 .    .  .  
  


 .     #1
           ,     .  ,     ,      .    .   ,    ,   ,     , ,        ,  ,       .     ,     ,     ,     ,     ,     ,     .  1930-  1940-   800    .            .  ໠     ,  ,     .       .

 ,  ,          ,      ,     ,   ,    ,   ,        ,  ,   .





 

 .    

 .  



     (Artwork by Francesco Bongiorni)

    (Jacket design by Chris Ferrante)



          



 Yuri Slezkine, 2017

 . ,    , 2019

 . , , 2019

   Ҕ, 2019

 CORPUS 

18+


* * *


  .

    蠖  .

    :  -,   -.


:

		   , 
		 ,  ,
		      
		    !

   , ,
 . 

  ,  ,    ,   .     ,  ,     ,     ,            ,     頖   ,          ,     ,    ,       .            ,    ,   :  ,  ,   , , ,  ,  , . , ,  , ,   .

 , ,  









          .     .         ,      .

               .         ; 505   , , , , , , , ,  ,  ,        ,     .  -      1300 ;   ࠖ   1500 .

  , , , ,  , -, -,  ,     ,     .

 1935    2600 .  700    ,      . ,   588 ,   .  ,    600 800 , , , , , , , ,     (  57   ).

   ,    , ,     .

 1930- 1940-   800      ,   .    .      ,     .

  1941    . ,      .  -  ,    .        .


* * *

   . 젖     ,       :     ,   ,  ,  ,       . ,       ,   .    ໠  .

 栖 .      ,  .             ,        .          .     ,   ,    ,    .

 栖 .           ,  ,    .         .               ,     .    ⠖  ,  ,     ࠖ     .      ,   ,   ø堖    .

     .  ,  ,       ,    ,   ,   ,   ,   ,     , ,   .

 ,  ,      ;      ;     ;            .

 , ,    ,    ,     ,    ,    ,    ,         .

 ,       ,        ,      .


* * *

         ,    .      ,       .

            (. 103 104)  ,       .            (. 389, 18)      ,       , ,   ,    .       1920-    (. 357)           .       (. 28)  ,   .        ,  .        (. 393)       ,        .     1919   (. 230)     ,    ( ).    - ,    (. 372),         .

 ,         (. 262),  ,  ,   .  ,        (. 162),    .  ,        (. 418),            ,        ,  .   ,        ,   (. 319),   ,  -.        .       ,    .  (. 319)   ,  ()             - (. 470).          (. 39)          ,    ࠖ  .      ,        ( );     .  -,         (. 237),         , , , .       (. 245, 291)       , , , .

 ,       (. 400),          .      ,    .  ,       (. 199),    ,  .        .  ,       (. 159),        ,      ,  .  ,               ,      ,      .  ,      (. 10 505),       .  -     (. 226)         .     (. 143)         .         .  ,    ,         (. 82).  ,           (. 137),  ,     .  ,  ,     ,   , , , , , ,     .







     . ߠ            ;    ,          ;     ;    ;       ;  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , ..,  , ..,       .    ,        :  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  -,  ,  ,        .

   ,    ,    ;     ,    ;       ⠫ ;    ,     .      ,          .

   ,         :    ,      -      ,      .    .

   .      ;        ;     ,      .          .




 

 





 I








 






1.


    ,   .     , , , , , ,  ,         .  1495  III            .   ,    ,  .     , 堖  ( -), 堖   .      -     ,       ,  .   1701  , a       ,    [1 -  (.: , 1998), .2438; ?.  ?   ? i (.: -. ., 1917), .301305; ., .   (.:     , 1999), .522, 3637.].

  1783        .   ,   ,      .  1812,   ,      .  蠖 , ,   ࠖ  .        ,   .  ,  ,    ,  1883      ,    ,        ,     ,     [2 - , .3338, 47; , .  , .2324; .,  - :     18131931 (.:, 1992), .16.].

        ()     ,    ,   ,   ,      .  1867   ,      ,           .   ,   ,        ,       .      , , ,  ( )   ,  , , ,    蠫 .     ,   ,   蠫  .        .      ,   ,   (   )       .        .    , .      [3 - ., .,  蠖 XX:    (.: -, 2001), .120121; . ., .,      .  XVIII  XX.(.:  , 1968), .97; . .,  ,     XX (.: -, 2005), .7881; http://www.redoct.msk.ru/rus/about/history.shtml;  . 179, . 62, . 17680; . 63, . 17546; .,    (.: -, 1927), .1520.].













         



       - (ࠫ  -  )    ,  ,      ,      ,      ,      ,             . Ѡ        ,     ,  .  ,     .  , , ,   (   )     . [4 - , . 179, . 62, . 17678, 17679, 17544,17686; ., ,   !    http://testan.narod.ru/article/bersen.htm; , .  , .2934.].

