ,     ,      (       ),        .           ,       (   ,  ).     (                 ,   ,       )    .         1815.      ,      [45 - Pickford S. Ihave no pleasure in collecting for myself alone: Social authorship, networks of knowledge and Etheldred Benetts Catalogue of the Organic Remains of the County of Wiltshire (1831) // Journal of Literature and Science. 2015. Vol. 8. 1. P.73.].

    ,     ,    , ,      ,     .         ,         .  1831.         (ACatalog of the Organic Remains of the County of Wiltshire)    ,       .. .    :



      ,   ;   ,     [ ] ,         [46 - Benett E. A catalogue of the organic remains of the County of Wiltshire. Warminster: Vardy, 1831, 9p.].


              ,  -   (.1.4)[47 - Torrens H.S., Benamy E., Daescher E.B., Spamer E.E. and Bogan A.E. Etheldred Benett of Wiltshire, England, the first lady geologist: Her fossil collection in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and the rediscovery of lost specimens of Jurassic Trogoniidae (Mullusco: Bivalva) with their soft parts preserved // Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2000, April 14. Vol. 150. P.67.].        ( ,    ),         (        ),       .       (   ), Ichtyosaurus trigonus (  ,   ),    ,    , ,     ,            .

   ,      -    .         - ,  , ,   ,         .      12 1836.  :



,    ,      :     Dominum Etheldredum Benett[48 -    (.).].     ,    ,  ,         ,   ,            [49 - Benett E. Letter to Samuel Woodward, dated 12April, 1836. Woodward MSS, Norwich Museum, vol. 10. P.52.].


?            (18071865),     ,  .     ,              18481852.[50 - Torrens, Benamy, Daescher, Spamer, and Bogan, 2000. P.60.].           1980- .,  ,          ( )  .  ,          .              ,    1989.     [51 - Spamer E.E., Brogan A.E. and Torrens H.S. Recovery of the Etheldred Benett collection of fossils mostly from the Jurassic-Cretaceous strata of Wiltshire, England, analysis of the taxonomic nomenclature of Benett (1831), and notes and figures of type specimens contained in the collection // Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1989. Vol. 141. P.118.]. ,    ,           .






.1.4. Ostrea recurvirostra, Ostrea transversa  Turrilites undulates     (Benett, 1831, figure17;  .. )






  


            (17691839).      .   ,     ,    ,        .        ,      .         ,   ,        ,       .

     ,   ,   ,         ,    ,    -   .         ,             .

      ,     ,   ,        (       300400).       ,     .  , ,   -      .     ,    ,     .

 1795.            .    ,      ,    ,       (     ).        ,    ,          .           [52 - Torrens H.S. Rock stars: William Strata Smith // GSA Today, 2015, September. P.38.]          .      (        ),    .  ,              ,   .

 1815.       ,     (ADelineation of the Strata in England and Wales, with Part of Scotland)     (.   1.2).         ,   ,         ,          [53 - ,  ,          ,    (The Map That Changed the World. N. Y., Harper Collins, 2001).].          (Stratigraphical System of Organized Fossils)[54 - Smith W. Stratigraphical system of organized fossils with reference to the specimens of the original Geologic Collection in the British Museum explaining their state of preservation and their use in identifying British strata. London, E. Williams, 1817, 118p.].    ,  ,     ,               .

    1820.  ,   ,    ,    .       [55 - Woodward H.B. The History of the Geological Society of London. L.: Longmans, Green, 1908. P. vx.], ,  ,     .             ,    [56 - Greenough G.B. A geological map of England and Wales. L.: Longmans, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 1820, scale 5nautical miles to 1inch, 4sheets.] ,  ,   ,    ,      [57 - Torrens H.S. Timeless order: William Smith (17691839) and the search for raw materials 18001820 // Geological Society of London Special Publications, 2001. Vol. 190. 1. P.78.].

            .            ,  1831.      [58 -                    ,     ,   ,   ,                    .].

   ,           .      ,    ,          .  1838.      ,   .   ,           ,        .           ,    ,        ,  1839.,    .




 


  (17841856)    ,              .  1804.    ,  1808.       .  ,      1813.,  1819.  .       ,  ,    ,     и.          ,  Vindiciae geologiciae,       (Vindiciae geologiciae; or the Connexion of Geology with Religion Explained),         ,    .

