  .   ,   
 


 
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 65.245

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             XXI               .         ,        ,    .         ,    XIX   XX ,   ,    .  ,     ,          ,      .  ,         ,       (   )       .     ,   ,    .

       5   1960 .



ISBN 978-5-4448-2333-9



Patriarchy of the Wage: Notes on Marx, Gender, and Feminism

Silvia Federici

 2021 PM Press.



 . ,   , 2023

 . ,  , 2023

    , 2023







 150-    ,         .    ,      ,    , , -,      ,           2008 ,           COVID,   ,      1929 .

        .        ,        ,                      .

    ,                . , ,   ,      ,    ,       - .      ,        ,       .

, ,           ,    ,     ,             ,      .

  ,  ,   ,         .  ,           ,           ,          ,   .

     .   , ,         .                        ,                           .  ,             ,      ,      ,              ,        ,            -.       ,           ,      .

  ,          ,          ,        .         ,        . -,               .                    ?     [1 -       :  ,    : Revolution Begins at Home: Rethinking Marx, Reproduction and the Class Struggle // Marxs Capital After 150 Years: Critiques and Alternatives to Capitalism / Ed. Musto . New York: Routledge, 2019.]       ,       XIX          .   ,     ,   ,        ,   ,    ,        ,            ,  ,          .         ,               .

        ,      ,        .                ,  ,           ,      ,      ,  ,            .       .  , ,    ,      ,    ,       ,        ( ,     )   ,                .

     ,        ,       ,   ,       .         ,    ,              [2 -  :        ,             ,     ,          [hohere Neubildung] ,     ,   . . ( . . .: , 1961. . 25. . 2. . 386).].                ,        , ,  ,     .   X     ,       ,       :



           ,    .   ,  ,       ,     .        ,  ,    [3 -  . .   -    //  . .   :  55 . .: , 19581966. . 11. . 37.].


  ,             ,      ,            .    ,        (  ),      ,       . -       ,     ,       ,      ,         .

       ,                      .    ,             ,                  [4 -            ,         ,       (Van der Linden M., Roth K. H. Beyond Marx. Theorizing the Global Labour Relations of the Twenty-First Century. Leiden: Brill, 2014. P. 7).].   ,           ,      ,           ,   ,             ,   ,     .    ,     ,        ,    ,    [5 - .: Rosemont F. Karl Marx and the Iroquois // Arsenal: Surrealist Subversion. Chicago: Black Swan Press, 1989. . 201213.].  ,   1872       (  ),       1848   ,                   铻[6 -  .,  .   . .: , 1974. . 4.].  ,  ,      ,             ,   , , ,    ,          .

      ,   ,              .          .        ,           .

,      ,  ,    :     1970?,       .  ,  ,                  ,   :        ,     ,     ,     ?[7 - Mojab S. Marxism and Feminism. London: Zed Books, 2015. P. 18.]

       ,      ,      ,               ,   ,    ,   ,          ,       -,          ,       .        ,         ,     ,   ,             .

          ,            ,                      .

 ,          -     ,    ,       ,        .                ,        ,      ,      ,     ,      .

,    ,      XIX               ,           .                              .    , ,   ,                 ,     ,         ,     ,  ,  ,  ,               .




1.   [8 -              ,    Liberation: Lopate . Women and Pay for Housework // Liberation. Vol. 18. 8. MayJune 1974. P. 811.  ,       ,            Falling Wall Press  : . Federici S., Cox N. Counterplanning from the Kitchen: Wages for Housework: A Perspective on Capital and the Left. Bristol: Falling Wall Press, 1975.       : Federici S. Revolution at Point Zero: Housework, Reproduction, and Feminist Struggle. Oakland: PM Press, 2020.]



    ,         .       ,    ,        ,   .       ,   ,  , .   ,     ,    .

-     , 1975[9 - Dalla Costa M., James S. The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community. Bristol: Falling Wall Press, 1975. P. 2728.    : Dalla Costa M. Women and the Subversion of the Community // A Mariarosa Dalla Costa Reader / Ed. C. Barbagallo. Oakland: PM Press, 2019.]

,                 .  ,         ,        ,  ,   ,    ,     .   ,  ,        ,         ,       ,    .

            ,    ,          ,    .                ,      .   ,     ,   .       , , , -,          ,    ,       .