  ,   ,     .



    ,   ,    .    .    :  ,  ,    ,  ,     , , .     .    ,  ,  , ,    ,   .          ,  ,      .     .  ,   ,   ,    . -  .      , ,    ,  , ,  , , ,   [5 - .,  (.: , 1994), .23.].





       






-






  



   .  ,       ()  ,     , , , , , , ,  .   ,  ,  蠫 ,      .  .    ,        1895        ,  ⠫  ,      . Ӡ       .     .        . Ӡ    䠖 , , .         .   ,       [6 - .,   , .1 (.:  , 1929), .811.].






 .  






      






      






 - 













   



  .       ,   ,   ,   330    ( ,    ,     ).         - ,       ,   ,      ,  ,    (     )   ,     [7 - , . 179, . 62, . 17693, 17693a; . 63, . 17551, 17559, 17560;  , .,   , .268; .,   (., 2007),  9 (http://www.pohmel.com/?q=node/394); , .,  , .279280.].

 ,    ( 1858    ),     .      ,     ⠫ .  ,           ,   , , , ,   ,      ,        .       .    , ,   ࠖ    ,    , . 蠖  ,    .  ,    [8 - Joseph Bradley, Muzhik and Muscovite: Urbanization in Late Imperial Russia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), .251; , .,  , .153.. :  ,  , .8890.].






  






 






  



  -  (   )   .  ,  ,   ,       (, , , )  . ʠ   ,  ,    ,           ,         ,      ,      ,      ,      ,      ,      ,      ,             [9 -  . 179, . 62, . 17697, 17694, 17695, 17696; . 63, . 17563, 17561; Semen Kanatchikov, A Radical Worker in Tsarist Russia: The Autobiograpy of Semen Ivanovich Kanatchikov, ed. and trans. ReginaldE.Zelnik (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1986), 7, 25, 34..: , , . 1, .8, 21.].

 ,  ,    ,       ,   .       ,   . Ѡ1894 1906     ,      .    ,  , ,    23,  ,    ,    , ,    ,  ,     ,  .     -    ,      : ߠ  ,     ,  ,     ,    .            (Op. 15)     [10 - , . 179, . 62, . 17699; , .52; ., ..    ,  1 (M.: , 1988), .386389; .,  (M.:  , 1955), .115; ., .. (M.:  , 1976), .206207; Barrie Martyn, Rachmaninoff: Composer, Pianist, Conductor (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1990), .104106; .,   ( , 19  1992).].






  1904.



        ,   ,  ,   .          .    1856 ,       ,  1863   .  1897-    .  1901     [11 - , . 179, . 62, . 17700; , .,  , .118;  , .,   , .93, 115.].

     ,  .    ⠫  .     蠖  ,  ,   ,  ,      ,     .   .     , -     , ,  , [12 - ,   , .1, .1718.].






   






 .    



  ,    , ,      ,          . 䠫   ,           -   ,     -      [13 - , .43.].

   ,       (     ,    ),     1896      .  , ꠫,  蠫 (   ,    ,    ,     ),  .       ,  ,   ,    -,    ,     ,   ,  ,    ,       (      )   ,  ,     .    ,   ,  ,   ,   ,   ,   [14 - , .14, 1718.].






 



       . ,  ,  ,  , ,  , , ,    .        ,      .      .    ,   .       [15 - , .11, 1516.. : Robert Eugene Johnson, Peasant and Proletarian: The Working Class of Moscow in the Late Nineteenth Century (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1979); VictoriaE.Bonnell, Roots of Rebellion: Workers Politics and Organizations in St. Petersburg and Moscow, 19901914 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983).].

ʠ              ,        ,       .         - .      ,   .         蠫    ,    .  , ,    ,    ,    ,   .  .    , ,  ,     ,   .   ,  , , ,   ,   .    ,       ,     , ,  ,   [16 -  ,  , .9498.. : , .40; , .,  , .153, 181.].

     ,   .   ,        -       :  .     ,     ,   ,  ,  ,   ,  ,  .   ,  , , , , , , , [17 - , , .23.].


* * *

         .      ,  ;  ,   (      );     ;          ;    ,   (    );      (    ,  );  , 1914      (      );       ;     ;         ;   ,   ,   -  (  ,       ,    );   ,  ;     ,       頖 ;             ,   ;      ,   ;    ;     ;    ;  ,  ,    ;  ,        ,   ,      [18 - , .,  , .255256, 261262, 266273, 276280, 285286, 293294, 328, 360;  ,  , .225, 237238, 244, 297318, 339340 ( . . 305); RobertW.Thurston, Liberal City, Conservative State: Moscow and Russias Urban Crisis, 19061914 (NY: Oxford University Press, 1987), .8589, 154159; Joseph Bradley, Muzhik and Muscovite: Urbanization in Late Imperial Russia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), .299337; PaulW.Werth, In the States Embrace? Civil Acts in an Imperial Order, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 7.3 (2006), .433458.]. (    ,      ,   ,   ,    .)[19 -  , . 1, .125126; ., .,   (M.:  , 1993), .7576.]

