    ?     
 


                .                ,              ,  .   ,          ,  ,     ,    :     ,     .

      ,         ,     .             ,         .

     ,   ,               .

  PDF A4   .





 

    ?



    ,

   

    

  [1 -  .   . XII 14.  . . (     ,    .)].


    

    



    

(19482019)







  .      ,            ,   ,  ,       -    ,       ,      .    ,        .    ,            ,    ,   (displaced persons, DP, -).         1917          1949   .                - ,      ,   ,         .

,     ,         ,    ,  ,           ,     [2 -     ,  1  1952.   5700      18 508 : . . .      , 19471955 //   :     , 19412001 / . .   . ., 2007. . 7.     . ,    .].     (, ,       ),             ,       ,    .     ,    ,     1945  1954          20  ,   1960       5 000;  ,               25   [3 -      ,    , . ,    .].

      ,      . -, ,         ,     :             ,     (,        ). -,     ,     .  , -,       ,      ,        ,               ,       .

        ,   [4 -      (Eric Richards. Destination Australia: Migration to Australia since 1901. Sydney: UNSW Press, 2008)      .].    ,               , , ,   -    ,    :       ,      ,       .

  1940-   1950-          .          (-)  ,       ,       (International Refugee Organization, IRO)  1947     19501951 .  -     ,     -    (       )            (         1939 ), ,      .       () ,       1917        (   ),  IRO   ,         .     -               ,  IRO.

     ( ),       ( 1922 )       .      ,      .            ,    XIXXX ,    -   ().  , ,          ,      -    (     ).   1930-          ,          .     1937         ,        .                 1949 ,     .

       .       ,      ,         ,      .    ,   ,     :         ,     -,          .                   .       ,       .  ,    ,       ,         .         ;      ,           ,     -   .       ,      , , ,   (        )      .

     ,            ,          .  ,    ,           ,     ,           ,   . ,    ,        ,    .

 ,     ,    ,        ,   ,    ,     ,      .     ,    ,     ,    ,   ,         ,          .

     ,                 ,   ,    ,     ,            [5 -  .  !       . , 2011.  .  .      30- : . , 2008.].

           ,         1930-  (      )[6 - Sheila Fitzpatrick. Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 19211934, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1979;  .  .      30- : . ., 2001.].

            ,  ,    ,   ,   (       ,     )         .           2012         .

  1960-,     ,  ,        (      ,           ?),  -,          ,       .        ,    1980-    ,             ,    .             ,      (  , ,   ,     ).

    .               ,        .         ,    ,          .     ,     -[7 - Joy Damousi. Memory and Migration in the Shadow of War: Australias Greek Immigrants after World War II and the Greek Civil War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2015.     ,     ,         ,    ,             ,    : Klaus Neumann. Across the Seas: Australias Response to Refugees: A History. Melbourne, 2015.           (Jayne Persian. Beautiful Balts: From Displaced Persons to New Australians. Sydney: NewSouth, 2017)    (Ruth Balint. Destination Elsewhere: Displaced Persons and Their Quest to Leave Europe after 1945. NY, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2022),           Discovery    (ARC),     .],     ,      (        ),  ,       .

 ,      ,    - .     ,    ,     ,        ,   .            ,   .   ,              , ,       ,   .  -   ,  ,   ,  ,        (     ),    ,  ,    .

             (        ),      .       ,     .       , ,  ,        ,  ,                 ;          ,          ,    ,       [8 - Alex Inkeles, Raymond Bauer. The Soviet Citizen. New York: Atheneum, 1968; David C. Engerman. Know Your Enemy: The Rise and Fall of Americas Soviet Experts, New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. p. 5169.    ,          -,    -,    ,   ,               .].

 ,   ,    ,     ,     ,        . ,     ,               ,             ,     ,       ,   ,    .          ,    .




    ,   ,     , ,   ,    .        ,      .       (     ),    , ,         ,      [9 -          .: Sheila Fitzpatrick. The Motherland Calls: Soft Repatriation of Soviet Citizens from Europe, 19451953, The Journal of Modern History. 2018. Vol. 90, no. 2.].          ,      1939 ,             ,    ,   .               1945 ,                ,     .

 ,         ,           ,         ,      ,   ,    [10 - Joanne Laycock. The Repatriation of Armenians to Soviet Armenia, 19451949 in Warlands: Population Resettlement and State Reconstruction in the Soviet  East European Borderlands 19451950, Peter Gatrell and Nick Baron (eds.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.].

              ,   19451946        ,       ,     ,    ; ,    1950-        .    ,    ,    -         ,     ,           .

,               ,    ,        .  ,      , ,       .             ,     ,  ,    ,     ,      ,      ,       ,      ,      ,   ,  .        ,  ,    ,        ,        ,      .         ,      .

        ,            ,          ,    .          .  ,     ,      ,         .  ,   ,        ,        1944 ,       .

  ,          ,            ,    ,   ,               (IRO),  ,    ,   [11 - Eugenia Hanfmann, Helen Beier. Six Russian Men  Lives in Turmoil. MA, Quincy: The Christopher Publishing House,1976.]. ,       ,        -  , ,   ,   ,       ,    ,    [12 -      , 8  2016.].

