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 ,    . ,        ,   ,    . ,   ,   ,          (AHistory ofthe Crusades, 19511954),         .  :     (God's War: ANewHistory ofthe Crusades, 2006)  , :    (TheCrusades: TheWarofthe Holy Land, 2010)  ,  :     (Holy Warriors: AModern History ofthe Crusades, 2010)  ,   :     (TheRace forParadise: AnIslamic History ofthe Crusades, 2014)  ,         -  :  (TheCrusades: AHistory, 2014).       , ,         , ,     ,  ,   ,    .      ,     .

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       .   ,  ,   ,   ![2 - . . . .][3 - Richards, D. S. (.), TheChronicle ofIbnal-Athir forthe Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi'l Ta'rikh (Aldershot, 2006), . I, .13.]  ,   , .  ,            ,    .        :  ,  ,  ,  , ,     ,   [3 - . . . .][4 - Wolf, Kenneth Baxter (..), TheDeeds ofCount Roger ofCalabria andSicily andof his Brother Duke Robert Guiscard: byGeoffrey Malaterra (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2005), .667.]. ʠ          .

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   ,            .       ,        , ,  [9 - ,  ;  . 1090.,  .].          :              ,   ,       .      : 1053           IX,  .   , 1059    II -             [6 -          :  ,  ,     ,  1066  .].         . Ƞ      . ,  -           :    ,     , IX   [10 - Hubert Houben, Roger II ofSicily: ARuler between East andWest (Cambridge, 2002), .10.].       ,       [11 - Alex Metcalfe, TheMuslims ofMedieval Italy (Edinburgh, 2009), .88.].     ,  ,  ,     -,  .








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      :     , .   ,   -.         ,   ,    [22 -        , . Granara, W., 'Ibn Hamdis andthe Poetry ofNostalgia' Menocal, Maria Rosa, Scheindlin, Raymond P. & Sells, Michael A. (.) Theliterature ofAl-Andalus, (Cambridge, 2000), .388403.    . , .397.].      ,    .  ,            ,  -  ,   . -,       ,   .       ,   -,                :          [23 - Fletcher, Richard, Moorish Spain (NewYork, 1992), .87.].

-    ,     [24 -   -     Franzen, Cola, Poems ofArab Andalusia (San Francisco, 1989), .8291.].       -    .        ,   ,       ,   ,    ,      [25 - Fletcher, Moorish Spain, .91.].       ,  堖  ,    .








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   XI            . ,     :          III ..      19 ..         . ʠXI     ,       . Ѡ1060-              :    ,        ,     ,  ,            .

      ,  ,             .      ,        . ,  ,  ՠ   (  ,   ),      .  ,     ,    ,     :    --,     .    :    XII              , ,  ,       [29 - Gerson, Paula, Shaver-Crandell, Annie andStones, Alison, ThePilgrim's Guide toSantiago de Compostela. AGazetteer, 500  (London, 1995), .73.].    . ,     :  ,    ,  ;    ,    ;    ,       [30 - Gerson etal., ThePilgrim's Guide toSantiago de Compostela, .67; Ryan, William Granger (..) andDuffy, Eamon (), Jacobus de Voragine, TheGolden Legend: Readings onthe Saints (Princeton andOxford, 2012), .3934.].   젖 ,   833,  834            ,     Santiago Matamoros:  -.

  ,    ,     ,  1060-     ,          .  1063   II       ,      ,   ,  , ,  ,       [31 -   ,  1063/64.     ,  ࠫ ,     ,       .  .:O'Callaghan, Joseph F., Reconquest andCrusade inMedieval Spain (Philadelphia, 2002), .25.].        ,    .        ,     .  ,     ,  ,    ,   .  ,   ,     ,  .          .     ,        .       ,   ,         .    .    :            ,     ,          ,    ,    ,   [32 - De Gayangos, Pascuel (..), TheHistory ofthe Mohammedan Dynasties inSpain/ byAhmed ibn Mohammed al Makkari (London, 1843), . II, .2667.].

 ,     1063,        ,          ,      .    XI     ,             (     ).       ,   .  VII,  1073   II,      .

         ,      .     VI      ,    .       , , ,        ,   ,   .      ,   ,     : -   .      ,    ,     ,    [33 - Tayyibi, AminTawfiq (.), TheTibyan: memoirs of ?Abd Allah B. Buluggin, last Zirid Amir ofGranada (Leiden: 1986), .90.].








      1090- ,       .          VI.  1082,  1083,  ,    ,   ,  -    .     ,      ,     [34 - Reilly, Bernard F., TheContest ofChristian andMuslim Spain 10311157 (Oxford, 1992), .824.].    1083     ,      -.   ,       ,   ,  .   ,     ! .

        :  ,         -. ,     -,   . 6 1085   . -   :     ,    ,  ,    .     ,         .      , .   [35 - Cobb, Paul, TheRace forParadise: AnIslamic History ofthe Crusades (Oxford, 2014), .6870.].  ,    :   -   ?   [36 -   - -,  Melville, Charles andUbaydli, Ahmad, Christians andMoors inSpain (Warminster, 1992), .91.].       ,    ,    ,    ,    .