      .  蠖     .   XX   ,       (      : 70    ,    ),      (    ,          :  ,  ).       ,      ,   ,     .   , -       ,        ,   ,   [20 - Bradley, Muzhik and Muscovite, .4, 940; , .,  , .2930;  , . 1, .125126; , ,  , .7576.].

      ,    .            (278   ,  325 , 336  442 ).  ,    ,     , , , ,  ,  , ,   .             (     ,      ),       蠫    ,     .        ꠫,  蠫.   ,  ,    [21 - Thurston, Liberal City, Conservative State, .87; , . 1272, . 1, . 345358 (  . . 358); . 475, . 19, . 167, 167, 168; . 17, . 1312, . 339.. : JonathanW.Daly, The Watchful State: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 19061917 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004).].

  1905          ,     .            ,    .   1905      .  ,   , ,  ,   ,    (,     ,    ).   1905    ; 1906 1913   ;  1908    ,       ;   1915              .      ,  .   ( ,  )    ,  ;   (    )   ;     (   )     ;       (    )    ,  ;  ,    ,       - 蠫    .       fin-de-si?cle,          .   ,   .   ,  ,  [22 - .,     1905. (.: , 1955), .5152, 57; Laura Engelstein, Moscow, 1905: Working-Class Organization and Political Conflict (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982), .8586, 110, 206208, 214;  , .,   , .164, 172, 176; ,   , .2634, 3847 (  . . 28); Eric Lohr, Nationalizing the Russian Empire: The Campaign against Enemy Aliens during World War I (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), .16, 34.Π .    1908., . 179, . 62, 63.].

  ,          ,  ,    ,     ; ,      ;  (),    ,  ; ,        ; ,   ( )    ; ,      ; ,       ; -,     ; ,  - ,      ; , , ,   ,   ,   ,          [23 - ChristineD.Worobec, Miraculous Healings, in MarkD.Stenberg and HeatherD.Coleman, ed., Sacred Stories: Religion and Spirituality in Modern Russia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007), .2243; RoyR.Robson, Transforming Solovki: Pilgrim Narratives, Modernization, and Late Imperial Monastic Life : Stenberg and Coleman, ed., Sacred Stories, .4460; MarkD.Steinberg, Proletarian Imagination: Self, Modernity, and the Sacred in Russia, 19101925 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), .224246; Nadieszda Kizenko, A Prodigal Saint: Father John of Kronstadt and the Russian People (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), .196200 passim; Vera Shevzov, Russian Orthodoxy on the Eve of Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004); Gregory Freeze, Subvesive Piety: Religion and the Political Crisis in Late Imperial Russia, Journal of Modern History 68 (June 1996), .308350; HeatherJ.Coleman, Russian Baptists and Spiritual Revolution, 19051929 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), .4160 passim; A., . ,   (M.: , 1998); Olga Matich, Erotic Utopia: The Decadent Imagination in Russias Fin de Si?cle (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2005), .910 (     . . 3); Irina Paperno, Introduction  The Meaning of Art: Symbolist Theories : Irina Paperno and Joan Delaney Grossman, ed., Creating Life: The Aesthetic Utopia of Russian Modernism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994), .123; .,   (. . 19111914), . 6, .85. . : DavidM.Bethea, The Shape of Apocalypse in Modern Russian Fiction (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Irene Masing-Delic, Abolishing Death: A Salvation Myth of Russian Twentieth-Century Literature (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992); Christopher Read, Religion, Revolution and the Russian Intelligentsia 19001912 (London: Macmillan, 1979); Laura Engelstein, Castration and the Heavenly Kingdom (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999); MarkD.Steinberg, Petersburg Fin de Si?cle (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011), .234267; RobertC.Williams, The Russian Revolution and the End of Time: 19001940, Jahrb?cher f?r Geschichte Osteuropas 43, No. 3 (1995), .364401.].

     .         ࠖ -  ,  ,  ,  , ,  ,  ,  .     ,  , ꠫  ,  ,  .  ,   ,           ,  - 蠫    ,   -  : Ƞ   ,       Ƞ  ,   ,    [24 - ., , .179180; .,   , . 2 (.: , 2005), .202, 222234, 267268, 310. . 267268, 310; . 11:19; . 26:1213.].

 ,    ,      蠫 ,    ;  ,     , ,       ;  ,    ,   ,     ;  ,     ,      XIII  , Dies Irae.         :    ,                     . ,         [25 - .,  (M.: , 1982), .90; ,   , . 1, .14, 29; Kanatchikov, A Radical Worker, .34; Polina Dimova, The Poet of Fire: Aleksandr Skriabins Synaesthetic Symphony Prometheus and the Russian Symbolist Poetics of Light ( ); Martyn, Rachmaninoff, .94104; , .., .214241.  : .,    (M.: , 1973), .103.].