 1818.       (17691832),       ,  ,      ,     .  ,    ,        ,    , Megalosaurus (   ,      ,   ,        ).

          1824.     ,       (Notice on the Megalosaurus or Great Fossil Lizard of Stonesfield)[59 - Buckland W. Notice on the Megalosaurus or great fossil lizard of Stones-field// Transactions of the Geological Society of London, 1824, series 2. 1. P.390396.]    ,  ,   [60 - Turner S., Burek C.V. and Moody R.T.J. Forgotten women in an extinct saurian (mans) world // Moody R.T. J., Buffetetaut E., Naish D. and Martill D.M. (eds.). Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Saurians: A Historical Perspective. L.: Geological Survey, 2010. P.111153.]   (.1.5).         ,      -.     ,   ,         . ,     ,    1841.    ,        XIX.     , Dinosauria (  ,   )[61 - Owen R. Report on British Fossil Reptiles, Part II, Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. 11th Meeting. L.: Richard and John E. Taylor, 1841b. P.85.].  ,    ,     ,   .

                .         , , ,   . -    ,     ,         ,        .      1823.    : Reliquiae diluvianae,     ,   ,      ,    ,      (Reliquiae diluvianae; Or, Observations on the Organic Remains Contained in Caves, Fissures and Diluvial Gravel, and on Other Geological Phenomena, Attesting the Action of an Universal Deluge)[62 - Buckland W. Reliquiae diluvianae; Or, Observations on the Organic Remains Contained in Caves, Fissures and Diluvial Gravel, and on Other Geological Phenomena, Attesting the Action of an Universal Deluge. L.: John Murray, 1823, 279p.].    ,     ,      (  )  .        ,        ,    .      1838.    ,    .       ,      ,     ,     ,    .






.1.5.  , ,       (Buckland, 1824, plate XLIV;    )



       1824.,         - .  1836.          ,    ,  :    ,       (The Bridgewater Treatises on the Power, Wisdom and Goodness of God as Manifested in the Creation: Animal and Vegetable Physiology, Considered with Reference to Natural Theology).     ,   ,  ,   .    ,         .           .

     .  ,  . , ,         [63 - Boyer P.J. William Buckland, 17841855: Scientific institutions, vertebrate palaeontology and Quaternary geology [Ph. D. thesis]. Leicester: University of Leicester, 1984. Vol. 1. P.220.].       ,   ,     ,  ,     .    -, ,            XIV,  :     ,       ,         [64 - Ibid. P.220.].

 ,     ,       1845.  1849.  ,         , 1856.           ,          ,     .     ,   . ,     ,    ,       .




 


  (17971875)     ,      .    ,            (18301833)[65 - Lyell C. Principles of Geology (Vol. 1): L.: Murray, 1830. P.40. ( .   ,        / . . . . .: .. , 1866.)].            , ,      .  -      ,      ,   .            ,  -     .     1822.      -,          ,     :    .

 1823.           .       ,        ,    ,  , ,       (      )[66 - Wilson L.G. Lyell, the man and his times // Blundell D.F. and Scott A.C. (eds.). Lyell: The Past Is the Key to the Present. L.: Geological Society, 1998. P.2137.].

        ,       ,   :  , ,        ,      [67 - Ibid.].      ,         , ,      ,                .        ,                   ()        .      ,    ,        ,  ,       ,    .        .            ,   .                .           ,             18411853.[68 - Dott R.H. Charles Lyells debt to North America: His lectures and travels from 1841to 1853 // Geological Society of London Special Publications. 1998. Vol. 143. 1. P.5369.].        ,  ,  ,       .   ,      ,     ,   .

        1830.,   1832.,    1833-.               ,       (17871857),    ,   (17851873),   [69 - Dean, 1992.]. ,     , ,          ,      ,     .  ,      ,         ,        ,   ,   [70 - Conybeare W.D. Letter on Mr. Lyells Principles of Geology // Philosophical Magazine, 1830, new series 8. P.215219.].

 3   ( )             .      ,     ,       [71 -       ,         // //   . ., 2007. .8. .242. . .]     - , ,       ,  ,         .   ,     ( ,   )  , ,    ,                .            ,         .   3                .   ,    , -,          -   ;       ,      .             (Elements of Geology),  1838.         .    ,         ,       .        ,  .       ,      ,   ,     ,         [72 - Wilson, 1998.].

