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   ,    ,      .               .   ,       - ,  ,    .          ,       .        堖  ࠖ  ,   ,      .       .

       ,          . ,  ,    ,    ,     .   ,            ,  ,      [1 - K.W. Butzer, Physical Conditions inEastern Europe, Western Asia andEgypt, before theperiod ofagricultural andurban settlement etc., CAH fasc. 33. 1965, : Quaternary Stratiography andClimate intheNear East, Bonn, 1958,  .].    ,   7000. .., , ,   .    .        :     . ,     ,  ,    ,       .   ,  -    , .

  ,   ,     .  頖   .        .   ,     , 堖    .      ,              [2 - () K.W. Butzer, Environment andArcheology: anIntroduction toPleistocene Geography, Chicago, 1964; London, 1965; (b) W.C. Brice, South-West Asia: aSystematic Regional Geography, vol.VIII, London, 1967;     .].      ,        .   ,        ,  , ,     .   ,   ,     .

   ,    ,    ,    .          .    ,     30  .   ,     , ,  ,        .      ,  -     .          .     ,  ,   .  ( )               .     ,   ,       ,           .        ,    .    ,    ,       . ,    ,            .

           .       ,  ,   .    ,          2700 (800850)  (蠖 2000 (600)), .          (, )  .   ,     9000. .. ,   ,      ,  .       ,  ,  [3 - H.Wright inR.J. Braidwood, B. Howe, Prehistoric Investigations inIraqi Kurdistan, SAOC no. 31, Chicago, 1960. P.7197.].

           .      .       (    100 (30,5)),       .        ,         .  ,   ,       ,     . 堖  [4 - H.R. Cohen, ?g?z Erol, Aspects ofthePalaeogeography ofCentral Anatolia, TheGeographical Journal. 135 (3). September. 1969. P.388398.].        ,  ,     .  , ,   .           ,   ,     .      12 (30,5)    ,    ,     ,   .  ,  ,     , ,    .        ,   , ,    ,       ,    .          ,   , ,      -       . ,     ,            ,  .  ,        (),   ,    .        ,   ,   ,  V, - [5 - S. Lloyd, J. Mellaart, BeycesultanII, London, 1965.].   ,        ,         .        ,    . Ƞ    ,       .     ,       ,     ,  1957.[6 - R.S. Young, TheGordion Campaign of1957: Preliminary Report, AJA 62. 1958. P.139154.]       : ,       , ,   ,      ,     .    , ,  .  ,    ,       .

  ,    ,    ,        .  ࠖ          ,        .     ,     ,   [7 - B.B. Piotrovskii, TheAeneolothic Culture ofTranscaucasia intheThird Millennium BC, Sixth International Congress ofPrehistoric andProtohistoric Sciences, Reports, Moscow, 1962.].

   ,       ( )  ,  ,     ,       ,    ,   . ,  ,          [8 - (a) Hans Helbaek Prehistoric Investigations inIraqi Kurdistan. P.99118; (b) Helbaek, Commentary onthePhylogenesis ofTriticum andHordeum, Economic Botany 20. 1966. P.355; (c) Jane Renfrew, ANote ontheNeolithic Grain from Can Hasan, ASXVIII, 1968. P.5556.]. Ƞ     ,   ,            ,      ,  --,  ,   ,    .      .       ,      .



,         ,  ,       ,      .      ,    , 頖 ,  젖  . ,  ,    ,    ?    ,    ,    , ,      2- . ..          ( ),  .

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     , , ,       .           ,   .     ,    ,    ,   ,    . ,     , -   .   , , ,      ,     .    -,     .     .          ,   ,    [9 - Xenophon, Anabasis, Bk IV, chr.vii.].        ,  , -   ,  ,     .  , - (,  ,  )  (),     ,      .   ,    堖 ,   頖  ,  .      ,       .     ࠖ        [10 - ARABI, par. 236237, 584, 604,785.].    ,       [11 - (a)     J. Garstang, O.R. Gurney, TheGeography oftheHittite Empire, London, 1959. P.3336.   ,   (-,  ),  ,  ; (b)      I  , Handbuch I. P.37 (1 a c); (c)    . .:Geography, Bk XI, par. 13.],     .          ,  , ,   .

