 .      
 


.   
 1938     :     .    , ,      ,         :     ,    ,          .    ,    ,   ,         ,   ,   .

     20  1944 .  ,      ,           .      ໠      ,     ,    ,      ,     .

  PDF A4    .





 

 .      



Tom Dunkel

WHITE KNIGHTS IN THE BLACK ORCHESTRA: THE EXTRAORDINARY STORY OF THE GERMANS WHO RESISTED HITLER

 2022 by Tom Dunkel

Published by arrangement with The Robbins Office, Inc. International Rights Management: Greene & Heaton

   

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    :

? edel, musmellow / Shutterstock.com

    Shutterstock.com

  ..,    , 2023

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            .   , ,    ,    


    ,  ,    ,  ,     .

 ,     XVIII 






1

   


   1930        -    .     ( )   ,        .        -         .           .       .

    ,  ,     .  ,   ,    ,  ! ,   , :      ![1 - Cheryl Greenberg, Or Does It Explode? Black Harlem in the Great Depression. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. . 60.]

           .   ,       ,    .

    .    ,   .      .        .           .     :

       ![2 - A.Clayton Powell, Sr., Against the Tide: An Autobiography. New York: Richard R. Smith, 1938. . 197198, 228.]

        .     ,      .

           ,   . -         .             ,           .    ,           -.         .         .



       ,                   .         ,  ,          ,      . ,       138-  .   .  ,    , -     [3 - Scott Holland, First We Take Manhattan, Then We Take Berlin: Bonhoeffers New York. Cross Currents.  2000 .].      ,             ,             .         ,     [4 - Alan Bean, The African-American Roots of Bonhoeffers Christianity. Baptist News Global. 30  2015 .].

   ,     .     ,    .      ,    ,    [5 -         : Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer; Marsh, Strange Glory.].       .  ,       ,    :    !    .

     .    -      .      .             ?,    .     ,              .       ,    .  ,             .    ,   .   ,    [6 - Leonore Siegele-Wenschkewitz, Die Ehre der Frau, dem Manne zu dienen: Zum Frauenbild Dietrich Bonhoeffers.  Wie Theologen Frauen sehen  von der Macht der Bilder, ed. Leonore Siegele-Wenschkewitz, Renate Jost, and Ursula Kuberg. Freiburg: Herder Verlag, 1993. . 105.].

      .          .         .     ( ,        ,       ,    ).      ,   .     ,    .      :      ,   . ,         ,     [7 - Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 20. . : John McQuarrie, Dietrich Bonhoeffer. New York Times. 21  1970 .].

  ,  ,        (  ,     ,     )  ,  ,     [8 - Zimmermann et al., I Knew Dietrich Bonhoeffer. . 95.].       ,    . . . [9 -     (18681963)  ,    ,       . (   . .)]   [10 -     (19021967)  , , .    ໠  ,     ,   軠 ,    ,    .].           .       .          ,    .      [11 -     -,    .       XX ,     .].         : Go down Moses! Way down in Egypt land. Tell old Pharaoh, Let my people go![12 -  , !   .   :   ! (.)].

         ; ,     .      :   -   -   ,     .       ,      ,   ,           .       .

      .          .   ,   [13 - David Ford, The Modern Theologians: An Introduction to Christian Theology Since 1918, 32nd ed. New York: Wiley, John & Sons, 1965. . 45. .          .].           .  [14 -   (18921971) -,    .  ,       -   (,    ..), ,   ,          .],  , ,     .          .     [15 -  軠    ,     .         XX .]   ,          .             ,  ,      .

        .          .     .         .          .       .   ,  ,    :     -     [16 - Travis Rogers Jr., Meeting Remarkable People: Paul Lehmann, Part Three. The Jazz Owl (blog). 30  2011 . URL: http://travisrogersjr.weebly.com/meetings-with-remarkable-people/meeting-remarkable-people-paul-lehmann-part-three#comments;     , 1315  2021 .]. ?!     !  .

      .   .      .       !

 !  .

,   .      .

   1931 ,        .   ,   ,     .    ,  ,   .      ,                   ,   ?      .

  .



 -         1930 .      ,     ,  .   ,           .         ,      .     (Sturmabteilung, SA, ,    )    (Schutzstaffel, SS,   )       .    .

       ,  .    ,  .        , ,      .          ,     [17 - DBWE, 17:69.     20  1931 .].   ,  ,  .   1931    ,          .   ,  ,     ,  ,     .

     - .    ,      ,   .    ,       .




2

 


    ,          .               ,  .    ,               .        33  ,               100    36  .         .               ,          [18 -   . URL: www.facinghistory.org/weimar-republic-fragility-democracy/politics/treaty-versailles-text-article-231-war-guilt-clause-politics.].

  1919 ,      ,    55-        .             .          -    (   ).          - .       .