   


            ,   ,    ,      ,       .                  ,          .   , ,  ,     ,    .   ,     ,         ,    :  , ,     ,   ,          ,        .   :       ,           .

     ,         ,            .  ,  ,          ,      ,       ,    .         ,  ,  ,      .  ,      ,       ,       .     ,  廠     ,             ,     ,          ,         ,     .    ,   ,         컠     ,          .            (   ),     ,   ,     ,    .




  


               ,              , ,       ,       .        ,               (       ), ,          .     , ,         ,  ,             ,    ,        .                 ,  ,      ,      .             ,         .

,     仠      ;   ,      ,   ,         [10 - .: Federici S. Wages against Housework. Bristol: Falling Wall Press, 1975;  : Federici S. Revolution at Point Zero. Housework, Reproduction, and Feminist Struggle. Oakland: PM Press, 2020.].   ,                ,      ,        .           ໠     ,   .      ໠     .     ,       ,           .  ,      ,   ,         . , ,    ,       [11 - ,     .   ,          -   (Lopate C. Women and Pay for Housework. P. 11).          ,    ( )   .        .],     ,      .

            ,      ,       ,   [12 -        ,           .       (Ibid. P. 9).].     .     ໠  ,  ,   ,     .  ,                  .     .             .        ,  ,   ,   ,                ,        .      ,     ,   ,             ,               ,   ,   ,  ,        .




 


 ,        ,        .       ,  ,  ,  ,         ,  , ,     ,        ,    .          .     ,   ,      ,      .           ,         ,  ,      ,     .  ,    , , ,     ,       ,     ,   ,    [13 - -   : ,  ,  ,   ,             .      ,    ,     ,       ,   .       ,     ,       ,       , ,  ,    (Dalla Costa M. Community, Factory and School from the Womans Viewpoint // LOffensiva, Quaderni di Lotta Femminista. 1. Torino: Musolini Editore, 1972. P. 67).].

              .       ,            .       .       ;   ,    ,    ,          .            ;     ,     ,    ,     .          .      ,          .  ,   ,           ,    ,        ,      ,       ,           ,           .      , 



  , ,             ,           ,         [14 - Lopate C. Women and Pay for Housework. P. 9.].


  ,                 .    ,             ,     .           .     ,   ,  ,       [15 - Dalla Costa M., James S. The Power of Women. P. 2829.].   ,    ,   ,            



       ,     ,           ,        ,        ,       [16 - Dalla Costa M. Community, School and Factory from the Womans Viewpoint. P. 69; Dalla Costa M. Quartiere, scuola e fabbrica dal punto di vista della donna // LOffensiva, Quaderni di Lotta Femminista. 1, Musolini Editore, 1972. P. 2333.].


    ,  ,   ,   ,   ,           .            ,     .          .       ,  [17 -  . . . 1. . 517.].        [18 -  ,    ,     ,       (Lopate C. Women and Pay for Housework. P. 9).].    ,          , , ,    ,            ,       .     ,  -      .  ,               .   ,   ,  ,    ,       ,        .

    ,        [19 - Lopate C. Women and Pay for Housework. P. 11.]. , ,       . ,    ,        ,       ,     ,      .   ,             .           ,       (    ).     ,    ,    .    ,          ,    ,                ,          .    ,          , ,   ,      ,   18301840?        ,              . ,     ,         ,  ,      ,     ,        ,     .     ,    ,       .            [20 - Dalla Costa M. Women and the Subversion of the Community // Dalla Costa M., James S. The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community. P. 41.].




      


  ,  ,    ,      , ,     ,      .   ,                   ,  , ,  ,      ,        ,   .        , ,   ,   .      ,         [21 -   , ,        ,    . -,         . -,         ,           ,         ! (Ibid. P. 11).].   ,         ,   ,          ,        .          ,         ,   ,     [22 - Lopate C. Women and Pay for Housework. P. 11.],       ,         .   ,                   . ,           ,         ,  .  ,            -  ,       .  ,  ,     ,        (),    ,   ,      .         ,     ,       ,     ,    ,     .  ,              .     ,    ,      [23 -     ,    .      ,      (Ibid).].      ,         .    ,     ,       ,   : , ,   ?   ,   ,         ?[24 - Ibid.]           .  ,   ?      ,    ,   ,         .      ,   ,      ;       .