           XIX.,       ,  .         ,        .             .       ,   ,    .             [73 - Wool D. Charles Lyell  the father of geology as a forerunner of modern ecology // Oikos, 2001. Vol. 94. 3. P.385391.].

                 .       ,      ,              (    : ,         ).                     ,         .

   ,      .     ⠫   ,       , -  ,      . ,     ,     [74 - Eiseley L.C. Darwins Century: Evolution and the Men Who Discovered It (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958. P.105); Coleman W. Lyell and the reality of species, 18301833 // Isis. 1962. P.326; Bartholomew M. Lyell and evolution: An account of Lyells response to the prospect of an evolutionary ancestry of man // British Journal for the History of Science. 1973. Vol. 26. 3. P.261.].     ,            (1863),         ,   .     ,               (18661868),        .      ,      ,              .

     1830- .          [75 - Dean, 1992. P.229.].    , ,     ,            .         ,            ,  ,        .




 


 ,       ,   ,   (17991847),       ,   -, ,     ,      ,      .       -  ,           .      ,        ,  .

   :    -,    ()     ,       .   1810.,      .        ,   .  1817.      ,   .    ,     ,    .

    -      ,  - ,     ,    ,  -     ,      . , 1833.     ,     ,        .

      ,            ,  ,   (     )     (   ,      ),     ( ,     )  [76 - Cope J.C.W. Geology of the Dorset Coast (second edition, with contributions from Malcolm Butler; Geologists Association Guide No. 22). London, Geological Society, 2016, 222p.].                        ,     .       ,   , ,    , Ichtyosaurus,  , Plesiosaurus.   , Ammonoidea (  ),  1  2 (6).       ,            .    (    ,  Belemnitida,      )   1 46,        3.

       (  3)  (1,5 15). ,     (     ,   ,   ),         (  );    ,   .    ,     .

       18111812.    .    ,       ,  ,         .       -  ,        ,     .  1823.          (.1.6)    ,     [77 - Owen R. A description of a specimen of the Plesiosaurus macrocephalus, Conybeare, in the collection of Viscount Cole, MP, DCL, FGS // Transactions of the Geological Society of London, 1840. Vol. 2. 3. P.515535.].     ,        ,  -   - ,        .          .         1824.         ,        (  ,         ,    ).         ,         ,    .        ,      ,        .           ()     [78 - Torrens H.S. Mary Anning (17991847) of Lyme: The greatest fossilist the world ever knew // British Journal for the History of Science. 1995. Vol. 28. P.264.].

    -,        ,         .       ,  ,  ,    [79 - Ibid. . Dorset County Council, 2000, Nomination for the Dorset and East Devon Coast for inclusion in the World Heritage List, UNESCO. P.2527.].        ,   ,     ,      ,  ,    [80 - Davis L.E. Mary Anning of Lyme Regis: 19th century pioneer in British palaeontology // Headwaters, Faculty Journal of the College of Saint Benedict and Saint Johns University, 2009. Vol. 26. P.105106.].       ,     .        .       ,      ,               .      , Pterosaurus (  ,      ;       ,   ),  1828.     ,  .          Squaloraja ( ),        .  1830.              .        .






.1.6. Plesiosaurus macrocephalus,   .      1836.,       (Owen, 1840, plate 43;   )



   ,   ,   ,       ,           ,  ,          .

    ,   Magazine of Natural History 1839.     ,          :       Hybodus (Note on the Supposed Frontal Spine in the Genus Hybodus)[81 - Anning M. Note on the supposed frontal spine in the genus Hybodus // Magazine of Natural History, 1839. Vol. 12. P.605.]


.  ,    ,   ,   ,      .          , , ,   .    1838.         ,      .            .

         , 1847.                   14 1848.  ,    ,         :



        ,    , ,                ,                 [sic]     ,    -    ,   ,      (          )         ,                  ,    [82 - De la Beche H.T. Obituary notes // Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 1848. P. xxicxx.].


        :         .     ,             ,   .




 


    (18071873) 1837.   ,        ,     .  ,      .     ,    ,    : 1829.,    ,      ,        .