8  1924      .       .    .            ,             . ,       .    ,             .   1924   ,         .         [19 -      .].        9473 ,       [20 - Mein Kampf,  . URL: www.biblio.com/mein-kampf-by?hitler-adolf/work/82968.].                    ,   .

            .      ,  .    , ,   ,     [21 -    Mein Kampfs Ford .   . URL: www.dinahwilliams.com/hitler-inspired-by-henry-ford/.].      ,          [22 - Berlin Hears Ford Is Backing Hitler. New York Times. 20  1922 .].  ,     ,    ,   ,        .               ,     ,   [23 -  .           .].           [24 - Chicago Tribune. 8 1923 .].

       ,        ,    .    8%    30%.   ,   .       [25 - Marsh, Strange Glory. . 23.].        .             .  ,            [26 - .: Alex Q. Arbuckle, Hyperinflation in Germany. URL: https://mashable.com/2016/07/27/german-hyperinflation/#.].

     .  1871            .        II        .         ,       (      ),   ,         .

   ,         .        ,      .         ,           .                 ,    .            60      .  ,   , ,   .

       - ,         .      .   1928  -  30% ,     153   ,     491 .         .           .     ,          .      - ,    .  ,   ,        .       ,      ,      20   [27 - 15  1930     30-   .        . URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20speeches%20given%20by%20Adolf%20Hitler.].



 1930   -     24%,         18%. -    ,   .  1925         (,     ,    ).    ,    ,     .    ,      .

 1932            .            ,   ,   .        ,        ,    .          .  ,        [28 - Chicago Daily News. 30  1932 .].   .   37%      ,          .        .      .

        34   .       .   ,     .      ,       -.        .     :          ,     [29 - Turner, Hitlers Thirty Days to Power. . 147.].

           30  1933 .            ,            [30 - .  URL: www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/named.htm.].

        ,         .       , !   .



               .  ,   , ,    ,  ,        .   1918 ,   ,      [31 - Zimmermann et al., I Knew Dietrich Bonhoeffer. . 30.].     ,      .        ,   .     .      ,      .  ,       ,           .

 ,   .         -  ,   -      .  ,     1931     ,     .

    ,    ,     .         .    -    .         .             ,     :       :                 .             .

        .          .          17:45               .          .

        ,       .     :       [32 -   .: DBWE, 12:268n.].         .  ,    ,    ,       ,       ,   ,  . ,    ,   [33 -        .      Bonhoeffer, No Rusty Swords. . 202, 204. . : DBWE, 12:257, 259260.].      .     .       ,  .   ,   - ,  ,                    [34 - DBWE, 8:247.].       ,       ,    [35 -        Kreuz Zeitung 26  1933 . .: Hoffmann, Behind Valkyrie. 19n. . : Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer. . 260; Marsh, Strange Glory. . 160,  ,        Der Angriff.].



         .          .      13,5 .  ,       ,     ,   ,  ,       .  sturm.  drang.  .  .   [36 -        V?lkischer Beobachter, 2  1933 .    : Noakes and Pridham, Nazism, 19191945. . 131134.].

  ,   The New York Times,          ,    ,     [37 - Guido Enderis, Cabinet Made the Issue, Hitler Moderate on Air. New York Times. 2  1933 .].

,    ,    ,           .   ,     -    .  !    .     ![38 -     , 19221945. URL: www.nommeraadio.ee/meedia/pdf/RRS/Adolf%20Hitler%20-%2Collection%20of%20Speeches%20-%201922-1945.pdf.]




3

  


   ,             .    Ford Motor Company   .   Dearborn (Michigan) Independent   .   1920-                .      .   .            [39 - Berlin Hears Ford Is Backing Hitler. New York Times. 20  1922 .].     ,  .   -:      ,     [40 -   (17411801) -,     .     ,      .].  47         .             .

    .    ,  .  ,  , ,          , ,        ,    ![41 - Jews and Jazz Ford H., The International Jew: The Worlds Foremost Problem. Dearborn Publishing Company, 1920.]

, :     ,  ,     [42 - Richard A. Petersen, Creating Country Music: Fabricating Authenticity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. . 60.].

 ?  ?     ,   , ,        ,  1927               Lets All Henry Ford.           ,     .        Lets All Go to Marys House,     .

    Associated Press     .     ,          .      ,    Bananas Skin Stomp  Auf Wiedersehen, Herr Doktor[43 -     . URL: https://grammophon-platten.de/page.php?478.0  URL: https://grammophon-platten.de/page.php?478.1.  .: Associated Press, Jazz King. 9 1927 .].      ,      ,       .     .

        - ,       , ,  ,   .



       .         .     ,  [44 -  (. forte) .        , , .]               .      .     ,        ,   .

      .        ,       .            ,     .     ,   .    1933          .          ,       .  ,   .   ,   .