   (1908)






   (1908)






   (1908)






   (1908)



     ,   堖     .      (Op. 13)      (Op. 15),        (Op. 14, 11).     ,        [26 - Martyn, .110; , .247249.  (. ,   ,    7, 1910,  195) : , .128.].

		  ,
		  
		   ,
		, , 

		   :
		 ,  ,
		   ,
		   !

		 ,  ,
		Ƞ,   
		,  
		  !..

  1904   ,   ߻  ..,       .  ࠫ  / 蠫   ? ,     .



     ,  .             .  ,  .  , ,   ,     ,        [27 - .,  , . 1 (M.: , 1957), .139.]


,    , ߻   ,   ,   蠫 .




2.


     .      ,         .   ,         .

Ӡ   .      ,      .        ,       , -       , - ( )    ,     ꠫   [28 - , , . .585674; Read, Religion, Revolution, and the Russian Intelligentsia, .5794; Catherine Evtuhov, The Cross and the Sickle: Sergei Bulgakov and the Fate of Russian Religious Philosophy,18901920 (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1997); .,  .     (.: , 1997), . .207247; .,  , . 1, 2 (: , 19081911); .,    :  , .4 (Paris: YMCA Press, 1990), .2937; .,  :     XIX  XX (.: , 1997), .168183; .-,  , . 1 (.:  , 1959), .184; Roland Boer, Lenin, Religion, and Theology (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), .59101; David Graeme Rowley, Millenarian Bolshevism: Empiriomonism, God-Building, Proletarian Culture (New York: Garland, 1987); Vatro Murvar, Messianism in Russia: Religious and Revolutionary, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 10 (1971), .277338; ,   , . 1, .137.].

     .     ;       .           .

      .   -    蠫 .    , , ,     :    (, , )     .  ,        .

           .      ,    -        .       ,          ( ).     ,    ,     ( ,  ,         ).       [29 -      (.:  , 1989), .372, 569, 688; , , .2729; , . 124, . 1, . 1848 (..), . 6.].






 






 



        ,     (  ). ,       ,   .  ,  (  );   ,    (  );     ,  ,    .     .     ;   ,    .

   .      .      ; 蠖  -    ; 蠖     ;       ; ,         .     :       ;    -,  ;       .        .






  ()

  



  ,  ,      .   ,    .    ,  , .  ,       ,   ,  .



  . 堖   ࠖ     .

   ,   ,   ,    .


          .      .



   ,  ,    ,  ߅        ,  ,        ,    ,  1718-  , ,    ,  , , , ,    ,    ,  ,      ,      ,     ,   ,   ,        :     ,     [30 -  , 50, . 1 (.:    -, 1934), .7, 1718.].


       .   ()    ( ,  ,   )   , - - , ,    . (Ƞ   .)[31 -  , .593, 595.Π   .: Liliana Riga, The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).]

         ,      .  ࠖ   ,      ࠖ        ,   , ,   ,  [32 -  . 124, . 1, . 603 (), . 4 (  );  , .701702.. :  , .395 ();  . 124, . 1, . 1114 (), . 4.].






 






 



    .       .           .



ߠ  ,   : ,  ,     , ,  , .       . ߠ  [33 -  , .546, 548.].


 (1864 ),  (1873)  (1869)    . Ӡ,  1880- 1890- ,   ,  .  ,    1 (,    )   ,     , 蠫,    .



 , ,     ࠖ  , , ,   ,     ,    ,    .    ,    ,    ,     ,    .     ,  ,    ,      .     ,     .  .     ,   ,  ,  ,      ,  .    ,     ,  ;           ,  .   , , .    -             .          ,       ,   .

       - .     ,     ; , ,     .     , ,   ,    ,     ,    ,  ,  , ,             ,   .   ,       :    ?     ,  ,    ,          ,  .    ,        [34 - , , .309310.].


  ,  ,     (  ,  )   .    :    [35 -  , , , , . 1 (.,   1990), .73.].

    .     ,       , ,   ,   .  ,   ,  ,      , .  -          ,  ?,  :   .  ?   ,  :  ?   . ,  . ,   ,  蠫.       ,    ,   [36 - .,    (.:  , 1985), .5963; ., .-, .,  : Π . , ,   (.:   , 1985), .2530.  : .-,  :    .. (.:  , 1934), .1112.].






 



   .     ( ,     ),    (   1893 ),    (   ).         .



  - ,   3-       . ߠ  .       .     , , , . ߠ   .  .      ,       . ,  ,      [37 - .,    1905 (K.:    ()  , 1925), .16.].