 


 ,               :



         ,            ,            .        ,     -    ,        ,   ,           ,   ,     [25 - Ibid. P. 10.].


        ,     .   ,     ,   .          ,     ,   !      ,     ,      .        ,         ,            [26 -      ,      ,     ,          (Ibid).],    ,      컠  . ,      .  ,     ,        . , , , ,    ,        ,   ,   ,     ,    ,          ,       .         ,     ,            .

         ,  ,         [27 -  ,           (Ibid).],    ,               ,    .

      New York Times,       ,          ,       [28 - .: Baker R. Love and Potatoes // New York Times. November 25. 1974. P. 39.].  ,   ( ) ,   ,   ,    ,     ,    ,     ,    .        ,            .

             ,            .

   ,        ,    .         ,           ,             .   (     )        .       ,      . ,      ,        ,   , , ,  ,  ,   . .,    ,  ,  [29 -  . . . 1. . 585.].




  


             ,  .              (  , ,    ),       , ,  ,    .    ,  ,       ; , ,    ,     .                    .     ,        ,         ,       ;     ,     .  ,        ,     , ,      .     , ,      ,          .             ,     .    ,         ,  ,        .    ,    (   ,    -   ),      ,           [30 - .: James S. Sex, Race and Class. Bristol: Falling Wall Press, 1975 [1972].].                ,     ,    ,     ,      ,     ,        ,     [31 - Lopate C. Women and Pay for Housework. 11.].

,    ,   ,   ,     ,        [32 - Ibid.].      60?,          ,    .        ,    ,         .         .     .    ,     ,    .          .    ,     ,        ,     .




  


 ,  ,       ,    ,          (    ,       ),    ,         .         .   ,         ,   ,   ,    ,              ,      .    ,             .   ,        ,            ,  ,                .            .    ,    :  ,   ,   , ,   ,   ,    ;   ,        ,      .     ,          .        .          ,                   . ,             ,     ,  ,    ,   .                .

     ,          ,   .  ,               .            ,   ,       ,  .  ,    ,       .          ,  .    ,       ,        ,     .

        ,          .      ,   ,   ,        ,          .   ,    ,  ,    .         .    ,    .          .




   


  ,         60?,   ,    .      ,  ,         ,     ,  ,    ,        ,   ,    .  ,      ,     ,     ,      ,     .          ,        ,    .       ,           .      ,      .

   ,           ,             ,     [33 - Ibid.],     ,       60-.  ,   ,     ,      ,   .          .         仠       ,             .      ,          ,    :



    ,        ,     ,  ,    ,         [34 - Ibid.].


    ? ,  ? ,    .  ,       .     :       ,     (      ). ,     ,      ;    ,         ,  , .              . ,    ,    . ,   ,       . , , ,    ,    ,       ,          ,            .          ,       ,         [35 - Ibid.],           .          ,       ,        .        .       .    ,   ,   ,  .     ,        ,   ,     .

        ,          .   ,   , , ,      ,     .    .   ,  - ,    ,      60?,              ,   ,         ,   ,   [36 - Ibid. P. 10.].    ,       ,      . ,       ,         - . ,    ,  ,        ,    ,     ,  .   ,  ,         ,      [37 - Ibid.].      ,     ,      ,       ,    .




2.   [38 -     . : Federici S. Capital and Gender // Reading Capital Today / Ed. Schmidt I., Fanelli C. London: Pluto Press, 2017.]



                     .   ,         ,   60?  .

 60?,       ,       .  ,     ,      .        ,  ,     .    ,      ,    ,           .       .       ,        ,     ,    [39 - Zaretsky E. Socialist Politics and the Family // Socialist Revolution. 1974. Vol. 3. 19. P. 8398.].  ,    ,   ,        ,     ,   ,     .




   


 , ,   .   ,                   ,     ,    ,   ,   ,            .  ,              ,          ,      .

        , ,      ,   ,      .      ,          ,        .    ,      ,     ,    .

 ,       ,       ,     .              ,    .  ,    ,    ,     ,  ,   . ,        ,    ,    ,       .   ,  ,  ,     ,           ,    ,    .