        (    )         [45 -      11  1933 .          . .: NARA: RG 59, 250/30/7/5, box 6782, file 862.4016/156.     New York Times  14  1933 . .       11  1933      Grammophon-platte.de.    29 . .: NARA: RG 59, 250/30/7/5, box 6782, file 862.4016/569;      31  1933 , 2. . : Berlin Jails Nazis Who Hit American. New York Times. 15  1933 .].  ,          .      .        .     .       ,        .        .

                .

       -.    ,          1916    .          ,       .       ,        .

   ,        1934    -,        .



   .  ,  ,   .     .        . 27  1933         .    .        ,      .      ,  ,    ,    .     ,     ,       .  ,   ,             .

    ,  ,    .      ,    .     , ,      .

     -        .  ,     ,   ,           , Volksgerichtshof.    ,          . ,    ,  ,  ,          .

           ,   23  1933 .       ,     .                .       ,                  .   , Gleichsaltung:     ,      .     .     - .          [46 - Michael H. Krater, Forbidden Fruit: Jazz in the Third Reich. American Historical Review 94 (February 1989): 15. . : Larson, In the Garden of the Beasts, 121.    .:  .   .      . .:  , 2022.].    -             .



     .

                .       ,    ,       150   [47 -     .: Frederick Birchall, Boycott at an End, Germany Believes. New York Times. 2 1933 ; Dorothy Thompson, Nazi Murder  Torture Reign Leaves Bloody Hospital Trail. Jewish Daily Bulletin. 7 1933  (   ); Wildt, Hitlers Volksgemeinschaft and the Dynamics of Racial Exclusion. . 7981; Siemens, Stormtroopers. . 136.].  600          .     .            .           .

13  1933      ,       ʸ,   . ʸ        -  .   ,  .       .

      ,    ,          .         ,     .     :  ,          [48 -    (. Horst-Wessel-Lied)  ,    - .    -     ,   .  1930 ,    (              -), -    .].

       ,        ,      .        .     ,      .         .

               250     .       10 .           72   .     .

         ,          .    ,        , -  .     :



    ,       ,        .        .  ,              ,      ,    ,     ,    .



       .



            -  Jewish Daily Bulletin.      1933 ,         .    -,   1920    ,       .         ,       ,        Public Leader,    New York Post.  1928          ,    , .    -  .

      ,      .    .     ,     .  Jewish Daily Bulletin  ,         ,      ,     .

   V?lkischer Beobachter,   ,        ,         .  120       ,    .    ,     .       .  ,     ,   ,        ,     .

           .    ,   Chicago Daily News,     .         .    .

 ?   .

 .

!   .

  .       .  ,       ,     .  .     ,  ,         .

    ,     ,    .    ,    .

    ,  ,      .

        ,    .

    ,  [49 - Thompson, Nazi Murder  Torture Reign Leaves Bloody Hospital Trail.].



      .     ,      .    ,              ,  .        ,    ( ) .      [50 - Tippelskirch, Thompson and German Writers. . 173.    13  1933 .          .       ,   7 ,     , .].

,    ,             ,  ,    -  ,    . ,  ,     -,  .  ,            .     ,     ,      ,       Hakenkreuz [ ]  ,    .     [51 - Nagorski, Hitlerland. . 106.    .:  . .     . .: , 2023.].



   1933          .          .  ,            . ,    ,            .     ,  ,      .        ,        [52 - Frederick Birschall, Boycott at an End, Germany Believes. New York Times. 2 1933 .].

    .         .      : -     (  ).          [53 -      , 3  1933 , Dispatch No. 1216.].        , !,     !.     .        ,     V?lkischer Beobachter,  , ,        .           .

   ,  .      ,        .           .     ,    Manchester Guardian.       ,   [54 - Manchester Guardian. 8 1933 .].

     .       .            ,   ,    .     .    .             ,         [55 -    .: Frederick Birchall, Nazi Book  Burning Fails to Stir Berlin. New York Times. 11  1933 .].

    . - :         !      -              .     .                   .

   ,  ,    .    :   . -   .       ,       ![56 -  .]



    ,   ,     .      ,        ?            ?

             .        ,       .  ,       ,        ,  Christian Science Monitor,  ,                   .

  1933   Β ,   The New York Times,          .   .       ,      .     ,     ,   ,   .      :    [57 - New York Times. 10  1933 .].

   ,         ,        .  ,      ,   .        .

             ,      ,   .



    ,        ,      .   ,     ,     .                ,    ,   ? [58 - Berliner Morgenpost. 13  1933 ; Jewish Daily Bulletin. 16  1933 .].      ,  ,   .             ,     [59 -      , Doc. No. 1515, 18  1933 .].

    ,   .          ,         ,      [60 - . : Rafael Medoff, The American Papers That Praised Hitler. Daily Beast. 20  2015 .].       .                      .    ,          .               [61 -      . 3 1933 , Dispatch No. 1216.].