 19471948    ,    , ,   ,     ,       IRO,   ,   ,    ,          .     ,     ,    ,  ,    1940-  -      ,    ,       ,     ,  ,        .          [13 - .     ,     19491950.,   : Sheila Fitzpatrick. The Motherland Calls]. ,        ,       ,     .

  ,     ,       ,      ,  ,         .         ,          ,    .   IRO          ,     ,   .       ,  ,  IRO      ,   IRO      ,     ,    , ,   ,   ,   -  ,     ,     .

   ,     .       ,           ,                   .               .     ,    ,       ,         ,     .           ,   ,     ,    .   ,     ,         ;       (   ,    ), ,         .


  ?

      . -,     ,      ,     .      ,       ,        .         (  ,    ,      ,         ),               ,   . (             [14 -   ,            ,         . (. .)],       ,   , ,  .)        .      , , , ,        ,    ,                .

     ,  ?      :        ,     .   ,     ,     ,       .   1954         ,    (  );     ,   ,    ,          .             :   ,       /    ,    ,        [15 -      ,  ,        ,        ,  - ,   ,      XI    ,        . ,       , , , ,               , ,  ,           ,  ,                    ,   ,         (     1948 ).].

          1954 ,   ,     80    ,    , ,     ,    /  .   ( ,     ),    , ,       .                   (,          ,   ,    ,       IRO   ) , -,     .       ,      ,    .

      ,    ,      ,      ,     .       ,      ,  ,           (),  ,       ,        ,     .

,    - ,         ,   -    . -  ,    ,       ,      ,       ,   .     ,   -       ,      ,         ,              (, ,    ).

         ,         ,          .     1911        ,       ,    .       ,         .     ,     .     ,        ;    1921   ,   , ,    ,    .       ,         ,  ,    ,          [16 - Ivan Nikolajuk. Memoirs . 23,   .].         :     ,           -,        i ().            ,    [17 - Ibid. Pp. 23, 44.  ,    ,                 ,    ,     : , , ,   .].

 1940-,      ,      ,           /     .      ,        ,  ,    ,          .  1941 ,     ,     .    ,     ,   ,     [  ],  ,   ,    :      ,     .

  ,            ̸ (   ,   - , ),           ,         .    ,    ,               .       ,          ,   ,  ,      .    !    .     ,       ,        ,   ,    ,     ,  ,    ,                [18 - Ibid. Pp. 98, 129, 166;       , 23 . 2020.].

       ,      ,     ,        ,          ̸.     ,    ,      ,           ̸.  , ,       ,          (          )[19 - Ivan Nikolajuk. Op. cit. P. 243;      ,  , 26  27  2019.].      .

, ,   ,    .            ,      .    ,   ,     ,       .      , ,   ,      ( )  ,      .  ,    ,                ,          .     (            Zacharczenko)      ,     - .        ,  ,     , ,    ,  -     [20 -     ( )  , 3  2015.].

      ,    ,     ,  ,       -,     -,      -[21 - . 2004. 38. . 39.].   ,      (         ).

-          ,      ,    ,  -      . (    -  ,    ,  ,     .  , ,   ,       ,        ,   ,   ,   ,   .)

     ( )          , ,      ,     ,     .          .         ,  ,             [22 - .  7.].

           (  ,    ,       ),          .

    ,   ,     ,     ,     .    () ,      () ,    ,      ;      ,        ,    .

    .       ,        ,                 (     ,      1940-     ).  1947 ,    ,       .          ,      ,      -.           ,   1950-            ,   [23 -  . . 9526. . 6s. . 890. .73 (); . 888. . 218 ().].

   ,   ,                  ,       1939  1941 ,    .         (  ,   ),             :  ,    .     ,           1920-      ,          , ,       ,     .

 ,     ,       ,          ,  ,    ,        ,   [24 -         ,  ,   , ,           ,     ,      .          (. . .      //. 2011. 68. . 8).           ,   ( . 2002. 31. . 25),   ( . 1997. 12. . 28)    ( . 2008. 54. . 34),        ,            ,   ,  ,       .].

          ,  .               ,      ,          .  1947         ,        (  ),   ,   1950 ,    .

             .     (    ),      ,   - ,          [25 -  .    // . 2013. 77. . 32;   (A. ). , , . ., 1995. C. 8996.].

-           ,           ,        ,    XVIII   I   .  ,   ,       ,           .

 ʸ   ,      (  ),   -  ,        .       (    )    ,             [26 -    // . 2001. 27 . 40;  .    //  . 2011. 68. . 36;  .   ʸ //  . 2013. 77. . . 3334.].

        ,            .             ,    1910   .    ,  ,      ,     -.       ,           .       1950               ,   ,   ,  ,       [27 -    . , 2013. . IV. . 113; . -    // . 1997. 13. . 17,  .   //  . 2010. 65. . 1820; R. H. Morrison. Valentina Georgievna Szobovits // Russians in Australia. Melbourne: University of Melbourne, 1984.].

               .       IRO   ,         ,    ,  ,  ,       ,     IRO         (        -,          ,      ,  ,     ,    ).

 ,      ,        ,     .                 /   .     ,        ,           ,     .