ʠ   ()        ,    ꠖ ,     ,  .        : 頖   - () ,             , 頖         ,             .     -䠖   ,   , 頖 - .       -   ,  , 35 (56,3)    ,   -  ,  .  (), 25 (40,2) ,    ,      ,       ().             .    ,   ,    .      .     ,   ,      2- . .. ,     -    ,       ,   ,        ,     ,   1- . ..[12 - T. Cuyler Young, TheIranian Migration into Zagros, Iran V, 1967. P.1134.    -,  .]  ,          ,  .

    ,   ,     ,      ,   .     ,   .   , , ,     ,  , ,   ,     ,    .           .      ,       ( , ?), -[13 - (a) C. Renfrew, J.E. Dixon, J.R. Cann, Obsidian andEarly Cultural Contact intheNear East, PPS XXXII, 1966. P.3072; (b) Gary A. Wright, Obsidian Analyses andPrehistoric Near Eastern Trade, 7500 to3500 BC, Anthropological Papers 37, Museum ofAnthropology, University ofMichigan, 1969.].     :        .    ,    . ,  XIX.       ,   ,  ,      700 (11001200).     .         .    ,       ,  .      , ,   蠖  .



        .   , .       .       . ,       .   :   ,  , ,    . ,   ,  [14 - R.J. Forbes, Metallurgy inAntiquity, Leiden, 1950.].   ,       ,  ,     .   蠖 - -,      -,  .     蠖    .      -.    ,     (     ) ,   , ,   - .     -.   ,  .    , ,  ,   -,        ()   ,      .      (-)  ,   [15 - (a) Π     .:S.E. Birgi, Notes ontheInfluence oftheErgani Copper Mines ontheDevelopment oftheMetal Industry intheAncient Near East; (b)  .:Paul Garelli: Les Assyriens en Cappadoce, Paris, 1963,etc.].       ,      ࠖ  . , ,     ,      .  ,      .              ,        .  ,    .   ,       ,   ,   .

     ⠖       .       .        ,    ,  -, [16 - C. Renfrew, J.E. Dixon, J.R. Cann, TheCharacterization ofObsidian andits Application totheMediterranean Region, PPS XXX, 1964. P.111133.]. ,    ,      ⠖ .        ,   ,    ,    .    ,    ,       .      ,   ,      [17 - C. Renfrew, J.E. Dixon, J.R. Cann, Further Analysis ofNear Eastern Obsidians, PPS XXXIV, 1968. P.319331.       .       -.       ,    .]. -,     ,    .  -      ,   .

      .        : - (, , ), - (  ,   ), .     ,   ,   蠖 .       ,    :    ,  -   [18 - P.H. Davis, J. Gullen, M.J.E. Coode, Flora ofTurkey andEast Aegean Islands, vol.I,Edinburgh, 1967.].       .  ࠖ , , 蠖     ,   ,    .     .      6000 (18001900).     .      .     .      堖   . ,  ,    -    ,    .         .        , ,   ,    .     ,   ,          .      .   頖  .     ,   .

, ,  ,    . , ,  堖 .    ,     .   -        ,     .   -     ,   ,    [19 - H. Helbaek, Domestication ofWild Food Plants intheOld World, Science 130, 1959. P.365372,etc.].             .

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  , ,   ,    . ,  vitis vinifera  ,   .      ,  ,  .    ,    ,      18 .    ,   ,   .    ,  4- . ..,          ,  ,    ,    [20 - D.M. Lang: TheGeorgians, Ancient Peoples andPlaces, London, 1966. P.34.].  ⠫       ,  91   50   ,    .        , ,   .           :          ,  .           [21 - H. Helbaek Prehistoric Investigations inIraqi Kurdistan. P.116.].            ,         .

     80005000. ..,          [22 - CAHI, fasc. 33. P.810.].        .    .  () ,     ,    .    ,         .       ,  ,       ,   .   , ,  ,   ,   .      ,         ,             . ,    ,     .