  ,  ,  .  :



  ,      ,    .     :   ,  ,  ,   [38 - .,  . .  , 1 (1931), .87.].


    (     ).    .    .



-  [ ],     ,  .     ,      .   .   . -,  ,   - ,    ,    ,   .     .  蠖      ⠖    ,  ,   : -    ,     ,  [39 - , .8788.].


   .    ,    .



        ,     ,      .  , , , , , ,     .    .         ,    .





 






  ()

 .. 



   ,    , ,       , , ,  .       ,     .  ,    ,  , , , , ,     , .      :  ,  , -, -   ,  [40 - , .82.].


  ,    ,      .   , 堖 ;   .        ,  ,  , 頖 , , ,   ,    軠  .

   ⠫     ,   -     軠      .



- -  ,   .  ,   , -  , ,  ,   ,     蠖    ;    ;    ,   .        ;  ,   ,      .  , ,  ,   .   ,    [41 - ,   , . 1, 1618.].


    -.       ,      .



  [, , ]   ,   , ,    ,     ,    . Ƞ,        , , ,         ,   . , ,    ,     . Ƞ    ,     - , ,  ,   , ,       ,     ,  ,      ,   [42 - ,  . , .88, 90.].


 ⠫      .  ,   ,  , ,   .



        -,      ,              䠖       ,       ,  , ,     ,  , [43 - , 50, . 1, .18.]


      蠫   (,      ,     ).   ࠫ 蠫.     [44 - , .19.].

     .    ,     ,       .      ,  .        -    (         :  )[45 - ,  .  .91; A.,      (ࠖ :  , 1926), .6667;  , .569570.].

             .       7   ,                ( ).    .



    ,  ,     ,   .        ,     .           (,   ,    ). ߠ       .       ,   - .    -       .     ,  ,     , ,  .  1905      [46 -  , .570.       . 124, . 1 (  ).    .124    .].


   ()  ()    .  1907,   ,           - .          ..,    .-. .  :



 .   ,  ࠖ   ,   蠖  , , , , ,         ,        ,  .


     , ,      .   ,   ,     .        .



     .  ,        .   .    ࠖ    ,    [ ].      ,      , -    , .


  ,    ,        .  ,  ,     .              .    .  ,  .    . ,     ,   ,       [47 - ,   , .6871,     ,  : .,  . .  , 2 (1931), .85, 87.].

       .        ,   -,     :   ,  ,  ,    .  ,    ;  ,    ;  ,     ;  ,             .    :



      ,   .     ,      .  ,   ,  ,      ,       ,       ,  . Ƞ    :   !   ,  :    !         ! Π, ,    ,    ,  ;   ,     ,         .     ,      ,      ,   ,    , ,  ![48 - .,   , . 5, . 6 (.: , 1963), .910 (http://uaio.ru/vil/06.htm).]


      .    ( !)          ,   1.             ,    ,       , ,       [49 - , , .31637.]

  ꠫    ,         (       ),    (   :     ,  ,   ,     ,   ),    ,  ,   ,  -,    . , , , , ,         [50 -  , .569; A.,   (.:  , 1933), .30; , 50, . 1, .18.Π    .: .,   :     XX     (.: , 1999);    .: SusanK.Morrissey, Heralds of Revolution: Russian Students and the Mythologies of Radicalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998);   .: Inna Shtakser, The Making of Jewish Revolutionaries in the Pale of Settlement (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).].

 1909   ⠖    ,      젖     .  ,    (,  ,      砫 ),     .



        .   ,    :

    ,      ?      .  .   .

    .   ,  ,   ,   .

 ,  ,   ,    :

  .

 ,    , .    .        .        .

 :

 ,  , ?

  .

 .

Ӡ      [51 - .,    (.:  , 1935), .3235.. :   .  (.: , 1988), .3335.].



* * *




 



     .     .    .



   ,  , .  .  ,  ,    ,   ,   .    .   ;   ,   ,  .    ,    .      ,   ,     ,  :

  [52 - ,   , . 2, .229230.].


    ,   ,   ,       .     ,     ,        [53 - , .224225.].

      .      . ,   ,     .   , ,   [54 - ,    , . 2 (, 1934), .136; ,   , . 1, .115.].



  . ߠ   ,    .      . ߠ    ,    ,  ,    ,    ,  ,  ,      ,  頖  ,     [55 - ,   , . 1, .118.].


 ,  ,   .      ,  .  ( )   ;   ( )   .          (, , ).   ,   .

     . -,   .    ;    . ,   , ,  . ,    , ,      .           ,          .     ,    .

     .     (        ,   ⠫?),     .    .   ,        ,   ,     ,  . ,     :    .   .   ,   .     , ,   ,  ,  ,   . , .     .      [56 - ,   , . 5, . 6, .79 (http://uaio.ru/vil/06.htm); ,   , . 2, .137; , , .336.].