4

   


  1933      ,  ,    ø ,         ,        .    ,     ,    .     ,      (    ), -      [62 -    ,    ,    ,    Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer; Marsh, Strange Glory.    DBWE, . 2, 12, 13.].

      .    ,          ,       :        - ?.. ,     ,     ,     .

   .        .    ?  30%   .            XII,        ,             .     45 ,      .                .          ,      .

         ,        .     ,           (Reichskirche).      !  !  !  !.           ,       .

            .         ,               .          ,                  .          .              , :   ;     .



      .                 .           1933           Vormarsch ().  ,  ,    [63 - Schlingensiepen, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 19061945. . 125.].

       ,   : ,                ,        .                 ,      .        ,      ,    ,       [64 - Bonhoeffer, The Church and the Jewish Question  No Rusty Swords. . 226.].

 ,        ,       . ,    , ,             .         :       ,  .

   1933                 .        .     ,    ,        .      .            .           -   -        .     .   ,     ,      .   ,     ,     .



               ,      - .     .        .            ,      .

  ,    . ,    ,        .

,  ,  .                     70%. ,    ,     .    ,          .   ,              .          [65 - Schlingensiepen, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 19061945. . 137; Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer. . 309311.].

          .            ,                 .   1933        -  .      ,               .

    ,   .            ,      .   ,    ,     ,         -[66 -   . URL: http://somewereneighbors.ushmm.org/#/exhibitions/religious-leaders/un2973/related.].

             ,          .      ,     .  ,         ,          .



    ,            .          .            .    ,        .   ,   .       :     !

          .           .      ,   :     .




5

 


       .                1929 .        ,       .     , , ,   ,     .        ,       [67 -    .: Our Troubleshooter in Berlin. New York Times. 22  1939 .].    :                  ,    [68 - MSS 0109  George S. Messersmith Papers, Special Collections, University of Delaware Library, Newark;      , 31  1933 ;  , .: Dispatch No. 1515, 18  1933 .].                 [69 - MSS 0109, Messersmith Papers. . : Geist, Visit to Stettin.   21  1933 ; Torsten Johnson to Berlin Consulate, 14  1933 .].

       .          ,       [70 -     . 28  1945 . NIMT, . 4, Doc. 1759?PS. . 289306.]. ,       ,  .        ,   .          .  ,                 : , ,  ,   .  19331934     ,       ,    ,         ,     .           1014 .

  ,            .        .   , ,    ,  ,    ,    ,   26  1933     .                 ,    [71 - MSS 0109, Messersmith Papers. .        26  1933 .].

     ,   ,    .                    ?               , ,    ?  ,   ,   .  ,        [72 -      , 17  1933 , Dispatch No. 1747.].

,    ,     .       ?     ?     ?    !        .                 1934 ,         .        ,    .    .

     ϸ.



  1933         ϸ     ,    .    .       ( ,  ),    ,     [73 -               ϸ-;      ϸ Die letzten Stunden (1949, 1987);  1930-     . URL: www.berlin.de/justizvollzug/anstalten/jva-tegel/die-anstalt/historie/artikel.1116698.php; . : Kruger, Dr. Tegel.].  ϸ        ,     ,        --. ϸ      ,       .      ,    .          :  ,    .   ,            ,           .

     ϸ  .     ,          .     .

 , 17  1934 ,   ϸ .          ,     .         ,        [74 - Kruger, Dr. Tegel. . 13.]. ,     .              [75 -     ϸ- 23  2019 .       Die letzten Stunden (1987), . 1416.      ..].       .       .     ,   .      ,       .           . ϸ .      .      ,   ,  ,    .

             ϸ     ,  .   ,   , ,    [76 - Memory of Richard Huettig. Berlin Association of Victims of the Nazi Regime website via Bewegung webpage. URL: www.bewegung.taz.de/termine/gedenken?an?richard-huettig. . :   . URL: www.gdw-berlin.de/fileadmin/bilder/publikationen/publikationen_in_englischer_sprache/englisch-screen.pdf.    14  1934 .]. ϸ     .    ,       .



        -   .      .  1933     64 ,  1934-   79[77 -    . . 16.].        .       ,      ϸ.    .          .           , , ,   .       .   ?  .    .   .   .     ,      .  ϸ     .       .         .   , ϸ       ,      .  ,    ,    .

 ,      ,             . ϸ  .     ,   ,   ,        .

   1934         ,  ϸ   ,    .     ,    ,      .               .




6

  


        ,     1934    .        ,    .          : ,      [78 - Peter Carlson, American Journalist Dorothy Thompson Underestimates Hitler. American History Magazine. 6 2015 .].

 ,  .

      .        :   ,       .                       [79 - Dorothy Thompson Expelled by Reich for Slur on Hitler. New York Times. 25  1934 .].

    ,        .