      .     ,  ,    .      .       ,  .       .     .   ,      .  --  ,  , ,  , ,   , 堖 , ,  [23 - J. Mellaart, ?atal H?y?k, London, 1967. P.223224.].       ,  ,    ,  --[24 - J. Bordaz, ASXV. 1965. P.32; XVI. 1966. P.33.]. ,  ,    [25 - H. Helbaek inPrehistoric Investigations inIraqi Kurdistan. P.4748.].          ,          .

    ,      [26 - C.A. Reed inPrehistoric Investigations inIraqi Kurdistan. P.119145.].  ,    ,    ,    .    ,  ,    -,  ,     .

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2

 


-    ,  ,    .    ,    . - -  ,  ,      .           .   , ,  ,  .     , . ,  ,      ,      .   ,        . ,      ,     .   ,  ,      ,    .     ,  .

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 ,   ,     , ,       蠖  . , ,    ,         [30 - (a) D.R. Hughes, D.R. Brothwell; TheEarliest Populations ofMan inEurope, Western Asia andNorthern Africa, CAH I, fasc. 50; (b) D.A.E. Garrod, D. Bates, TheStone Age ofMount Carmel I, Oxford, 1937; (c) T.D. McCown, A. Keith, TheStone Age ofMount CarmelII, Oxford, 1939.].     ,  ,       ,       . Ӡ      :     5 8 (177),   5 1 (155).    .

     ,    ,     ,    .  ,    ,       .  ,   ,    ,      ,   .  ,    蠖   .   ꠖ  [31 - (a) E. Bostanci, ANew Palaeolithic Site atBeldibi, Anatolia VI 1961/1962. P.129178; (b)     19661967.  .:Bostanci, T?rk Arkeoloji Dergisi 16, I. 1967. P.5154; (c) I. K. K?kten, DieStellung vonKarain innerhalb dert?rkischen Vorgeschichte, Anatolia VI. 1963. P.5969.].                ࠖ 100009000. ..    , ,    .         - ,  ,  堖  (), 40 (64)  ,  .      .        .          .






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        ,    ,  .                 . ,     ( ).    , ,   , 堖 .   ,  ,      ,   ,    [33 - A.Mongait, Archaeology intheUSSR Moscow, 1955.        ,   ,    .].               .  ,       , ,   ,   ,     [34 - S.A. Sardarian, Primitive Society inArmenia, Erevan, 1967. P.317325.].

       ,     (  ).  ,   ,   ,   ,  ,    [35 - (a) Archaeology intheUSSR. P.7487.       ; (b) Π   .:J.M. Coles, E.S. Higgs: TheArchaeology ofEarly Man, London, 1969. P.325356.].        , , ,    . , ,      , .

              .       ,   , .   ,     100009000. .. ʠ,        .   ,   ,  ,  ,    [36 - J. Mellaart, TheEarliest Settlements inWestern Asia, CAH I, fasc. 59. 1967. P.912.].           ,        [37 - D.A.E. Garrod, TheNatufian Culture: theLife andEconomy ofaMesolithic People intheNear East, Proceedings oftheBritish Academy, 43. 1957. P.211.].

    ,  ,     , ,  . ,   .  ,               .    ,      .

   ,  -       ,       .    ,    -    , -.   頖 , , , ,         . -ꠖ     .  ,  , 60 (97) -- -,   -  ,  ,  .      ,   .   ,     7000. .. ,  ,   ,    , 10  - .   -  .       ,    ,     .         ,   ,   ,   .

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,   ,  32  (0,13?),   ,     .      , ,    .  - ( VI)     14   [38 - J. Mellaart, ?atal H?y?k, London, 1967. P.224.],     .  , ,   .        ,  ..  ,        .  ,  ,  蠖     .     ,  -  ,  ,      .          ࠖ  .

 -      ,     . , ,      .  ,   , ,   ,   .   ,      , , , ,       ,  ,  ,   . ,          ,      .          ,      ,    .          .           ,         .  -  ,          .  V         . II ,         .     ,           .     .   VII -   120  ,     ,   .   VI   100 .     , ,   .     ,   ,    ,     .  , -    .