    .     ,          ,     .    ,         New Left Review:



    ,       ,           .     ,             [40 - Seccombe W. The Housewife and Her Labour under Capitalism // New Left Review. 1974. 83. P. 23.].


  ,      (   ,      )      (,     )      .   ,  ,  ,        .    ,          [41 - Ibid. P. 24.].            ,   ,       .




 


          ,         . ,       ,   , ,      ,   ,     ,         ,         ,  ,         [42 -      ,            ,    ,                    (.: Workers Fight. 1974. 79. December. January 1975).].  ,    ,   ,                   .  ,     (     )      (      ).       ,  .

          ,           .  ,            ,   ,        :   ,  ,  ,  .        (,   . .),      ,           .

      ,         ,  ,       .    ,    , ,    ,    ,      .     -   ,      ,   , ,           [43 - .: Kopp A. Citt e Rivoluzione. Milano: Feltrinelli, 1972 [1967]. P. 147.  :  ? //  . 1930. 12. . 4.].   ?          [44 - Ibid. P. 160.].     ,  ,     ,      ,       .  1930      :



      ,       ,       , ,   ,    (  ,  , , ),       [45 - Ibid. P. 267.].


 1930?                  ,    ,     .   ,   ,       ,          ,       ,   .        ,          ,       ,      .

  ,     ,  ,     ,  .       .           .

          .         ,  ,  , , ,     .     ,      ,       .        .   1919    :



          ,      ,        .   ,               ,    ,      ,      ,        ,   ,    [46 -  .    //  .  :  3 . .:   , 1959. . 3. . 433.].


  ,          ,           .      ,       .      ,       . , ,      ,   :            ?          ,   ,  , ,       ,       .           ,        ,  , ,       ,         ,   ,     .

 ,      - :         ,  [47 - Vogel L. The Earthly Family // Radical America. 1973. Vol. 7. 45. P. 28.] ( ); ,   ,       ,  [48 - Lopate C. Women and Pay for Housework // Liberation. 1974. Vol. 18. 9. P. 11.] ( );            [49 - Zaretsky E. Socialist Politics and the Family. P. 89.] ( ).         ,     ,  ,            . ,   ,                   ,       [50 - Vogel L. The Earthly Family. P. 26.].         ,       [51 - Lopate C. Women and Pay for Housework. P. 10.].           ,            ,     ,  ,      [52 - Zaretsky E. Socialist Politics and the Family. P. 89.].

     ,    , 



  [  ]      []           , , ,        [53 - Ibid. P. 8384.].


 .     ,      .

      ,   ,         .       , ,            .            .   ,        ,   ,   ,         ,  ,   .      .

           . ,    ,  ,       ,     ,     .       ,       ,      , ,  ,          ,      .

    .




3.      [54 -                : Reading Capital Today / Eds. Schmidt I., Fanelli C. London: Pluto Press, 2017.]



      ,       ,       ,        [55 -           , : Brown H. A. Marx on Gender and the Family. London: Brill, 2012  Marxism and Feminism // Ed. Mojab S. London: Pluto Press, 2015.          ,          ; . : Gimnez M. E. Marx, Women and Capitalist Social Reproduction. Chicago: Haymarket, 2018.].   ,               ,    [56 -  -  1844  ,   , ,         ;     ,       .       ,      ,          .                 ,          , ,     ,          .],         [57 - Brown H. A. Marx on Gender and the Family. P. 143; . : Haug F. The Marx within Feminism // Marxism and Feminism / Ed. S. Mojab. P. 76101.  :          (Ibid. P. 81).].  ,         ,  ,        , ,   , ,               .     ,   -  1844 ,          .

      ,          .        ,          ,   [58 - Gimnez M. E. Marx, Women and Capitalist Social Reproduction. P. 247.].            , ,       [59 - Holmstrom N. A Marxist Theory of Womens Nature // Ethics. Vol. 94. 3. 1984. P. 456473.], ,  ,      ,     ,       ,    ,   [60 - . : James S. Sex, Race and Class. Bristol: Falling Wall Press, 1975.].  ,       ,      .

              .   ,           ,    ; , ,            .         / . ,       .        ,                  .         ,       .  ,         ,  ,          ,                ( ,  ,  )           .

 , ,      ,                 ,    ,                 .   ,   ,    ,         ,       .       ,     ,       . ,      ,         ,        .