      ,      .         ,   .       :   ?      ,    [80 - Dodd and Dodd, Ambassador Dodds Diary. . 155156.        .      , 24  1934 .].   .       ,   ,     Jewish Daily Bulletin,    .    - , ,    1932   Cosmopolitan Magazine         : ,   ,     [81 - Miss Thompson Not Resentful. Jewish Daily Telegraph. 16  1934 ; Dorothy Thompson Expelled by Reich for Slur on Hitler; Dorothy Thompson, I Saw Hitler! Cosmopolitan.  1932 .].

        ,        .   1933            Chicago Daily News.         .      ,         ,        .

         .        ,   .                 .      ,    .   .     ,  .   [82 - Associated Press, Ousting Mystifies Dorothy Thompson. 26  1934 .].    ,      ,     The New York Times.  ,   ,      ,    [83 - Dorothy Thompson Tells of Nazi Ban. New York Times. 27  1934 .].

 ,   ,       .   .



            ,      ,        [84 - Dorothy Thompson, Safe from Nazis, Is Home to Find City Agog over Her. Jewish Daily Bulletin. 14  1933 . . 2.].         .

  ,    ,       ,  ,    .             .         .          ,               .  ,           -   .            .    ,    ,    ,    [85 - Rauschning, Hitler Speaks. . 155.].

    - .       .                 ,     [86 - Evans, Third Reich in Power. . 33.    .:  .  .  . 19331939. .: , -, 2010.].  ,  ,    ,    ,             .             [87 - Rudolf Diels, Lucifer ante Portas. Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1950. . 379.]. , ,         [88 - Padfield, Himmler: Reichs F?hrer SS. . 153.    .:  .  . : , 2002.].

  30     ,      .    .            [89 - Shirer, Rise and Fall. . 221223, 226; Overy, Third Reich. . 101; Larson, In the Garden of the Beasts. . 207, 304, 306.].     ,    ,           .    .      .             , -,   .    -  ,    1923     , ,       .

               ,      .              . ,      ,         ,  .    .  ,   .                       1923 .

       .  ,    .      .       ,   .        .      ,    .    .    .    ,  ,     .           .



        .    ,   77 [90 - Central European History 50. No. 22017. . 285286, . Rainer Orth, Der Amtsstiz der Opposition. Cologne: Bohlau Verlag, 2016.             85 ,      200 .].  ,    ,    . ,       .               .  ,         [91 - Wachsmann, Hitlers Prisons. . 168.].     ,      [92 - Fest, Face of the Third Reich. . 465.].      ,   .  ,                   .  -  ,       ,     :                [93 - Shirer, Rise and Fall. . 226.    .:  .     . .: , 2022.].

          .  ,    ,      .         .       ,   .              .      ,         ,    .   90% .

       .         ,   .




7

 ,  


          .      ,                   .      .     , , , ,    .    .       ,       , ,    .       ,   .   -   ,   .

  .       [94 - U. Hassel, Ulrich von Hassel Diaries, 276n43.       ,     .         ,    :      .].      ,    .         .      1932 , ,   ,     .        ,       .            ,               .       .    , , ,  .    ,    , ,       ,   ,      [95 - Sifton and Stern, No Ordinary Men. . 46.].    -       .



     ,      ,     .  , ,        .           ,     ,   .       ,       ,  ,  ,    .  1913 ,     ,  .          .        ,        .

     ,   .          . ,    ,        ,   .  1924             ,          .        :        ໠     .

       .      ,   1925   .   黠 , ,       , ,  ,    (    ,     ;         )[96 - Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer. . 9; Dohnnyi, Ernst von Dohnnyi. . 2.].       :   , -,     , .

      .           .  1929     .          .       :            .        ,          .  1933               ,   .      .

  ,   ,   [97 -        Sifton and Stern, No Ordinary Men,    .    (45).].



 .        .   1934   ,                .    18     ,    .           [98 -             14 . NCA, Doc. 3751?PS, 6:636645.].   1935              .      ,     ,    ,  .  ,      ,            .      .     1935      . - ,      :      .              ,        .

  1935      ,     ,         .          ,   .         -.           .  ,        ,        .  ,      -        .           :      .                  .     ,  .     ,      .      ,  ,                 .



  ,      ,    ,     .                 .               .

,      ,     ,     .             .         Die Weltbuhne ( ).   Die Weltbuhne  1929     :          ,      .

    ,    1931    .         :   -     ,    .  -     [99 - Germany: Natural Death. Time. 16  1938 .].      , ,  ,        1932   .

    .      ,      .         .   ,      .       .

    .           1933            .    562     .       [100 - Otto D. Tolischus, Germany Shows Anger. New York Times. 25  1936 . .       10  1936 . URL: www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1935/ceremony-speech/.].




8

   


      .    1933                   ,  - .         ,                    [101 -      : Schlingensiepen, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 19061945; Zimmermann et al., I Knew Dietrich Bonhoeffer; Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer; DBWE.     : Schlingensiepen, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 19061945. . 146.].       .  ,       .