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   -   ,         .   , ,   .    ,   ,  -  .   , ,          .        (   ).        ,  -  ,    .     XII.  ,     ,  ,      . -       ,  ,   ,   [40 - (a) J. Mellaart, ?atal H?y?k, London, 1967. P.216217; (b) Mellaart: ASXIV. 1964. P.8184.]. ,   ,      ,  -.

 -   ,     ,         VIB VIA      50,  , ,   ,   .   : ,   ,      .        ,    -.    , ,   ꠖ  .    ,    cam bardak ( ).    ,    .     ,     .    ()  .   ,  .    ,       , VIII. ..,      ,      [41 - R.S. Young, AJA 62. 1958. P.139154.].

 (), ,  堖    -  , , ,   .    ,      ,  .  ,  ,       .   ,  ,  ,      ,   ,         .   .     .

   -   IX      ,   ,     VI ,   .           7- . ..       .  -, ,     IX,        ,    .    -   ,      4[42 - (a) S. Mellaart, ?atal H?y?k. London, 1967. P.217218; (b) Mellaart: ASXIV, 1964. P.111, 114; (c) T.A. Wertime: Mans First Encounters with Metallurgy, Science 146, no. 3649. 1964. P.12571267,etc.].

 , ,    , ,     ,   .         .       .      . , ,     .

        ,   -   ,  .     ⠖       ,    .          .    ,     ,     [43 - (a) S. Mellaart, ?atal H?y?k. London, 1967. P.219220; (b) H. Helbaek Textiles from ?atal H?y?k, Archaeology 16, 1963. P.3946, H.B. Burnham ?atal H?y?k theTextiles andTwined Fabrics ASXV. 1965. P.169174,etc.].   ,   -,   ,     .    ,            . ,     -.  ,          , .      ,    ,      .   --, ,     .      . ,        , , .

 ,  ,  ,        ,       ,  .  7- . ..    ,       .            .     ࠖ        .         ,  ,  .    , , ,   ,  ,  ,   ,  ,   , ,  .    ,     .        3- . ..   .      ,  ,        .

 ,   , ,      ,    ?  , ,  ,   .  ꠖ    頖   .     ( ),     , .         .          ,  -.  .             1961.   ,  ,       ,     . ,    , ,    .      ,        .   , ,    ; ,   .     ,  ,    ,   .       .  -   ,   ,  ,          ,     .

ʠ   . ,           .        .   , ,  ,        .       . ,   ,      ,     .   ,   ,   ,     :   .     ,     [44 - S. Mellaart, ?atal H?y?k. London, 1967. P.166167.]. ,     ,     , ,   .         ,        500  .      ,      . ,  ,   ,  ,     (  ),  .      ,   ,         .         II -,  [45 - H. deContenson, W.J. vanLiere: Sondages ?Tell-Ramad en 1963, Annales Archologiques deSyrie, XIV, 1964. P.109ff.].     ,     dentalium,     .  ,     .        ,    ,      .

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     ,  ,    ,       ,   -.    ࠖ  -      ,     -.   ,     ,      ,  ,   .

 ࠖ    -  ꠖ       ,  ,    ,  .    ,   ,   6000. ..:    5730    [46 - (a) J. Garsstang: Prehistoric Mersin, Oxford, 1953. P.1143; (b) Chronologies. P.87.        (5730  40  5570  30).].    -  ,     ,       [47 - (a) R. Braidwood, Linda Braidwood; Excavations inthePlain ofAntioch I, OIP LXI, Chicago, 1960; (b) R.J. Braidwood, TheEarlist Village Materials ofSyro-Cilicia, PPS XXI, 1955. P.7276.].    ,   ,   ,  , -  Ia       .          [48 - S. Lloyd, F. Safar: Tell Hassuna: Excavations bytheIraq Government Directorate General ofAntiquities in1943 and1944, JNES IV, 1945. P.255289.].  ,       .     . ,       ,     ,   ,    .       ,      .  Ia    6- . ..    ,     ,     (,  6290 6190. .., I 5990. III),   [49 - H. deContenson, Dcouvertes Rcentes dans leDomaine du Nolithique en Syrie Bouqras, Syria XLIII, 1966. P.152,etc.].