      ,         ,    [61 -           : Dalla Costa M. Women and the Subversion of the Community // Dalla Costa M., James S. The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community. Bristol: Falling Wall Press, 1975; James S. Sex, Race and Class; Fortunati L. The Arcane of Reproduction: Housework, Prostitution, Labor and Capital. Brooklyn: Autonomedia, 1995 [1981].  -   . : The New York Wages for Housework Committee: History, Theory, Documents, 19721977 // Eds. Federici S., Austin A. Brooklyn: Autonomedia, 2019.].  , ,        [62 - : Cleaver H. Reading Capital Politically. Leeds: Anti/Thesis, 2000 [1979].],       ,     ,        ,    ,          .     ,       ,      .   , ,       ,      ,      ,     ,           ,       .




     


         ,        , ,      .       -   ,  ,         ,    ,    ,         [63 -            XIX  .: Lown J. Women and Industrialization: Gender at Work in Nineteenth-Century England. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990. P. 14, 131, 213218.       .: Scott J. W. Gender and the Politics of History. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988. . 139166.].     ,  louvri?re, 



     ,      .           ,    [64 - Scott J. W. Gender and the Politics of History. P. 140.]





  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/chitat-onlayn/?art=69954811)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes



1


      :  ,    : Revolution Begins at Home: Rethinking Marx, Reproduction and the Class Struggle // Marxs Capital After 150 Years: Critiques and Alternatives to Capitalism / Ed. Musto . New York: Routledge, 2019.




2


 :        ,             ,     ,          [hohere Neubildung] ,     ,   . . ( . . .: , 1961. . 25. . 2. . 386).




3


 . .   -    //  . .   :  55 . .: , 19581966. . 11. . 37.




4


           ,         ,       (Van der Linden M., Roth K. H. Beyond Marx. Theorizing the Global Labour Relations of the Twenty-First Century. Leiden: Brill, 2014. P. 7).




5


.: Rosemont F. Karl Marx and the Iroquois // Arsenal: Surrealist Subversion. Chicago: Black Swan Press, 1989. . 201213.




6


 .,  .   . .: , 1974. . 4.




7


Mojab S. Marxism and Feminism. London: Zed Books, 2015. P. 18.




8


             ,    Liberation: Lopate . Women and Pay for Housework // Liberation. Vol. 18. 8. MayJune 1974. P. 811.  ,       ,            Falling Wall Press  : . Federici S., Cox N. Counterplanning from the Kitchen: Wages for Housework: A Perspective on Capital and the Left. Bristol: Falling Wall Press, 1975.       : Federici S. Revolution at Point Zero: Housework, Reproduction, and Feminist Struggle. Oakland: PM Press, 2020.




9


Dalla Costa M., James S. The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community. Bristol: Falling Wall Press, 1975. P. 2728.    : Dalla Costa M. Women and the Subversion of the Community // A Mariarosa Dalla Costa Reader / Ed. C. Barbagallo. Oakland: PM Press, 2019.




10


.: Federici S. Wages against Housework. Bristol: Falling Wall Press, 1975;  : Federici S. Revolution at Point Zero. Housework, Reproduction, and Feminist Struggle. Oakland: PM Press, 2020.




11


,     .   ,          -   (Lopate C. Women and Pay for Housework. P. 11).          ,    ( )   .        .




12


       ,           .       (Ibid. P. 9).




13


-   : ,  ,  ,   ,             .      ,    ,     ,       ,   .       ,     ,       ,       , ,  ,    (Dalla Costa M. Community, Factory and School from the Womans Viewpoint // LOffensiva, Quaderni di Lotta Femminista. 1. Torino: Musolini Editore, 1972. P. 67).




14


Lopate C. Women and Pay for Housework. P. 9.




15


Dalla Costa M., James S. The Power of Women. P. 2829.




16


Dalla Costa M. Community, School and Factory from the Womans Viewpoint. P. 69; Dalla Costa M. Quartiere, scuola e fabbrica dal punto di vista della donna // LOffensiva, Quaderni di Lotta Femminista. 1, Musolini Editore, 1972. P. 2333.




17


 . . . 1. . 517.




18


 ,    ,     ,       (Lopate C. Women and Pay for Housework. P. 9).