   1946     ,       ,     ,     ,       ,   . ,   ,   ,     , , , , ,         .           (   -     ),      :              .     ,         -,       ,   IRO.           ,         1960-,        ,   . (      ,           .)

   -,        ,  , - ,                      .

 ,  ,   ,        ;      ,                        ,  ,               (      19301940-).    ,         .               .

,          19301940-     ,  ,            ,       ,           ,    .  ,             ,      ,     -        .


   

             ,   .            ,         ,   ,      XIX .       ,     ,        ,     ,     ,   1950-      .    19401950-     ,    ,   ,       -. ,       ,     ,        ,   ,      ,          .       - :  ,  ,           , ,    ,               .       ,       .

   ,        ,      ,     (     [28 -        ,             . (. .)],      ).  ,         . ,     ,     ,   .   ,   ,       ,         ,  ,    .       ,   ,            :    (     Meanjin[29 - Meanjin ()   ,       ,   .])      .  ,  ,  -,       1920- ,          [30 -    .], , ,     ,   .

,   -,   -    .      ,      .   1960-   1980-        , ,       ,   .   1989 ,     ,   ,         .    ,    -,    ,       ,   (    ) .     ( 19401941 )         ,         ,     ,    :       ( )  ,           .       (       ,      ,         ,     )          ,  ,  ,      ,      IRO   [31 -        :   1940-  (Mischkas War: A European Odyssey of the 1940s. Melbourne: University Press; London: I. B. Tauris, 2015).].        ,         ,         .      ,     ,   ,     ,   .




,  ,     .     ,   ,       (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, UNRRA)     -       (IRO)  ,  ,      ,      .             ,        ,    -   .      ,   ,  ,     ,   .

    ( )                 ,     ,     ,    IRO,   .               (),   ,      ,   -   ,       ,      ,    ,               1940- .       ,        (International Tracking Service, ITS)  -,         ,   .

   ,            ,    ,          ,       .          Trove,     .         ,      1951 ,  -         -    , ,           .

    ,   ,         ,          .  UNRRA  IRO     ,   ASIO[32 - ASIO (Australian Security Intelligence Organization)     .],        ,   ,    ,           ,     ,  , , , , , ,    .

        ,     -  ,       ,     ,             .    ,    ,                - ,       ,        .     ,     ,     ,      ,  -   (      ,      )[33 -        ( .  .   . ., 2011)    (Sam Moshinsky. Goodbye Shanghai. Melbourne Mind, 2009).    (Mara Moustafine. Secrets and Spies: The Harbin Files. Sydney: Vintage Books, 2002),      ,    ,                 .];   ,      ,         ,   .                  ,      ,     .            ,    1994  2014 ,       ,      ,          ,     .

,          .                  ,      ,      .   (       )  ,       1957               .           ,     1949  1951  ,        ,             ,    ,  .        ,           .  ,            ,    ,   .

             ,      ,      ,     ,    .             (,   ,  ,     )   ,            .  ,        ,     .       ,   ,  ,  ,       .  ,  ,        ,       ,   .     ,  ,    - ,          -  ,    .




       .         :     ,     ,     .   ,    ,           ,      (1917)     1920-.          (1941),           (1949).       .   ,    ,          1947  1951 ,   ,         ,        1950- ,        ,       ,     1960-.

  ,             ,     ,       ,             ,       ,                .

     ,        ,   ,     (   ,    ,       ),        (1954).

 ,     ,     ,          ,                  ,      .              ,       ,              -     ,    ,   ,  ,              ,        , , ,  .

      ?, ,  ,  ,     ,    ,      -   -      .        ,      ,       ,        ,       .      ,    ,        :         ,       ,     ,      .               .

     ,      .  -    ,        ,        (   ,     ),      ,       . -  ,    ;   -      ,   ,             .    ,  ,       .

    ,             ,   :     ,   ?       ,           ,          ,          .    ,   ,      ,     ,   -     ,            :  ,    ,       ,    ,          .     ,   ,       .  .        .  ,        ,     ,     .      ,          ,        ?

   :    ,                   , ,        ,  ,        ?   ,       (        ),    ,       ,    ,        ,    .       ,      -  . ,       ,        :     ,    , ,   .

    (  ,   ),   -     ,    ,  ,          ,    .        ,      ,      , ,  ,       .   ,       ,  -     .




 I    





 1 


 1940-      ,     .    ,   1947        (IRO),    .          ,    .      ,           c   ,   ,             .    ,               (UNRRA),    ,       1939  1945       .     ,  -,           . UNRRA   ,     ,     ,      ,  ,    -         [34 -       ,    ,     ,   ,          ,       .        -    ,       ,       ,      ,         (   ,   ,       ),       .].  1947     IRO      :        ,     .

,     -,      ,    - :   ,      1917 . UNRRA   ,                    ;    ,       ,         .     IRO  ,     ,    ,    ,    ,             ,    .              ,      .