     堖       ,    --,  -   . ʠ       ,  7-  6- . ..,   - ( -   -, , -   . .),  ,  ,   ,    [50 - J. Mellaart, Early Cultures oftheSouth Anatolian Plateau I, ASXI, 1961,etc.].

  ,  ,  .      5600. ..        XXVIXXV  IXVI.          ,        ࠖ    ,    .

    ,   堖  -.                 VI.     .       ,  .   ,            .                .     .  VI,  , II    , , ,         .

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  ,      ,   - ,   .       -    .        ,     I (- ) 蠫 II (- 2b) [51 - J. Mellaart, ?atal H?y?k West, ASXV, 1965. P.135156.].     XXIVXXII XXIXX.  -     ,  ,   .

 50 (80,5) -,  ,  -,   1961.[52 - D.H. French        -.]        ,  -,   ,   .  3 - -      -   I.   ,  - 2b,  ,     ,    5000. ..  ,     I.     .       ,  ,     .      -.     ,  ,     -2b.

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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


K.W. Butzer, Physical Conditions inEastern Europe, Western Asia andEgypt, before theperiod ofagricultural andurban settlement etc., CAH fasc. 33. 1965, : Quaternary Stratiography andClimate intheNear East, Bonn, 1958,  .




2


() K.W. Butzer, Environment andArcheology: anIntroduction toPleistocene Geography, Chicago, 1964; London, 1965; (b) W.C. Brice, South-West Asia: aSystematic Regional Geography, vol.VIII, London, 1967;     .




3


H.Wright inR.J. Braidwood, B. Howe, Prehistoric Investigations inIraqi Kurdistan, SAOC no. 31, Chicago, 1960. P.7197.




4


H.R. Cohen, ?g?z Erol, Aspects ofthePalaeogeography ofCentral Anatolia, TheGeographical Journal. 135 (3). September. 1969. P.388398.




5


S. Lloyd, J. Mellaart, BeycesultanII, London, 1965.




6


R.S. Young, TheGordion Campaign of1957: Preliminary Report, AJA 62. 1958. P.139154.




7


B.B. Piotrovskii, TheAeneolothic Culture ofTranscaucasia intheThird Millennium BC, Sixth International Congress ofPrehistoric andProtohistoric Sciences, Reports, Moscow, 1962.




8


(a) Hans Helbaek Prehistoric Investigations inIraqi Kurdistan. P.99118; (b) Helbaek, Commentary onthePhylogenesis ofTriticum andHordeum, Economic Botany 20. 1966. P.355; (c) Jane Renfrew, ANote ontheNeolithic Grain from Can Hasan, ASXVIII, 1968. P.5556.




9


Xenophon, Anabasis, Bk IV, chr.vii.




10


ARABI, par. 236237, 584, 604,785.




11


(a)     J. Garstang, O.R. Gurney, TheGeography oftheHittite Empire, London, 1959. P.3336.   ,   (-,  ),  ,  ; (b)      I  , Handbuch I. P.37 (1 a c); (c)    . .:Geography, Bk XI, par. 13.




12


T. Cuyler Young, TheIranian Migration into Zagros, Iran V, 1967. P.1134.    -,  .




13


(a) C. Renfrew, J.E. Dixon, J.R. Cann, Obsidian andEarly Cultural Contact intheNear East, PPS XXXII, 1966. P.3072; (b) Gary A. Wright, Obsidian Analyses andPrehistoric Near Eastern Trade, 7500 to3500 BC, Anthropological Papers 37, Museum ofAnthropology, University ofMichigan, 1969.




14


R.J. Forbes, Metallurgy inAntiquity, Leiden, 1950.




15


(a) Π     .:S.E. Birgi, Notes ontheInfluence oftheErgani Copper Mines ontheDevelopment oftheMetal Industry intheAncient Near East; (b)  .:Paul Garelli: Les Assyriens en Cappadoce, Paris, 1963,etc.




16


C. Renfrew, J.E. Dixon, J.R. Cann, TheCharacterization ofObsidian andits Application totheMediterranean Region, PPS XXX, 1964. P.111133.




17


C. Renfrew, J.E. Dixon, J.R. Cann, Further Analysis ofNear Eastern Obsidians, PPS XXXIV, 1968. P.319331.       .       -.       ,    .