               .     ,   ,      -   .      .       ,   ,    ,    ,     .            . ,       , ,    ,    .    -       [102 - Leibholz-Bonhoeffer, Bonhoeffers. . 47.].

    ,           .         .         .    ,   ,    .

    ,    .     -    .            .   ,         ,     .          . ,   .     ,        .



    ,       ,      .   ,       ,       .      .  ,        ,   .

      .           .          .      1930          -,     [103 - Chandler and Ringhauser, George Bell  Gerhard Leibholz Correspondence. . 17.         .    ,     1929 .].           .      .       ,      .

   ,  .         .            ,      ,     .         .    .

       .        , 4 ,       .     ,   .       .    ,     ,       .           .       ,        .          ?

  1934     :  ,  ,      ,      .        .      ,      ?[104 - Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer. . 408.  22  1934 . . : DBWE, 13:210.]

       .                -.  ,  ,  ,  ,        .

    .     ,         .         [105 - Rasmussen, Dietrich Bonhoeffer. . 213, 216. . : DBWE, 13:182184.].        .           .         .          ,    ,      [106 - Leibholz-Bonhoeffer, Bonhoeffers. . 73.].

       .



   .          ,       .                .   1934       ,            .

  .  ,    ,         ,    ,         .  ,         ,           .

  ,   ,         ,     1934-.     ,        .                .        .

      .   1935       ,    .       ,        .

            .     ,         .     ,      [107 - Lutzer, Hitlers Cross. . 130.].      .  1933     ,        (         )[108 - . : Martin NieM?ller, First Commandment. London: William Hodge, 1937. . 243250.].           ,       .

    .   1934                    .           ,              [109 -   ,   ʸ     : Bowden, Karl Barth: Theologian. . 5960; Barth, Barth in Conversation. . 152, 159160.].   ,  .       ,         ,     . ,        ,       .

      London Times.   ,   ,   , -,    , , ,    ,      -,     .      ,    .   ,          ,         .  ,            .           .      .      ,      .    1935       .



          ,    .        .      .         .         (       ,      ),     -      ,  240   ,   .

       ,            ,      .          .                (  ,  207 ,   77,   )     .

      .   -  ,      :   ,         .      .   -  .        -.      ,                [110 - Dramm, Bonhoeffer and the Resistance. . 58.].      ,       ,       .   ,  -       .

              .      .    ,    . ,            [111 -       . URL: www.luther.edu/headlines/?story_id=834484.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/chitat-onlayn/?art=70087786)  .

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notes








1


Cheryl Greenberg, Or Does It Explode? Black Harlem in the Great Depression. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. . 60.




2


A.Clayton Powell, Sr., Against the Tide: An Autobiography. New York: Richard R. Smith, 1938. . 197198, 228.




3


Scott Holland, First We Take Manhattan, Then We Take Berlin: Bonhoeffers New York. Cross Currents.  2000 .




4


Alan Bean, The African-American Roots of Bonhoeffers Christianity. Baptist News Global. 30  2015 .




5


        : Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer; Marsh, Strange Glory.




6


Leonore Siegele-Wenschkewitz, Die Ehre der Frau, dem Manne zu dienen: Zum Frauenbild Dietrich Bonhoeffers.  Wie Theologen Frauen sehen  von der Macht der Bilder, ed. Leonore Siegele-Wenschkewitz, Renate Jost, and Ursula Kuberg. Freiburg: Herder Verlag, 1993. . 105.




7


Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 20. . : John McQuarrie, Dietrich Bonhoeffer. New York Times. 21  1970 .




8


Zimmermann et al., I Knew Dietrich Bonhoeffer. . 95.




9


    (18681963)  ,    ,       . (   . .)




10


    (19021967)  , , .    ໠  ,     ,   軠 ,    ,    .




11


    -,    .       XX ,     .




12


 , !   .   :   ! (.)




13


David Ford, The Modern Theologians: An Introduction to Christian Theology Since 1918, 32nd ed. New York: Wiley, John & Sons, 1965. . 45. .          .




14


  (18921971) -,    .  ,       -   (,    ..), ,   ,          .




15


 軠    ,     .         XX .




16


Travis Rogers Jr., Meeting Remarkable People: Paul Lehmann, Part Three. The Jazz Owl (blog). 30  2011 . URL: http://travisrogersjr.weebly.com/meetings-with-remarkable-people/meeting-remarkable-people-paul-lehmann-part-three#comments;     , 1315  2021 .




17


DBWE, 17:69.     20  1931 .




18


  . URL: www.facinghistory.org/weimar-republic-fragility-democracy/politics/treaty-versailles-text-article-231-war-guilt-clause-politics.




19


     .




20


Mein Kampf,  . URL: www.biblio.com/mein-kampf-by?hitler-adolf/work/82968.