        ( ).         .   ,   .      (  ).     ,  . -    ,   .     ,    .    ,    .






 



          ࠖ   .    :  ,      , -!  ?  ,     ,     , :   , !    Ƞ ,     (     ):   .  ,    , , [57 - ,   , . 2, .229; , 50, .49.. : Kanatchikov, A Radical Worker in Tsarist Russia, .xv xxx ( ) ReginaldE.Zelnik, Russian Bebels: An Introduction to the Memoirs of the Russian Workers Sem?n Kanatchikov and Matvei Fisher, Russian Review, . 35, 3 (July 1976), .288289.].

 ,   ,   ,         ,   , , .  ,  ,      ( ,   ..). Ƞ       ,   ,   -   .   ,   砫   ,       . ,   ,   ,     ,      .     ,  ,        .    ,   - ,       [58 -  , .476479.].

 ,  -,    1908,  21.      ,   ,    , ,   .       砫  :



..,   ,   ,      .    ,  ,    ,  ,  ,  ,    . ,     ,   ,     [59 -  : , ,  (.: , 1987), .46; . .,   (.:   , 1989), .1719.].


    ,      ,   ,  ,  , ,    .



          .       ,   ,     .         .      .          ,   , :  ,    ..,   ,    .


     .



 ,  ,    ,    1 ,    .    50.     ,    .    ,  ,    . Ѡ   . Ƞ , ,      ,  .


        ,    .  -    ,      [60 - , . 124, .1, . 1919 (..), . 12 .].

    ,      ,  .         (   ),       .  ,    ,     .       :



                       ,     1901   1902   .       -.


     ,    ,          .   .



 1908,    ,   ,     ,        ,     ,  ,     ,  : , ,     ,  2-    젖  .


 ,        [61 - , . 1429 (..), . 34 .].

  ,      ,     .    ,    ,   ,        ,          (     ,  ,  , , ,     ).        .



    - ,    ,      - , ,  ,             .    ࠫ,  ,     [62 - ,   , . 1, .2628.].


, ,         ,   .       , , ,   .   , ,    . Ƞ ( )  ,     -[63 - , .27, 84;  , .477; .,   .. : Π , .45; . .,  : Π , .28.].

 ,  -   .  ,   ,   ,    ,    ,   , ,     .      ,    , ࠫ컠   ,     . (  ,      ,   .)   , , ,      ,   .    , , ,    ,    . 頖    蠫    .    ,     ,   ,      .   ![64 -  , .52.]

  .  :



  ,            ,          ,         .   ,   ,   ,      [65 - ,   , . 1, .87.].


       ,   ,  ,    ,       -,       .  , , ,    ,   ,  ,        , ,  ,   ,  ,  , , ,  ,  . (   .)  1906      ,    - . -   :     48  ,     .   -  .  ,   1930-:



  ,   :   ,   (       )  ,     .  ,       ,     ,   .


 , - ,    -, - .    .






 



  ,      ,    . ߠ:   (    ), , .   ,  .

Π    , , . ,          -     ,   .     ,  ,  ,    . , , , -   , -   , , .

ߠ.

, ,    ?

    .

       ,         ,      [66 - . .,  : Π , .2530 ( . 29); A.,   (.:  , 1987), .2021; ,   , . 1, .4041; , , .3032.].


  ,  .  ,      ,  ,  .       ,      (  )[67 - ,   , . 2 (:   , 1934),.88.].



,    ,     ,    ,             . Ѡ     .      ,     ,   ,   , .     ,   ,    ,          , 堖   .     ,      ,      .        ,   [68 - ,    (:  , 1929), .8586.]





  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/uriy-lvovich-slezkin/dom-pravitelstva-saga-o-russkoy-revolucii-kniga-perva/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 (.: , 1998), .2438; ?.  ?   ? i (.: -. ., 1917), .301305; ., .   (.:     , 1999), .522, 3637.




2


, .3338, 47; , .  , .2324; .,  - :     18131931 (.:, 1992), .16.




3


., .,  蠖 XX:    (.: -, 2001), .120121; . ., .,      .  XVIII  XX.(.:  , 1968), .97; . .,  ,     XX (.: -, 2005), .7881; http://www.redoct.msk.ru/rus/about/history.shtml;  . 179, . 62, . 17680; . 63, . 17546; .,    (.: -, 1927), .1520.




4


, . 179, . 62, . 17678, 17679, 17544,17686; ., ,   !    http://testan.narod.ru/article/bersen.htm; , .  , .2934.




5


.,  (.: , 1994), .23.




6


.,   , .1 (.:  , 1929), .811.




7


, . 179, . 62, . 17693, 17693a; . 63, . 17551, 17559, 17560;  , .,   , .268; .,   (., 2007),  9 (http://www.pohmel.com/?q=node/394); , .,  , .279280.




