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ISBN 978-5-4448-2339-6



Babel and Babylon: Spectatorship in American Silent Film by Miriam Hansen

Copyright  1991 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College

Published by arrangement with Harvard University Press



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      , ,     ,   .        19811982            ,        ,        Film Studies  .       19851986         .            .     ,  ,  ,       ,   ,      .

      (-).      ,          19881989 .                 ,    ,      .             ,    ,    :  ,  ,  , .  ,  -,        .

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          ,     .     ,  ,  ,  , . . ,        ,         1974 .         ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     ,           .

    ,       .            .               ,    .              . , ,    ,              ,      .

  12?     Cinema Journal. 1986. Vol. 25. 4   8?  10?    The South Atlantic Quarterly. 1989. Vol. 88. 2.




.      


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    ,        1926 ,      ໠      .               ,            ,  ,   .   ,   ,     ,  ,        :  ,   , ,   -.

    ,      ,      (Moran of the Lady Letty, 1922)    (Monsieur Beaucaire, 1924),      .    ,         ,       .

   ,   ,    ,  ,      .   ,         /   ,   ,   .         ,    ,         ,       .

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           ,       ,      ,   ,    . ,             .      (enunciation   ),      ,  ,       ,     ,        [6 - Bellour R. Lanalyse du Film. Paris: Albatros, 1980; Bergstrom J. Alternation, Segmentation, Hypnosis: Interview with Raymond Bellour // Camera Obscura. 1979. 34. P. 71103, 133134; Heath S. Film and System: Terms of Analysis, Part I // Screen. 1975. Vol. 16. 1. P. 777  Part II // Screen. 1975. Vol. 16. 2. P. 91113; Heath S. Questions of Cinema. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981. . : Bordwell D. Narration in the Fiction Film. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985. P. 2126.].

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  (     )      ,                 ,    . ,                 /  .  :       ,        ?

 ,       .          .              ,       .

         -          ,  ,     ,      [10 - Bordwell. Narration in the Fiction Film // Bordwell D., Staiger J., Thompson K. The Classical Hollywood Cinema: Film Style and Mode of Production to 1960. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.]. , ,    ,   - ,       ,     . ,  ,    ,     .     ,  ,  ,      .     ,         ,   .

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          ,        ,    , ? (  , ,    .) ,   ,   ,      ()  ,         .     ,                   ,   ,     .         ,          ?           ,    ?

,           ,        , , ,  ,              [12 - .: Allen R. Review of The Classical Hollywood Cinema // Framework. 1985. Vol. 29. P. 90.].        ,      ,     ,    .         ,        ,  (   )   , ,     .

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              ,        .   ,       ,      ,         .        ,      ,   ,     ,       ,         .             ,      .       ,       ,       ;    ,  ,     ;                 .

 軠           ,          , ,       ,   ,   ,     .            ,       [13 - ,       (Mayne J. Private Novels, Public Films. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988),        ,     .           .].        ,          ,    1962     [14 - Habermas J. Strukturwandel der Offentlichkeil. Untersuchungen tu einer Kategorie der biirgerlichen Gesellschaft. Darmstadt and Neuwied: Hermann Luchterhand Verlag, 1962; The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, trans. Thomas Burger, with the assistance of Frederick Lawrence. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1989.         .: Hohendahl P. U. The Institution of Criticism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982. Ch. 7; Norton Th. M. The Public Sphere: A Workshop // New Political Science. 1983 (Spring). 11. P. 7584; Landes J. B. Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988. P. 5ff. . : Habermas J. The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article (1964) // New German Critique. 1974. 3. P. 4955. (     ( .    .      / . .   . . . .:  , 2016),                 . . .)].

         ,             ,   .                ( ,       ),        1970? (  ), ,       ,       . ,          ,        .

                      ,        ,         .             [15 - Fraser N. Whats Critical About Critical Theory? The Case of Habermas and Gender // New German Critique 1985. 35. P. 112.],      ,       ,   , , ,   ,      .

           vis-a-vis        (,   ).   ,      , ,  ,            ,    ,          (    ) ,     ,     () .       ,     ,        ,        .                      ,   .