19


Lopate C. Women and Pay for Housework. P. 11.




20


Dalla Costa M. Women and the Subversion of the Community // Dalla Costa M., James S. The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community. P. 41.




21


  , ,        ,    . -,         . -,         ,           ,         ! (Ibid. P. 11).




22


Lopate C. Women and Pay for Housework. P. 11.




23


    ,    .      ,      (Ibid).




24


Ibid.




25


Ibid. P. 10.




26


     ,      ,     ,          (Ibid).




27


 ,           (Ibid).




28


.: Baker R. Love and Potatoes // New York Times. November 25. 1974. P. 39.




29


 . . . 1. . 585.




30


.: James S. Sex, Race and Class. Bristol: Falling Wall Press, 1975 [1972].




31


Lopate C. Women and Pay for Housework. 11.




32


Ibid.




33


Ibid.




34


Ibid.




35


Ibid.




36


Ibid. P. 10.




37


Ibid.




38


    . : Federici S. Capital and Gender // Reading Capital Today / Ed. Schmidt I., Fanelli C. London: Pluto Press, 2017.




39


Zaretsky E. Socialist Politics and the Family // Socialist Revolution. 1974. Vol. 3. 19. P. 8398.




40


Seccombe W. The Housewife and Her Labour under Capitalism // New Left Review. 1974. 83. P. 23.




41


Ibid. P. 24.




42


     ,            ,    ,                    (.: Workers Fight. 1974. 79. December. January 1975).




43


.: Kopp A. Citt e Rivoluzione. Milano: Feltrinelli, 1972 [1967]. P. 147.  :  ? //  . 1930. 12. . 4.




44


Ibid. P. 160.




45


Ibid. P. 267.




46


 .    //  .  :  3 . .:   , 1959. . 3. . 433.




47


Vogel L. The Earthly Family // Radical America. 1973. Vol. 7. 45. P. 28.




48


Lopate C. Women and Pay for Housework // Liberation. 1974. Vol. 18. 9. P. 11.




49


Zaretsky E. Socialist Politics and the Family. P. 89.




50


Vogel L. The Earthly Family. P. 26.




51


Lopate C. Women and Pay for Housework. P. 10.




52


Zaretsky E. Socialist Politics and the Family. P. 89.




53


Ibid. P. 8384.




54


               : Reading Capital Today / Eds. Schmidt I., Fanelli C. London: Pluto Press, 2017.




55


          , : Brown H. A. Marx on Gender and the Family. London: Brill, 2012  Marxism and Feminism // Ed. Mojab S. London: Pluto Press, 2015.          ,          ; . : Gimnez M. E. Marx, Women and Capitalist Social Reproduction. Chicago: Haymarket, 2018.




56


 -  1844  ,   , ,         ;     ,       .       ,      ,          .                 ,          , ,     ,          .




57


Brown H. A. Marx on Gender and the Family. P. 143; . : Haug F. The Marx within Feminism // Marxism and Feminism / Ed. S. Mojab. P. 76101.  :          (Ibid. P. 81).




58


Gimnez M. E. Marx, Women and Capitalist Social Reproduction. P. 247.




59


Holmstrom N. A Marxist Theory of Womens Nature // Ethics. Vol. 94. 3. 1984. P. 456473.




60


. : James S. Sex, Race and Class. Bristol: Falling Wall Press, 1975.




61


          : Dalla Costa M. Women and the Subversion of the Community // Dalla Costa M., James S. The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community. Bristol: Falling Wall Press, 1975; James S. Sex, Race and Class; Fortunati L. The Arcane of Reproduction: Housework, Prostitution, Labor and Capital. Brooklyn: Autonomedia, 1995 [1981].  -   . : The New York Wages for Housework Committee: History, Theory, Documents, 19721977 // Eds. Federici S., Austin A. Brooklyn: Autonomedia, 2019.




62


: Cleaver H. Reading Capital Politically. Leeds: Anti/Thesis, 2000 [1979].




63


           XIX  .: Lown J. Women and Industrialization: Gender at Work in Nineteenth-Century England. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990. P. 14, 131, 213218.       .: Scott J. W. Gender and the Politics of History. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988. . 139166.




64


Scott J. W. Gender and the Politics of History. P. 140.