21


   Mein Kampfs Ford .   . URL: www.dinahwilliams.com/hitler-inspired-by-henry-ford/.




22


Berlin Hears Ford Is Backing Hitler. New York Times. 20  1922 .




23


 .           .




24


Chicago Tribune. 8 1923 .




25


Marsh, Strange Glory. . 23.




26


.: Alex Q. Arbuckle, Hyperinflation in Germany. URL: https://mashable.com/2016/07/27/german-hyperinflation/#.




27


15  1930     30-   .        . URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20speeches%20given%20by%20Adolf%20Hitler.




28


Chicago Daily News. 30  1932 .




29


Turner, Hitlers Thirty Days to Power. . 147.




30


.  URL: www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/named.htm.




31


Zimmermann et al., I Knew Dietrich Bonhoeffer. . 30.




32


  .: DBWE, 12:268n.




33


       .      Bonhoeffer, No Rusty Swords. . 202, 204. . : DBWE, 12:257, 259260.




34


DBWE, 8:247.




35


       Kreuz Zeitung 26  1933 . .: Hoffmann, Behind Valkyrie. 19n. . : Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer. . 260; Marsh, Strange Glory. . 160,  ,        Der Angriff.




36


       V?lkischer Beobachter, 2  1933 .    : Noakes and Pridham, Nazism, 19191945. . 131134.




37


Guido Enderis, Cabinet Made the Issue, Hitler Moderate on Air. New York Times. 2  1933 .




38


    , 19221945. URL: www.nommeraadio.ee/meedia/pdf/RRS/Adolf%20Hitler%20-%2Collection%20of%20Speeches%20-%201922-1945.pdf.




39


Berlin Hears Ford Is Backing Hitler. New York Times. 20  1922 .




40


  (17411801) -,     .     ,      .




41


Jews and Jazz Ford H., The International Jew: The Worlds Foremost Problem. Dearborn Publishing Company, 1920.




42


Richard A. Petersen, Creating Country Music: Fabricating Authenticity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. . 60.




43


    . URL: https://grammophon-platten.de/page.php?478.0  URL: https://grammophon-platten.de/page.php?478.1.  .: Associated Press, Jazz King. 9 1927 .




44


 (. forte) .        , , .




45


     11  1933 .          . .: NARA: RG 59, 250/30/7/5, box 6782, file 862.4016/156.     New York Times  14  1933 . .       11  1933      Grammophon-platte.de.    29 . .: NARA: RG 59, 250/30/7/5, box 6782, file 862.4016/569;      31  1933 , 2. . : Berlin Jails Nazis Who Hit American. New York Times. 15  1933 .




46


Michael H. Krater, Forbidden Fruit: Jazz in the Third Reich. American Historical Review 94 (February 1989): 15. . : Larson, In the Garden of the Beasts, 121.    .:  .   .      . .:  , 2022.




47


    .: Frederick Birchall, Boycott at an End, Germany Believes. New York Times. 2 1933 ; Dorothy Thompson, Nazi Murder  Torture Reign Leaves Bloody Hospital Trail. Jewish Daily Bulletin. 7 1933  (   ); Wildt, Hitlers Volksgemeinschaft and the Dynamics of Racial Exclusion. . 7981; Siemens, Stormtroopers. . 136.




48


   (. Horst-Wessel-Lied)  ,    - .    -     ,   .  1930 ,    (              -), -    .




49


Thompson, Nazi Murder  Torture Reign Leaves Bloody Hospital Trail.




50


Tippelskirch, Thompson and German Writers. . 173.    13  1933 .          .       ,   7 ,     , .




51


Nagorski, Hitlerland. . 106.    .:  . .     . .: , 2023.




52


Frederick Birschall, Boycott at an End, Germany Believes. New York Times. 2 1933 .




53


     , 3  1933 , Dispatch No. 1216.




54


Manchester Guardian. 8 1933 .




55


   .: Frederick Birchall, Nazi Book  Burning Fails to Stir Berlin. New York Times. 11  1933 .




56


 .




57


New York Times. 10  1933 .




58


Berliner Morgenpost. 13  1933 ; Jewish Daily Bulletin. 16  1933 .




59


     , Doc. No. 1515, 18  1933 .




60


. : Rafael Medoff, The American Papers That Praised Hitler. Daily Beast. 20  2015 .




61


     . 3 1933 , Dispatch No. 1216.




62


   ,    ,    ,    Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer; Marsh, Strange Glory.    DBWE, . 2, 12, 13.




63


Schlingensiepen, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 19061945. . 125.




64


Bonhoeffer, The Church and the Jewish Question  No Rusty Swords. . 226.




65


Schlingensiepen, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 19061945. . 137; Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer. . 309311.




66


  . URL: http://somewereneighbors.ushmm.org/#/exhibitions/religious-leaders/un2973/related.




67


   .: Our Troubleshooter in Berlin. New York Times. 22  1939 .