  

,     1917     ,        ,       ,              .         -      ,     ;        .     ,        ( ,        ,   ).     ,  1927         (400  ),        (90 )   (76 );       (30 ),    ( 25 )[35 - .. .      :   . ., 1986. C. 118; Russian and Armenian Refugees: Report to the Eighth Ordinary Session of the Assembly. League of Nations, Geneva, 5 September 1927. p. 23, 25.  , ,        ,     ;  ,    5 000    700800 ,  ,   : Report by the Committee Submitted to the Council of the League of Nations, League of Nations Committee on International Assistance to Refugees. Geneva 25 January 1936. . 3.]. ,      ,   1922   230  250  ,     -      ,    1930       90 [36 -  .   .    . 19191939. ., 1994. . 56. ,   19361937.   345386    ,  ,        (100120 ),     (80100 ),  (45 ),  (2728 ),  (12 800 )   (9 000 ).].

        ,     ,      ,   .    ,   ( ,    -,      )    ,     ,       [37 - Benjamin Tromly. Cold War Exiles and the CIA. Oxford: Oxford University Press. . 26.  ,      , . : Karl Schl?gel. Der grosse Exodus. Die russische Emigration und ihre Zentren 1917 bis 1941. Munich: C. H. Beck Verlag, 1994;  . ,  .        (19181945). ., 2004.].  19201930-               ,       .                    ,     (     ) .

 19191922 ,             ,                  .     ,  ,          ()             [38 -  .  . :  , 1988. . 2425.].  ,       ,   ,     -,        .       ,  ,  ,                 19201930- [39 -  ; . 22. 2000; 2013. 40 (); 2013. 74, 19 (); 2005. 43, 32 ();      ,    , 1  2016.].

         ,    .     ,   .   :    ,   [40 -  ,         ,  : . . .    . ., 2016. . 41.],              ,       .         ,       ,      ໠ , ,     -       ,          .              ,         廠      . ,  ,     ,          ,               ()[41 - . . .    . , 2014. . 8889.].   ,   ,        ,                    .

  ,      ,  ,       ,    ,   .   ,   1920-      ,   , , ,  .        ,       .       ,      ,    .               ,    - ,        .        ,   1930-     .     ,   ,          ( 8 000    1920- ),          .   1930-, ,  ,          (       ),    ,      ,    .         ,     ,   ( )   ,         [42 -  . . . C. 6595; J. H. Simpson. The Refugee Problem: Report of a Survey. London: Oxford University Press, 1939. p. 99, 191, 101, 103104, 538; . 1999. 21. . 37 (/);  . 1998. 18. 1516 (); Ivan Nikolajuk. Dedas Memoirs: For the Grandchildren. Trans. Yura Nikolajuk, Melbourne [?], self-published, 2020.].    , ,  ,        ,   ,  ,   .

     ,     ,     ,              ,      ,     ,  [43 -  . . . . 1328.].    ,    ,  -    ,    .      ,     ,  ,         ,        ,       (   . ),   1937       -.

        1910-    . ,           ,          ,         .             .      ,             .  1937           ;           [44 - Russische Emigration in Deutschland 19181941: Fragen und Thesen in Russische Emigration in Deutschland 1918 bis 1941: Leben in Europ?ischen B?rgerkrieg; ed. Karl Schl?gel. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2018 (). P. 14;  . . . . 125.].

       ,         ,   : ,        ,      [45 -  . . 100.      (),  ()     (,  ).].    ,   ,    ,     ,      .      ,     1930-   ,   -          .        (   ),          ,     .         ,        .   ,                (),      ,        .  ,         ,        ,   :  ,     ,         ,             [46 - Marc Raeff. Emigration  welche, wann, wo? Kontexte der russischen Emigration in Deutschland 19201941, Russische Emigration in Deutschland p. 2324.].

  ,         (   )       .       :           ,        .     .          ,                 ,      ,      .  1930-               ,       ,        ,   ,   ,      ,       .

                  ,     , ,    ,      .               (),          [47 - J. H. Simpson. Refugee Problem, pp. 9597.          :  ,          ,       .].       (       ),              .      ,       ,   , ,      ;     .

      ,    ,   ,       ,      ,       :       ,        ,                    [48 - Michael Alex Protopopov. The Russian Orthodox Presence in Australia. PhD diss., Australian Catholic University, 2005. p. 382383 (), 386387 ().].

           ,          ,   ,     .  ,  ,      ,            ,  ,    ,          .           :               ,            [49 -  . . . . 73 (); J. H. Simpson. Refugee Problem . 101; . 1998. 18. . 15 (); 2005. 45. . 29 ().].

        ,    ,         [50 -  . . . . 19.].    ,    ,  ,  ,    1930-        .              [51 -      , ,   ,        Aufbau (Wirtschafts-politische Verenigung f?r den Osten [: -   ])   : Michael Kellogg. The Russian Roots of Nazism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.],       1930-       ,       ,       ,    .     ,   , -,  -    ,        1930-,  1940              .  1950- ,   ,        .         ,         ,            . ,         . ,         -  .         [52 - Michael Alex Protopopov. Op. cit. p. 174175, 386 (); John Stephan. The Russian Fascists: Tragedy and Farce in Exile 192545. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1978, pp. 1630;  ,          XX . .; ., 2015. . 167168.].

          -    ().    1930-,         ,       ,   .     ,    ,           -.            , ,   ,    .       ,     ;          .  ,     ,         : ,             .            1930-     ,              .       ,   ,   ,     1930- .         ⓻.  (, ,  ) ,            . ,         ,     -   ,      [53 - Anna Marta Holian. Between National Socialism and Soviet Communism: Displaced Persons in Postwar Germany. MI, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011. . 113; Catherine Andreyev. Vlasov and the Russian Liberation Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, pp. 185188;  . . . . 2223.].