8


Joseph Bradley, Muzhik and Muscovite: Urbanization in Late Imperial Russia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), .251; , .,  , .153.. :  ,  , .8890.




9


 . 179, . 62, . 17697, 17694, 17695, 17696; . 63, . 17563, 17561; Semen Kanatchikov, A Radical Worker in Tsarist Russia: The Autobiograpy of Semen Ivanovich Kanatchikov, ed. and trans. ReginaldE.Zelnik (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1986), 7, 25, 34..: , , . 1, .8, 21.




10


, . 179, . 62, . 17699; , .52; ., ..    ,  1 (M.: , 1988), .386389; .,  (M.:  , 1955), .115; ., .. (M.:  , 1976), .206207; Barrie Martyn, Rachmaninoff: Composer, Pianist, Conductor (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1990), .104106; .,   ( , 19  1992).




11


, . 179, . 62, . 17700; , .,  , .118;  , .,   , .93, 115.




12


,   , .1, .1718.




13


, .43.




14


, .14, 1718.




15


, .11, 1516.. : Robert Eugene Johnson, Peasant and Proletarian: The Working Class of Moscow in the Late Nineteenth Century (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1979); VictoriaE.Bonnell, Roots of Rebellion: Workers Politics and Organizations in St. Petersburg and Moscow, 19901914 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983).




16


 ,  , .9498.. : , .40; , .,  , .153, 181.




17


, , .23.




18


, .,  , .255256, 261262, 266273, 276280, 285286, 293294, 328, 360;  ,  , .225, 237238, 244, 297318, 339340 ( . . 305); RobertW.Thurston, Liberal City, Conservative State: Moscow and Russias Urban Crisis, 19061914 (NY: Oxford University Press, 1987), .8589, 154159; Joseph Bradley, Muzhik and Muscovite: Urbanization in Late Imperial Russia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), .299337; PaulW.Werth, In the States Embrace? Civil Acts in an Imperial Order, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 7.3 (2006), .433458.




19


 , . 1, .125126; ., .,   (M.:  , 1993), .7576.




20


Bradley, Muzhik and Muscovite, .4, 940; , .,  , .2930;  , . 1, .125126; , ,  , .7576.




21


Thurston, Liberal City, Conservative State, .87; , . 1272, . 1, . 345358 (  . . 358); . 475, . 19, . 167, 167, 168; . 17, . 1312, . 339.. : JonathanW.Daly, The Watchful State: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 19061917 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004).




22


.,     1905. (.: , 1955), .5152, 57; Laura Engelstein, Moscow, 1905: Working-Class Organization and Political Conflict (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982), .8586, 110, 206208, 214;  , .,   , .164, 172, 176; ,   , .2634, 3847 (  . . 28); Eric Lohr, Nationalizing the Russian Empire: The Campaign against Enemy Aliens during World War I (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), .16, 34.Π .    1908., . 179, . 62, 63.




23


ChristineD.Worobec, Miraculous Healings, in MarkD.Stenberg and HeatherD.Coleman, ed., Sacred Stories: Religion and Spirituality in Modern Russia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007), .2243; RoyR.Robson, Transforming Solovki: Pilgrim Narratives, Modernization, and Late Imperial Monastic Life : Stenberg and Coleman, ed., Sacred Stories, .4460; MarkD.Steinberg, Proletarian Imagination: Self, Modernity, and the Sacred in Russia, 19101925 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), .224246; Nadieszda Kizenko, A Prodigal Saint: Father John of Kronstadt and the Russian People (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), .196200 passim; Vera Shevzov, Russian Orthodoxy on the Eve of Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004); Gregory Freeze, Subvesive Piety: Religion and the Political Crisis in Late Imperial Russia, Journal of Modern History 68 (June 1996), .308350; HeatherJ.Coleman, Russian Baptists and Spiritual Revolution, 19051929 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), .4160 passim; A., . ,   (M.: , 1998); Olga Matich, Erotic Utopia: The Decadent Imagination in Russias Fin de Si?cle (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2005), .910 (     . . 3); Irina Paperno, Introduction  The Meaning of Art: Symbolist Theories : Irina Paperno and Joan Delaney Grossman, ed., Creating Life: The Aesthetic Utopia of Russian Modernism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994), .123; .,   (. . 19111914), . 6, .85. . : DavidM.Bethea, The Shape of Apocalypse in Modern Russian Fiction (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Irene Masing-Delic, Abolishing Death: A Salvation Myth of Russian Twentieth-Century Literature (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992); Christopher Read, Religion, Revolution and the Russian Intelligentsia 19001912 (London: Macmillan, 1979); Laura Engelstein, Castration and the Heavenly Kingdom (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999); MarkD.Steinberg, Petersburg Fin de Si?cle (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011), .234267; RobertC.Williams, The Russian Revolution and the End of Time: 19001940, Jahrb?cher f?r Geschichte Osteuropas 43, No. 3 (1995), .364401.