           ,     , 1832.,   ,      .       ,  ,     .          , ,  ,    .  1836.   -     (17861855)         .   ,     ,    ,       .      [83 - Agassiz L. and Bettannier J. tudes sur les Glaciers (Studies on Glaciers). L.: Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1840.].

 1837.    ,      ,   .  1840.             (tudes sur les Glaciers);        ,       .     ,       ,  ,    ,  ,      ,    ,      .  ,  ,    ,      ,        ,   ,         .

 1845.       ,         ,    [84 - Scott M. 2018. Louis Agassiz. https://www. strangescience. net/agassiz. htm].   .  1846.,      ,       ,   .       ,         (.  2).




  


   XVIII.     :            .     :       ,     (17441829),     (17701847)[85 - Taquet P. Geology beyond the channel // Lewis C.L. E. and Knell S.J. (eds.). The Making of the Geological Society of London. L.: Geological Society of London Special Publications, 2009. Vol. 317. 1. P.155162.].

       :        ,        , 450.       .           ,     ,             -  .      ,    - (       ,   ,     U),   -  .  450.     (  ),      ,        [86 - Gupta S., Collier J.S., Palmer-Felgate A. and Potter G. Catastrophic flooding origins of the shelf valley system in the English Channel // Nature. 2007. Vol. 448, July 19. P.343.]




  .


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Philosophical Magazine, 1817. P.187.




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Werner, 1787.




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Spamer E.E., Brogan A.E. and Torrens H.S. Recovery of the Etheldred Benett collection of fossils mostly from the Jurassic-Cretaceous strata of Wiltshire, England, analysis of the taxonomic nomenclature of Benett (1831), and notes and figures of type specimens contained in the collection // Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1989. Vol. 141. P.118.




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Lyell C. Principles of Geology (Vol. 1): L.: Murray, 1830. P.40. ( .   ,        / . . . . .: .. , 1866.)




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Dott R.H. Charles Lyells debt to North America: His lectures and travels from 1841to 1853 // Geological Society of London Special Publications. 1998. Vol. 143. 1. P.5369.




69


Dean, 1992.




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Conybeare W.D. Letter on Mr. Lyells Principles of Geology // Philosophical Magazine, 1830, new series 8. P.215219.




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      ,         // //   . ., 2007. .8. .242. . .




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Wilson, 1998.




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Eiseley L.C. Darwins Century: Evolution and the Men Who Discovered It (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958. P.105); Coleman W. Lyell and the reality of species, 18301833 // Isis. 1962. P.326; Bartholomew M. Lyell and evolution: An account of Lyells response to the prospect of an evolutionary ancestry of man // British Journal for the History of Science. 1973. Vol. 26. 3. P.261.




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Dean, 1992. P.229.




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77


Owen R. A description of a specimen of the Plesiosaurus macrocephalus, Conybeare, in the collection of Viscount Cole, MP, DCL, FGS // Transactions of the Geological Society of London, 1840. Vol. 2. 3. P.515535.




78


Torrens H.S. Mary Anning (17991847) of Lyme: The greatest fossilist the world ever knew // British Journal for the History of Science. 1995. Vol. 28. P.264.




79


Ibid. . Dorset County Council, 2000, Nomination for the Dorset and East Devon Coast for inclusion in the World Heritage List, UNESCO. P.2527.




80


Davis L.E. Mary Anning of Lyme Regis: 19th century pioneer in British palaeontology // Headwaters, Faculty Journal of the College of Saint Benedict and Saint Johns University, 2009. Vol. 26. P.105106.




81


Anning M. Note on the supposed frontal spine in the genus Hybodus // Magazine of Natural History, 1839. Vol. 12. P.605.




82


De la Beche H.T. Obituary notes // Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 1848. P. xxicxx.




83


Agassiz L. and Bettannier J. tudes sur les Glaciers (Studies on Glaciers). L.: Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1840.




84


Scott M. 2018. Louis Agassiz. https://www. strangescience. net/agassiz. htm




85


Taquet P. Geology beyond the channel // Lewis C.L. E. and Knell S.J. (eds.). The Making of the Geological Society of London. L.: Geological Society of London Special Publications, 2009. Vol. 317. 1. P.155162.




86


Gupta S., Collier J.S., Palmer-Felgate A. and Potter G. Catastrophic flooding origins of the shelf valley system in the English Channel // Nature. 2007. Vol. 448, July 19. P.343.