    ,      ,     .     () ,   1920-    6    ,      ,           /  .        ,   1920-          ,          ,   I6 ,   ,   [54 - Stephen Dorril. MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majestys Secret Intelligence Service. New York: The Free Press, 2000. p. 189190, 409411, 419421.].              , , ,  , ,   [55 - Benjamin Tromly. Cold War Exiles . 43.].


  

      ,   .  1939 ,    , ,   ,     .   1940        ,      .   ,   ,   (, )     ,        .            ,      .

       .    ,    ,   ,                  .     , ,  ,      .    ,  ,      ,    [56 -     ,    , -,        : . . .            //   .   - 19412001. / . . .    . ., 2007. . 4142.].    ,                        ,      [57 -  . . . . 1819.].

              ,          Drang nach Osten.                   ,     ,     . ,             ,                 .            1941 ,      ,         ,           .            ,   1942       :    (  )     -.  1944           .          .         ,    ,   -    .  1943     1-  ,    1944-        ,        (, , , ),          [58 -     // . 1951. 14 . . 6; Mark R. Elliott. Pawns of Yalta: Soviet Refugees and Americas Role in their Repatriation. IL, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982. p. 1415.].

       ,     ,           ;             ,  [59 - Stephen Dorril. MI6 . 409.       ,           .].     , ,   ( ,                   ),          .   1944           .   ,           .         (     ):                      (     1950-,     )[60 - Mark Aarons. War Criminals Welcome: Australia, a Sanctuary for Fugitive War Criminals Since 1945. Melbourne: Black Inc., 2001. p. 141152; Anna Marta Holian. Op. cit. . 113;       // . 1995. 2. . 18.].

,                  .   ,      ,      ,       [61 -         ,   : ,    ,      ,                 : . .     // . 1997. 12. . 41.]. ,    ,          . ,    (    ,     ),         .  ,       ,  ,  : ,  ,    1930-     ,      [62 - Michael Alex Protopopov. Op. cit. . 416;   .  // . 1999. 21. . 7.]. ,   ,       ,   1944 ,        ,   (         ,   ).

 ,  ,       ,           .     ,      ,      [63 -     ( 1946.)   ( 1952.),     4 892 462 ,   1 663 565 (34%)  ,  1 795 277 (37%)  (. . .      , 19441952. .; ., 2016. . 125, 142 ( 3, 8)).      58 638 ,       1947  1952. (. 141,  7).    ,               .].   ,      ,       (      )[64 - . . .      , 19441951  //  . 1990. 4. . 26.   ,         1,7  :  .     . 16.].

               16  50 [65 -         . (. .)],          , -,          .  ,      ,       ,        . ,  ,          ,  ,       (  ,    -,       ).     ,   ,  ,         -.  ,      ,       ,      ,  ,             .   ,   ,             ;        ,  ,     ,  -     [66 -     .: Stephen Kotkin. Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995;  .  ; Timothy Johnston. Being Soviet: Identity, Rumour and Everyday Life under Stalin, 19391953. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.].

   , ,  ,   ,    - ,           ,     ,   ,   XX      ,      (        ),       [67 - A. . . .     .   // . 2007. 51. . 6 (        ).].      ,      ,    ,              .              ,   ,    - .  (     )     ,             . ,   5%         ,        .          :     1,5      , ,  ,          .  ,           (  , ),       1941 ,         ,         [68 - Mark Edele. Stalins Defectors: How Red Army Soldiers Became Hitlers Collaborators, 19411945. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. p. 3236 (   251318       ,     1941.,         ); Idem. Not an Ordinary Man. Ivan Nikitch Kononov and the Problem of Frontline Defection from the Red Army, 19411949, Australian Journal of Politics and History.2016. Vol. 62. No. 4. p. 546560.].

   ,    ,   ,     ().     :  ,        ,   .                        1942          .   ,     -,   -,               .        ,       , ,      .  ,         ,       [69 - . . . . . . 3941.    . : Anna Marta Holian. Op. cit. p. 115116; Benjamin Tromly. Op. cit. p. 3240, 7984.].

        ,       ,          .   ,   ,          ,        (,      ).      ,             .   ,    ,      (Hilfswilliger,   Hiwi, ),            .      (Osteinheiten),       -    ,      ,        .          ,    1945 ,   ,       ,      .     ,  .       ,    :       -[70 - Mark R. Elliott. Op. cit. Hp. 15, 8485 (); Samuel J. Newland. Cossacks in the Germany Army 19411945. London: Frank Cass, 1991. . 34.].

   ,          .  ,      -   ( ),       , ,    ,    .           .     ,     ,        ,      ,     ,   ,      ,  ,   .    ,        [71 -   (A. ). ,  . 8996.].      ,    ,   .           .     ,         (    );         .       :    ,  ; ,    ,        -,   [72 -      . 8 2016.].

     ,      ,      .           :     ,   (4,8  )[73 - . . .     . 26.].                :        (        ),        .  ,      .