    ,       ;               .    : 1086      ,   ,    , , -,        ,  ,      ,  [37 - O'Callaghan, Reconquest andCrusade inMedieval Spain, .30.]. ʠ        ,  :   .             .

- -    ,       .    -    ,    ,   ,       ,   .      ,  ,           ,    -.     : ߠ   , /    . /    , / ,   , /   [38 - Franzen, Poems ofArab Andalusia, .87.].  ,  ,       ,     .           .     -    .  - .   ,      ,      : -     ,   .

,  .    1086    ,      , 23   ,      .     ,     :    ,    [39 - Levtzion, N. andHopkins, J. F. P. (.), Corpus ofEarly Arabic Sources forWest African History (Princeton, 2000), .165.].        ,     ,     .            -     [40 - ?Abd al-Wahid al Marrakushi,  Melville andUbaydli, Christians andMoors inSpain, .989.].           -[41 - O'Callaghan, Joseph F., AHistory ofMedieval Spain (London: 1975), .209.].   ,     . Ƞ    .

 , - ,   ,  1090        . ,      -, ,    , ,         .          ,  ,     -,    .

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3

 


     


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  頖   ;    堖   .    ,         . , ,   ,    ,    []     , ,   [46 - , .188.].  , ,  ,       .     ,  IV    ࠖ    .    ,       .    ,     .     .     . Ƞ          ,     (porphyrogennitos porphyrogennita).     ,     .

      I     . ࠖ     ; ,  ,      1081,    .  ,   :         , -         ,  ,           .    ,  ,            ;    ,  ,   ,   [47 - , .85.].  ,      ,       , ,  .    ,       .     ,  ,  [48 -  ,  Frankopan, Peter, 'The Literary, Cultural AndPolitical Context ForTheTwelfth-Century Commentary OnTheNicomachean Ethics' Barber, Charles & Jenkins, David (.), Medieval Greek Commentaries onthe Nicomachean Ethics (Leiden andBoston, 2009), .47.].

              ,    ,  .      , ,  , ,    ,       1081    1118.       ,     XIXII.     , ,  ,  ,  ,        .      ,  ,  , , ,   ,     1080- 1090- [49 - Alexiad, .7.]. ,    ,   1095:       .      ,    ,    .








 ,   ,      ,      .           ,     (  ).         .  330      젖    ,        .         堖 , , ,  ,   .    ,   ,   :   , .  395,    ,       ,         ,   .        , ,  ,     ,  ,    .        [50 - Cobb, TheRace forParadise, .70.].

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            (???????    )  [52 - Alexiad, .2045.].  ,   ,         [11 - . . . .][53 - Dostourian, AraEdmond (.), Armenia andthe Crusades: Tenth toTwelfth Centuries: TheChronicle ofMatthew ofEdessa (London, 1993), .44.].   . ʠ1085    ,  -       ,   堖 , ,     300. ʠ1091     .     ,    .     .   ,    -,   ,   ,       -  .








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4

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,         . :  ,           ( ,    ).   ,              ,      .        :      ,        .   ,   ,     [65 - Mullins, Edwin, InSearch ofCluny: God's Lost Empire (Oxford, 2006), p.235.].       .                .  ,    1078     ,   ,   ࠖ   VII,   ,   ,    . ,   , ,      ,    , ,      [66 -       , . Chevenden, PaulE., 'Pope Urban II andthe ideology ofthe crusades', Boas, Adrian J. (.) TheCrusader World (Abingdon, 2016), ,    .1520.].








,  ,      ,   800  , 1130  1930 ,     , XI     .     .               (954/6994),  ,        [67 - Smith, L. M., TheEarly History ofthe Monastery ofCluny (Oxford, 1920), .130.]. Ƞ          .  972,    ,     ,     -,     (    -     -,   -).   ,    ,  ,    ,   ,        [68 - , .1356.]. ʠ ,   ,           ,          ,  .  , ,  .  , 973,   I    ,         .    ,    .    ,          . -,       . -,     ,    .

       :    , ,         .     ,     ,        , ,    --, ,    ,  , ,    [69 - MacCulloch, AHistory ofChristianity, .367.].  ,        ,     ,            ,     celebritas, probitas sanctitas (,  )[70 - Williams, John, 'Cluny andSpain', Gesta 27 (1988), .93].

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                 [],  ,    ,        [72 - Chevenden, 'Pope Urban II andthe ideology ofthe crusades', .1314.].


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    ,   , 1071-,       ,         , ,  ,       ,      [78 - Cowdrey, H. E. J., TheRegister ofPope Gregory VII, 10731085 / AnEnglish translation (Oxford, 2002), .501.].  1070-         -  .  1090- , ,       .  ,                 ( )    ,  ,     .      , ,  , ,     ,   ,   ,  . Ƞ     , [79 - Joranson, 'The Problem ofthe Spurious Letter ofEmperor Alexius', .815.].

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