18


P.H. Davis, J. Gullen, M.J.E. Coode, Flora ofTurkey andEast Aegean Islands, vol.I,Edinburgh, 1967.




19


H. Helbaek, Domestication ofWild Food Plants intheOld World, Science 130, 1959. P.365372,etc.




20


D.M. Lang: TheGeorgians, Ancient Peoples andPlaces, London, 1966. P.34.




21


H. Helbaek Prehistoric Investigations inIraqi Kurdistan. P.116.




22


CAHI, fasc. 33. P.810.




23


J. Mellaart, ?atal H?y?k, London, 1967. P.223224.




24


J. Bordaz, ASXV. 1965. P.32; XVI. 1966. P.33.




25


H. Helbaek inPrehistoric Investigations inIraqi Kurdistan. P.4748.




26


C.A. Reed inPrehistoric Investigations inIraqi Kurdistan. P.119145.




27


J. Mellaart, TheEarliest Settlements inWestern Asia, CAH I, fasc. 59. 1967. P.67.




28


    .:E.H. Willis, Radiocarbon Dating, Science inArchaeology (1969 edition). P.4657.

Π  .:E. Neustupny, ANew Epoch inRadio-Carbon Dating, Antiquity XLIV. 1970. P.3845.




29


     ,   (6750, 4750. ..).            ,   6250. ..   . Π  , , - .. .:Chronologies. P.8488, 124,248.




30


(a) D.R. Hughes, D.R. Brothwell; TheEarliest Populations ofMan inEurope, Western Asia andNorthern Africa, CAH I, fasc. 50; (b) D.A.E. Garrod, D. Bates, TheStone Age ofMount Carmel I, Oxford, 1937; (c) T.D. McCown, A. Keith, TheStone Age ofMount CarmelII, Oxford, 1939.




31


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(a) R.S. Solecki, Prehistory inShanidar Valley, North Iraq, Science 18, 1963. P.179; (b) D.A.E. Garrod, J.G.D. Clark: Primitive Man InEgypt, Western Asia andEurope, CAH I, fasc. 30. 1965. P.1922.




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J. Mellaart, ?atal H?y?k, London, 1967. P.224.




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40


(a) J. Mellaart, ?atal H?y?k, London, 1967. P.216217; (b) Mellaart: ASXIV. 1964. P.8184.




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R.S. Young, AJA 62. 1958. P.139154.




42


(a) S. Mellaart, ?atal H?y?k. London, 1967. P.217218; (b) Mellaart: ASXIV, 1964. P.111, 114; (c) T.A. Wertime: Mans First Encounters with Metallurgy, Science 146, no. 3649. 1964. P.12571267,etc.




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(a) S. Mellaart, ?atal H?y?k. London, 1967. P.219220; (b) H. Helbaek Textiles from ?atal H?y?k, Archaeology 16, 1963. P.3946, H.B. Burnham ?atal H?y?k theTextiles andTwined Fabrics ASXV. 1965. P.169174,etc.




44


S. Mellaart, ?atal H?y?k. London, 1967. P.166167.




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46


(a) J. Garsstang: Prehistoric Mersin, Oxford, 1953. P.1143; (b) Chronologies. P.87.        (5730  40  5570  30).




47


(a) R. Braidwood, Linda Braidwood; Excavations inthePlain ofAntioch I, OIP LXI, Chicago, 1960; (b) R.J. Braidwood, TheEarlist Village Materials ofSyro-Cilicia, PPS XXI, 1955. P.7276.




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S. Lloyd, F. Safar: Tell Hassuna: Excavations bytheIraq Government Directorate General ofAntiquities in1943 and1944, JNES IV, 1945. P.255289.




49


H. deContenson, Dcouvertes Rcentes dans leDomaine du Nolithique en Syrie Bouqras, Syria XLIII, 1966. P.152,etc.




50


J. Mellaart, Early Cultures oftheSouth Anatolian Plateau I, ASXI, 1961,etc.




51


J. Mellaart, ?atal H?y?k West, ASXV, 1965. P.135156.




52


D.H. French        -.




53


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