         ,    .   (,      )    ,       ,     ;          ,   ,           .  -    ,   ,     ,        . , ,       ;         ,    .        -,  ,  ,      .   1950- ,     ,       ,     ,       ,           ,          [74 -  .   // . 1997. 14. . 29; . .    //  . 1999. 21. . 32;  : Michael Alex Protopopov. Op. cit. ( , pp. 89, 373;  , pp. 97, 373;  , pp. 113, 379;  , pp. 90, 394;  , p. 99;  , pp. 98, 401;  , p. 110;  -, pp. 8990, 412413);  . . 9526. . 6s . 888. . 133135, 217218 ().].

 1944 ,       ,   ,                   .       ,       ,      1940 ,        .    ,  ,       1939 ,         1941 ,    ,     ,        ,    .         ,        ,    ;       ,      -,   ,    .  ,       ,  1941     ,      , ,   ,   ,          1944    [75 - Michael Alex Protopopov. p. cit. Pp. 394395 (); Andrejs Bievskis. Family History.    , 6  2008.; NAA: A6122 166:     , 15  1954.].

,    -     ,       .   ,   ,     ; 1944               [76 - Michael Alex Protopopov. Op. cit. Pp. 396397; . . .     腻     . , 2010. . 120123.           .].         ,  .   .      ,    .   ,                     .                .  ,    ,     ,            ,   ,      ,    ,     ,    [77 - Michael Alex Protopopov. Op. cit. Pp. 409410 (); Mark Aarons. War Criminals Welcome P. 300 (, , );  . . 9526. . 6. . 888. . 143144 ().].

            ,        .   ,            ,          ,     ,  .     (         )     -    .        ,     ,         ;                  .     ,  , ,  ,      ,    ,      ,     .        , -,      ,           .   (),                   ,     ,   ,     (   )       ,             ,         [78 - . . .   . .  // . 1995. 5. . 2627; Ksana Natalenko, Bohdan Natalenko. Lilyas Journey: A Russian Memoir. Sydney: Simon & Schuster, 2004. p. 132133 ( .); . .    // . 2000. 23. . 20;     . .  // . 1997. 13. . 2425.].

  ( 14  ),       ,      .     1943 ,    1944-    :      .    ,     ,     ,   ,        , ,       .   1944       ,  ,       .          .   1945         (   ,    32  ).   :   ,     ,      ;  ,     ,   [79 - Samuel J. Newland. Op. cit. Pp. 129134; Nikolai Tolstoy. Victims of Yalta. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1977. p. 191, 201202; Michael Alex Protopopov. Op. cit. Pp. 90, 377378.]; ,  , ,    ,     -  ; ,    (  ),   ,      ,  , -,      -    [80 - Jayne Persian. Cossack Identities: From Russian migrs and Anti-Soviet Collaborators to Displaced Persons, Immigrants & Minorities. 2018. Vol. 3. No. 26. P. 131.].


 

       1945       ,           .            ,     ,           ,      .     ,       ,       ,   ,      .            ,  ,           .       ,           ,        ,   .   ,         ,        ,   ,     .        ,         [81 -   1946.  ,   ,     7%,   33%       ;  ,  ,     ,     .   ,          ,   .. (Sheila Fitzpatrick. The Motherland Calls Pp. 344  .).].

    ,      ,       1945   ,       -       .      : , ,   .   ,         ,  ,     : ,      ,  ,     (        ),  .    ,   ,     5  10%    [82 - Mark Elliott. Op. cit. P. 31.    (p. 97)    : 900  ,  [],    .]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/sheila-fitzpatrick/belye-russkie-krasnaya-ugroza-istoriya-russkoy-emigraci-69796201/chitat-onlayn/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 .   . XII 14.  . . (     ,    .)




2


    ,  1  1952.   5700      18 508 : . . .      , 19471955 //   :     , 19412001 / . .   . ., 2007. . 7.     . ,    .




3


     ,    , . ,    .




4


     (Eric Richards. Destination Australia: Migration to Australia since 1901. Sydney: UNSW Press, 2008)      .




5


 .  !       . , 2011.  .  .      30- : . , 2008.




6


Sheila Fitzpatrick. Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 19211934, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1979;  .  .      30- : . ., 2001.




7


Joy Damousi. Memory and Migration in the Shadow of War: Australias Greek Immigrants after World War II and the Greek Civil War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2015.     ,     ,         ,    ,             ,    : Klaus Neumann. Across the Seas: Australias Response to Refugees: A History. Melbourne, 2015.           (Jayne Persian. Beautiful Balts: From Displaced Persons to New Australians. Sydney: NewSouth, 2017)    (Ruth Balint. Destination Elsewhere: Displaced Persons and Their Quest to Leave Europe after 1945. NY, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2022),           Discovery    (ARC),     .




8


Alex Inkeles, Raymond Bauer. The Soviet Citizen. New York: Atheneum, 1968; David C. Engerman. Know Your Enemy: The Rise and Fall of Americas Soviet Experts, New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. p. 5169.    ,          -,    -,    ,   ,               .




9


         .: Sheila Fitzpatrick. The Motherland Calls: Soft Repatriation of Soviet Citizens from Europe, 19451953, The Journal of Modern History. 2018. Vol. 90, no. 2.