        ,   ? ,      ,     .       ,  ,       ,         .        ,    ,       ,      (publikumsbezogene)     [16 - Habermas. Structural Transformation. P. 29.].

     ,   (R?sonnement),      XVIII    ,  ,     ,          .            ,        ,       ,  , .  ,   ,    컠       .       ,     ,       .

      :   ,        ,   ,         .  ,     , ,     ,       [17 - Habermas. Structural Transformation. P. 36, 160161. . : Hohendahl. Institution of Criticism. P. 246.].        ,  ,       ,          ,     . (            XVII   ,       [18 -  .    / . .: . , . , . , . . .: , 2002. . 4855.        : Arendt H. The Public and the Private Realm // Arendt H. The Human Condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958. P. 2278.       ,         :            ,          (57). . : Habermas J. Knowledge and Human Interest (1968), transl. J. Shapiro. Boston: MIT Press, 1971.].)

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           .       ,                  (public man).       (public woman)   ,  [19 - Landes. Women and the Public Sphere. P. 3. ,    .: Bethke Elshtain J. Public Man, Private Woman. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.].           (       ).          ,       ,        ,     [20 - Habermas. Structural Transformation. P. 56.       .  P. 3233, 4748       .].

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        ,  ,         ,      .       1908                ,  ,           .

 ,       ,     ;          .     . .     ,            ,                   .       ,      ,  ,      ,    ,     -        .

       (1916),            ,        .           (  )       .              ,   ,             ,         ,     .

  ,  ,           ,    .          ,       .              ,   1907  1917 .      ,                      .

        ,     ,       .       ,     ,        XIX .   2        ,  ,        (   )        .  ,    ,    (      )                  ,   -     - -.

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  II           , ,             .                   ,     ,        ,    .   ,          ,       ,   1916 , ,    -    .         ,      ,      ,         ,     .

                  ,     .    par excellence,     ,       ,         .      ,    ,              ,         ,     .

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        -, ,     ,       .   III   ,     :   - ,                .    ,            ,          . ,    ,     ,        .

           ,   .                       , ,         .        ,          ,     XIX .  ,   ,    ,      ,          .

               ,  . ,            ,    .     ,        .

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 I.   .  





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      18951896 ,         ,   .               .   ,  ,           .  ,        ,       ,    .

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    ,   1903 ,         ,         ,           ,       .

               , ,  ,      ,  ,       ,        .       ,  ,    .

    :    ( -  - , ,  ,  ,   ),         ,       ( ,    ),  ,     [52 -          ,          ,     . .: Musser h. (ed.). Thomas A. Edison Papers. Motion Picture Catalogues by American Producers and Distributors, 18941908: A Microfilm Edition. Frederick Md.: University Publications of America, 1985; Kemp R. Niver. Motion Pictures from The Library of Congress Paper Print Collection. 18941912. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967; Biograph Bulletins, 18961908. Los Angeles: Locare Research Group, 1971.       19001906      .: Holman. Cinema 19001906. Vol. II.  l     (1978). . : Bowser E. Preparation for Brighton  the American Contribution I. P. 329; The Brighton Project: An Introduction // Quarterly Review of Film Studies. 1979. 4. P. 509538. .     ,    ,   ,   ,    Before Hollywood. . : Fell. Film Before Griffith.].

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       ,              ,     .     ..   ,    ,     ,   .            , -,    ,       ,      [60 - Brewster B. A Scene at the Movies: The Development of Narrative Perspective in Early Cinema // Screen. 1982. Vol. 23. 2. P. 7. . : Gunning T. What I Saw from the Rear Window of the Hotel des Folies-Dramatiques, or the Story Point-of-View Films Told. // Gaudreault A. (ed.). Ce que je vois de mon cine Paris: Meridiens Klincksieck, 1988. P. 3343.].   ,      ,      ,    .