68


MSS 0109  George S. Messersmith Papers, Special Collections, University of Delaware Library, Newark;      , 31  1933 ;  , .: Dispatch No. 1515, 18  1933 .




69


MSS 0109, Messersmith Papers. . : Geist, Visit to Stettin.   21  1933 ; Torsten Johnson to Berlin Consulate, 14  1933 .




70


    . 28  1945 . NIMT, . 4, Doc. 1759?PS. . 289306.




71


MSS 0109, Messersmith Papers. .        26  1933 .




72


     , 17  1933 , Dispatch No. 1747.




73


              ϸ-;      ϸ Die letzten Stunden (1949, 1987);  1930-     . URL: www.berlin.de/justizvollzug/anstalten/jva-tegel/die-anstalt/historie/artikel.1116698.php; . : Kruger, Dr. Tegel.




74


Kruger, Dr. Tegel. . 13.




75


    ϸ- 23  2019 .       Die letzten Stunden (1987), . 1416.      ..




76


Memory of Richard Huettig. Berlin Association of Victims of the Nazi Regime website via Bewegung webpage. URL: www.bewegung.taz.de/termine/gedenken?an?richard-huettig. . :   . URL: www.gdw-berlin.de/fileadmin/bilder/publikationen/publikationen_in_englischer_sprache/englisch-screen.pdf.    14  1934 .




77


   . . 16.




78


Peter Carlson, American Journalist Dorothy Thompson Underestimates Hitler. American History Magazine. 6 2015 .




79


Dorothy Thompson Expelled by Reich for Slur on Hitler. New York Times. 25  1934 .




80


Dodd and Dodd, Ambassador Dodds Diary. . 155156.        .      , 24  1934 .




81


Miss Thompson Not Resentful. Jewish Daily Telegraph. 16  1934 ; Dorothy Thompson Expelled by Reich for Slur on Hitler; Dorothy Thompson, I Saw Hitler! Cosmopolitan.  1932 .




82


Associated Press, Ousting Mystifies Dorothy Thompson. 26  1934 .




83


Dorothy Thompson Tells of Nazi Ban. New York Times. 27  1934 .




84


Dorothy Thompson, Safe from Nazis, Is Home to Find City Agog over Her. Jewish Daily Bulletin. 14  1933 . . 2.




85


Rauschning, Hitler Speaks. . 155.




86


Evans, Third Reich in Power. . 33.    .:  .  .  . 19331939. .: , -, 2010.




87


Rudolf Diels, Lucifer ante Portas. Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1950. . 379.




88


Padfield, Himmler: Reichs F?hrer SS. . 153.    .:  .  . : , 2002.




89


Shirer, Rise and Fall. . 221223, 226; Overy, Third Reich. . 101; Larson, In the Garden of the Beasts. . 207, 304, 306.




90


Central European History 50. No. 22017. . 285286, . Rainer Orth, Der Amtsstiz der Opposition. Cologne: Bohlau Verlag, 2016.             85 ,      200 .




91


Wachsmann, Hitlers Prisons. . 168.




92


Fest, Face of the Third Reich. . 465.




93


Shirer, Rise and Fall. . 226.    .:  .     . .: , 2022.




94


U. Hassel, Ulrich von Hassel Diaries, 276n43.       ,     .         ,    :      .




95


Sifton and Stern, No Ordinary Men. . 46.




96


Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer. . 9; Dohnnyi, Ernst von Dohnnyi. . 2.




97


       Sifton and Stern, No Ordinary Men,    .    (45).




98


            14 . NCA, Doc. 3751?PS, 6:636645.




99


Germany: Natural Death. Time. 16  1938 .




100


Otto D. Tolischus, Germany Shows Anger. New York Times. 25  1936 . .       10  1936 . URL: www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1935/ceremony-speech/.




101


     : Schlingensiepen, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 19061945; Zimmermann et al., I Knew Dietrich Bonhoeffer; Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer; DBWE.     : Schlingensiepen, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 19061945. . 146.




102


Leibholz-Bonhoeffer, Bonhoeffers. . 47.




103


Chandler and Ringhauser, George Bell  Gerhard Leibholz Correspondence. . 17.         .    ,     1929 .




104


Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer. . 408.  22  1934 . . : DBWE, 13:210.




105


Rasmussen, Dietrich Bonhoeffer. . 213, 216. . : DBWE, 13:182184.




106


Leibholz-Bonhoeffer, Bonhoeffers. . 73.




107


Lutzer, Hitlers Cross. . 130.




108


. : Martin NieM?ller, First Commandment. London: William Hodge, 1937. . 243250.




109


  ,   ʸ     : Bowden, Karl Barth: Theologian. . 5960; Barth, Barth in Conversation. . 152, 159160.




110


Dramm, Bonhoeffer and the Resistance. . 58.




111


      . URL: www.luther.edu/headlines/?story_id=834484.