10


Joanne Laycock. The Repatriation of Armenians to Soviet Armenia, 19451949 in Warlands: Population Resettlement and State Reconstruction in the Soviet  East European Borderlands 19451950, Peter Gatrell and Nick Baron (eds.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.




11


Eugenia Hanfmann, Helen Beier. Six Russian Men  Lives in Turmoil. MA, Quincy: The Christopher Publishing House,1976.




12


     , 8  2016.




13


.     ,     19491950.,   : Sheila Fitzpatrick. The Motherland Calls




14


  ,            ,         . (. .)




15


     ,  ,        ,        ,  - ,   ,      XI    ,        . ,       , , , ,               , ,  ,           ,  ,                    ,   ,         (     1948 ).




16


Ivan Nikolajuk. Memoirs . 23,   .




17


Ibid. Pp. 23, 44.  ,    ,                 ,    ,     : , , ,   .




18


Ibid. Pp. 98, 129, 166;       , 23 . 2020.




19


Ivan Nikolajuk. Op. cit. P. 243;      ,  , 26  27  2019.




20


    ( )  , 3  2015.




21


. 2004. 38. . 39.




22


.  7.




23


 . . 9526. . 6s. . 890. .73 (); . 888. . 218 ().




24


        ,  ,   , ,           ,     ,      .          (. . .      //. 2011. 68. . 8).           ,   ( . 2002. 31. . 25),   ( . 1997. 12. . 28)    ( . 2008. 54. . 34),        ,            ,   ,  ,       .




25


 .    // . 2013. 77. . 32;   (A. ). , , . ., 1995. C. 8996.




26


   // . 2001. 27 . 40;  .    //  . 2011. 68. . 36;  .   ʸ //  . 2013. 77. . . 3334.




27


   . , 2013. . IV. . 113; . -    // . 1997. 13. . 17,  .   //  . 2010. 65. . 1820; R. H. Morrison. Valentina Georgievna Szobovits // Russians in Australia. Melbourne: University of Melbourne, 1984.




28


       ,             . (. .)




29


Meanjin ()   ,       ,   .




30


   .




31


       :   1940-  (Mischkas War: A European Odyssey of the 1940s. Melbourne: University Press; London: I. B. Tauris, 2015).




32


ASIO (Australian Security Intelligence Organization)     .




33


       ( .  .   . ., 2011)    (Sam Moshinsky. Goodbye Shanghai. Melbourne Mind, 2009).    (Mara Moustafine. Secrets and Spies: The Harbin Files. Sydney: Vintage Books, 2002),      ,    ,                 .




34


      ,    ,     ,   ,          ,       .        -    ,       ,       ,      ,         (   ,   ,       ),       .




35


.. .      :   . ., 1986. C. 118; Russian and Armenian Refugees: Report to the Eighth Ordinary Session of the Assembly. League of Nations, Geneva, 5 September 1927. p. 23, 25.  , ,        ,     ;  ,    5 000    700800 ,  ,   : Report by the Committee Submitted to the Council of the League of Nations, League of Nations Committee on International Assistance to Refugees. Geneva 25 January 1936. . 3.




36


 .   .    . 19191939. ., 1994. . 56. ,   19361937.   345386    ,  ,        (100120 ),     (80100 ),  (45 ),  (2728 ),  (12 800 )   (9 000 ).




37


Benjamin Tromly. Cold War Exiles and the CIA. Oxford: Oxford University Press. . 26.  ,      , . : Karl Schl?gel. Der grosse Exodus. Die russische Emigration und ihre Zentren 1917 bis 1941. Munich: C. H. Beck Verlag, 1994;  . ,  .        (19181945). ., 2004.




38


 .  . :  , 1988. . 2425.




39


 ; . 22. 2000; 2013. 40 (); 2013. 74, 19 (); 2005. 43, 32 ();      ,    , 1  2016.




40


 ,         ,  : . . .    . ., 2016. . 41.




41


. . .    . , 2014. . 8889.




42


 . . . C. 6595; J. H. Simpson. The Refugee Problem: Report of a Survey. London: Oxford University Press, 1939. p. 99, 191, 101, 103104, 538; . 1999. 21. . 37 (/);  . 1998. 18. 1516 (); Ivan Nikolajuk. Dedas Memoirs: For the Grandchildren. Trans. Yura Nikolajuk, Melbourne [?], self-published, 2020.




43


 . . . . 1328.




44


Russische Emigration in Deutschland 19181941: Fragen und Thesen in Russische Emigration in Deutschland 1918 bis 1941: Leben in Europ?ischen B?rgerkrieg; ed. Karl Schl?gel. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2018 (). P. 14;  . . . . 125.




45


 . . 100.      (),  ()     (,  ).




46


Marc Raeff. Emigration  welche, wann, wo? Kontexte der russischen Emigration in Deutschland 19201941, Russische Emigration in Deutschland p. 2324.




47


J. H. Simpson. Refugee Problem, pp. 9597.          :  ,          ,       .




48


Michael Alex Protopopov. The Russian Orthodox Presence in Australia. PhD diss., Australian Catholic University, 2005. p. 382383 (), 386387 ().




49


 . . . . 73 (); J. H. Simpson. Refugee Problem . 101; . 1998. 18. . 15 (); 2005. 45. . 29 ().