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          .     ,      (    ),      .     ,         , ,      ,    ( , ). ,         (Biograph, 1903)   (Biograph, 1905),           .       ,   ()                [75 -  . . . . 9496.         .: Lehman P. Looking at Ivy Looking at Us Looking at Her: The Camera and the Garter // Wide Angle 1983. Vol. 5. 3. P. 5963.].

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       (         )[79 -  .      //  .   / . . . .: , 1990. . 122199.]    ,    ,      .  ,      . .  (1900),          (  Pathe, 1901)    .  (Hepworth, 1905),   ,        ,  ,                  ,     .

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   ,       ,            , , ,      .           ,     .          XIX         ,   .                ,       (,    ,  ,  ),   [84 - Musser. Toward a History of Screen Practice // The Eden Musee in 1898: The Exhibitor as Creator / Film and History. 1981 (December). P. 7383; Early Cinema of Porter. P. 5,    High-Class Moving Pictures: Lyman H. Howe and the Forgotten Era of the Travelling Exhibition, 18801920.].

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,   ,    ,     ,   ,      ,     /  ,       .       ,  ,  ,                       ,         / .     , , ,   ,   ,     .  ,        ,     ,  ,    . , ,             ,   ,    -  (.       , 1901).

        ,       (Biograph,  1904),                   - 䓻 (Edison,  1904)          ( 1904)[96 -      ?  ,      ,   ,              ,       . .: Levy. Edison Sales Policy.]. -,       1903?  1906                ,        :  -    [97 -  ,        ,     ,      (Gunning. Cinema of Attractions. P. 68).  , Biograph Bulletin       :         ,     .             ( 4, June 1904, .: Levy. Edison Sales Policy. P. 209).    ( )       XX  .: Toll. On with The Show. Ch. 9.].

    ,      ,    .                  ,    .   ,  ,     .                       ;          ( ,    ),        ,      .

       (         , ,        1908 ),       .              ,  ,      ,   ,  .   ,          ,    ;     ,       ,           [98 - Musser. Early Cinema of Porter. P. 1619; Levy. Re-Constituted Newsreels. P. 251252.].

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        ,       ,     -      .     1903               ,           ( , 1906).    -     ,                      ,        ,          .          ,            ,         ,     [100 -                    .    .: Kluge. On Film and the Public Sphere // New German Critique. 19801981 (FallWinter). 2425. P. 206220. . : , . 3 . 28.].   ,            ,    ,          ,     .

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    ,                         ,          .  ,  ,    ,    ,      ,        ,   ,       .   ,   ,      ,    : -    ,         ;          .

     ,        (,      ),    .             ,    ,   .           ,    1907     .      ,           ,    ,             :   ,     ,   ,            , , , , ,      ,    .

    軠        ,  , . .    ,          (1902).           .       ,          .     ,        ,          .    ,       :  ,    ( ) ,   ,   -,       .

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     ,        .     , ,     ,          ,       ,      ,     ,    .       ,  ()       ,         .


    

           ,   .          (        )   .         ( )   ,        ,                    ,   . ,     ,        ,        .   , ,   ,          .

                1923        1926  1937 ,      ,           (Biograph, 1910). ,        ,  ,     ,     ,   .    养     :



    ,       ;         ,    ,      . ,      ,  ,      [117 - Brewster. Scene at the Movies. P. 12. . : Burch. Narrative/Diegesis. P. 21.].


                 1920? ,        .

                (     ,    ).         :            ,         - .             ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   , , , , [118 - Fell J. L. Cellulose Nitrate Roots: Popular Entertainments and the Birth of Film Narrative // Before Hollywood. P. 3944. ,  ,     ,    (P. 42).].         ,    (Lubin, 1899)    (Edison)    .

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2.  :   


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                    ,  ,     .         ,       .   ,      ,            (audience)          (, ,  ).  1910           (spectator),      . (,      The Spectator.)




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notes



1


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