24


., , .179180; .,   , . 2 (.: , 2005), .202, 222234, 267268, 310. . 267268, 310; . 11:19; . 26:1213.




25


.,  (M.: , 1982), .90; ,   , . 1, .14, 29; Kanatchikov, A Radical Worker, .34; Polina Dimova, The Poet of Fire: Aleksandr Skriabins Synaesthetic Symphony Prometheus and the Russian Symbolist Poetics of Light ( ); Martyn, Rachmaninoff, .94104; , .., .214241.  : .,    (M.: , 1973), .103.




26


Martyn, .110; , .247249.  (. ,   ,    7, 1910,  195) : , .128.




27


.,  , . 1 (M.: , 1957), .139.




28


, , . .585674; Read, Religion, Revolution, and the Russian Intelligentsia, .5794; Catherine Evtuhov, The Cross and the Sickle: Sergei Bulgakov and the Fate of Russian Religious Philosophy,18901920 (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1997); .,  .     (.: , 1997), . .207247; .,  , . 1, 2 (: , 19081911); .,    :  , .4 (Paris: YMCA Press, 1990), .2937; .,  :     XIX  XX (.: , 1997), .168183; .-,  , . 1 (.:  , 1959), .184; Roland Boer, Lenin, Religion, and Theology (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), .59101; David Graeme Rowley, Millenarian Bolshevism: Empiriomonism, God-Building, Proletarian Culture (New York: Garland, 1987); Vatro Murvar, Messianism in Russia: Religious and Revolutionary, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 10 (1971), .277338; ,   , . 1, .137.




29


     (.:  , 1989), .372, 569, 688; , , .2729; , . 124, . 1, . 1848 (..), . 6.




30


 , 50, . 1 (.:    -, 1934), .7, 1718.




31


 , .593, 595.Π   .: Liliana Riga, The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).




32


 . 124, . 1, . 603 (), . 4 (  );  , .701702.. :  , .395 ();  . 124, . 1, . 1114 (), . 4.




33


 , .546, 548.




34


, , .309310.




35


 , , , , . 1 (.,   1990), .73.




36


.,    (.:  , 1985), .5963; ., .-, .,  : Π . , ,   (.:   , 1985), .2530.  : .-,  :    .. (.:  , 1934), .1112.




37


.,    1905 (K.:    ()  , 1925), .16.




38


.,  . .  , 1 (1931), .87.




39


, .8788.




40


, .82.




41


,   , . 1, 1618.




42


,  . , .88, 90.




43


, 50, . 1, .18.




44


, .19.




45


,  .  .91; A.,      (ࠖ :  , 1926), .6667;  , .569570.




46


 , .570.       . 124, . 1 (  ).    .124    .




47


,   , .6871,     ,  : .,  . .  , 2 (1931), .85, 87.




48


.,   , . 5, . 6 (.: , 1963), .910 (http://uaio.ru/vil/06.htm).




49


, , .31637.




50


 , .569; A.,   (.:  , 1933), .30; , 50, . 1, .18.Π    .: .,   :     XX     (.: , 1999);    .: SusanK.Morrissey, Heralds of Revolution: Russian Students and the Mythologies of Radicalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998);   .: Inna Shtakser, The Making of Jewish Revolutionaries in the Pale of Settlement (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).




51


.,    (.:  , 1935), .3235.. :   .  (.: , 1988), .3335.




52


,   , . 2, .229230.




53


, .224225.




54


,    , . 2 (, 1934), .136; ,   , . 1, .115.




55


,   , . 1, .118.




56


,   , . 5, . 6, .79 (http://uaio.ru/vil/06.htm); ,   , . 2, .137; , , .336.




57


,   , . 2, .229; , 50, .49.. : Kanatchikov, A Radical Worker in Tsarist Russia, .xv xxx ( ) ReginaldE.Zelnik, Russian Bebels: An Introduction to the Memoirs of the Russian Workers Sem?n Kanatchikov and Matvei Fisher, Russian Review, . 35, 3 (July 1976), .288289.




58


 , .476479.




59


 : , ,  (.: , 1987), .46; . .,   (.:   , 1989), .1719.




60


, . 124, .1, . 1919 (..), . 12 .




61


, . 1429 (..), . 34 .




62


,   , . 1, .2628.




63


, .27, 84;  , .477; .,   .. : Π , .45; . .,  : Π , .28.




64


 , .52.




65


,   , . 1, .87.




66


. .,  : Π , .2530 ( . 29); A.,   (.:  , 1987), .2021; ,   , . 1, .4041; , , .3032.




67


,   , . 2 (:   , 1934),.88.




68


,    (:  , 1929), .8586.