50


 . . . . 19.




51


     , ,   ,        Aufbau (Wirtschafts-politische Verenigung f?r den Osten [: -   ])   : Michael Kellogg. The Russian Roots of Nazism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.




52


Michael Alex Protopopov. Op. cit. p. 174175, 386 (); John Stephan. The Russian Fascists: Tragedy and Farce in Exile 192545. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1978, pp. 1630;  ,          XX . .; ., 2015. . 167168.




53


Anna Marta Holian. Between National Socialism and Soviet Communism: Displaced Persons in Postwar Germany. MI, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011. . 113; Catherine Andreyev. Vlasov and the Russian Liberation Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, pp. 185188;  . . . . 2223.




54


Stephen Dorril. MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majestys Secret Intelligence Service. New York: The Free Press, 2000. p. 189190, 409411, 419421.




55


Benjamin Tromly. Cold War Exiles . 43.




56


    ,    , -,        : . . .            //   .   - 19412001. / . . .    . ., 2007. . 4142.




57


 . . . . 1819.




58


    // . 1951. 14 . . 6; Mark R. Elliott. Pawns of Yalta: Soviet Refugees and Americas Role in their Repatriation. IL, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982. p. 1415.




59


Stephen Dorril. MI6 . 409.       ,           .




60


Mark Aarons. War Criminals Welcome: Australia, a Sanctuary for Fugitive War Criminals Since 1945. Melbourne: Black Inc., 2001. p. 141152; Anna Marta Holian. Op. cit. . 113;       // . 1995. 2. . 18.




61


        ,   : ,    ,      ,                 : . .     // . 1997. 12. . 41.




62


Michael Alex Protopopov. Op. cit. . 416;   .  // . 1999. 21. . 7.




63


    ( 1946.)   ( 1952.),     4 892 462 ,   1 663 565 (34%)  ,  1 795 277 (37%)  (. . .      , 19441952. .; ., 2016. . 125, 142 ( 3, 8)).      58 638 ,       1947  1952. (. 141,  7).    ,               .




64


. . .      , 19441951  //  . 1990. 4. . 26.   ,         1,7  :  .     . 16.




65


        . (. .)




66


    .: Stephen Kotkin. Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995;  .  ; Timothy Johnston. Being Soviet: Identity, Rumour and Everyday Life under Stalin, 19391953. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.




67


A. . . .     .   // . 2007. 51. . 6 (        ).




68


Mark Edele. Stalins Defectors: How Red Army Soldiers Became Hitlers Collaborators, 19411945. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. p. 3236 (   251318       ,     1941.,         ); Idem. Not an Ordinary Man. Ivan Nikitch Kononov and the Problem of Frontline Defection from the Red Army, 19411949, Australian Journal of Politics and History.2016. Vol. 62. No. 4. p. 546560.




69


. . . . . . 3941.    . : Anna Marta Holian. Op. cit. p. 115116; Benjamin Tromly. Op. cit. p. 3240, 7984.




70


Mark R. Elliott. Op. cit. Hp. 15, 8485 (); Samuel J. Newland. Cossacks in the Germany Army 19411945. London: Frank Cass, 1991. . 34.




71


  (A. ). ,  . 8996.




72


     . 8 2016.




73


. . .     . 26.




74


 .   // . 1997. 14. . 29; . .    //  . 1999. 21. . 32;  : Michael Alex Protopopov. Op. cit. ( , pp. 89, 373;  , pp. 97, 373;  , pp. 113, 379;  , pp. 90, 394;  , p. 99;  , pp. 98, 401;  , p. 110;  -, pp. 8990, 412413);  . . 9526. . 6s . 888. . 133135, 217218 ().




75


Michael Alex Protopopov. p. cit. Pp. 394395 (); Andrejs Bievskis. Family History.    , 6  2008.; NAA: A6122 166:     , 15  1954.




76


Michael Alex Protopopov. Op. cit. Pp. 396397; . . .     腻     . , 2010. . 120123.           .




77


Michael Alex Protopopov. Op. cit. Pp. 409410 (); Mark Aarons. War Criminals Welcome P. 300 (, , );  . . 9526. . 6. . 888. . 143144 ().




78


. . .   . .  // . 1995. 5. . 2627; Ksana Natalenko, Bohdan Natalenko. Lilyas Journey: A Russian Memoir. Sydney: Simon & Schuster, 2004. p. 132133 ( .); . .    // . 2000. 23. . 20;     . .  // . 1997. 13. . 2425.




79


Samuel J. Newland. Op. cit. Pp. 129134; Nikolai Tolstoy. Victims of Yalta. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1977. p. 191, 201202; Michael Alex Protopopov. Op. cit. Pp. 90, 377378.




80


Jayne Persian. Cossack Identities: From Russian migrs and Anti-Soviet Collaborators to Displaced Persons, Immigrants & Minorities. 2018. Vol. 3. No. 26. P. 131.




81


  1946.  ,   ,     7%,   33%       ;  ,  ,     ,     .   ,          ,   .. (Sheila Fitzpatrick. The Motherland Calls Pp. 344  .).




82


Mark Elliott. Op. cit. P. 31.    (p. 97)    : 900  ,  [],    .


