 .   .    
  


              XX   (19171991),     ,              .

         ?     ,    -: , , ? ,  ,              ?      ,       ?

             .  , , ,     :    , ,          .

2- , 





 

 .   :    


      ,         








        .

. 


I

   . ,   / ,       .   ;   ;  ;        ;      ;   ,         ;  ;  ;  ,    ,     ;         ;     ,        ,        , ,  ;  , ..               -.    :    ,   , -,   ,         ,  -    ; -,  ,     ,           ,    .

   ,    ,  ,     ,   (),        ,   ,  ,      ,   .    :              .     ,   .       .   ,     :       , ,       ,        ,  ,      ,         .

       ,   .   ,        ,          ,     ,       !      , : )     ; )    ; )     .       ,    ,    .        ,              .  -          ,    ,    .        ,  ,    .         .

  ,   - ,   .  ?    ,                  ().      :   ? ?   ?            ,     XX.         .    ? .    ? .            :      1990-   ,  .  ,            ?  ,     .       .        .

 ,                 .        ,    .

.   , ,        ?  ?  1998 ?  ? ? ? ?   .  ,      ,        ,             , ,           ,               ,     , .

    ,     ,   1950- ,  ,   67   1960-,    , , .  ,   ,  ,    ,          , , , -,   .

   ,   ,        , .               XX.             ,   .        19141917.      .     ,         ,      ,    .          ;      .   : ,    ,       ,    .

,    ,       ,  .    ?  : ,       .  . ,     -,          (, ,   ). , -, -   ; -,        ; -,  ,              .   :  , 62%          ,     1824    77%!           .  ,  ,    .  ,          ,      .   ,      . 77%      .

         ,      ,    .

,          .       ?  .        ,       .         ,        1910  1920 ,     -  K?       /         .  -  :       ?   ?     ?   ? -    ,       ?   ,    ,   .    ,       ,        .

           .  ,  80% ,  .    , ,   ,    .      ,     ,         67%. , , 80%.          ,  ,  .           -.

   ?      ?     ?    -   ,   .      (?)      ,       ,   , ,     .

,         ; ,  282-     ,  , ,      .            . ,  ,  ,   ,      ,    ,     ,           ,      ,     ,   ,               ,     - .

     ,    .   12    ,     ,    ,  ,    , .       ,    , ,   .  , ,        ,         ,  ,           .           ,      ,     (   )    ,        黠  ,  ,  ;         ,   .    - . :     ,     ,   (..  )     ,     .

     :  ,  ?   Tve gota wonderful feeling / Everything's going my way?     ,  ,       , ,  ,          . ?  .    ,      ,     ,  ,          .      ,     ,   , ,     ,   .  -  .  -  ,          ,  ,       ;    ; , 뻠 ,       , , , .      ,           ?

 ,    ,         ,   ,    ,  ,   ,  .     ,    (    XVIII.  ;  껠  )   ,        ,      ,       -  -  .      ?   ,   ,   .  .

           XXII   (1961.)   ,              .     ,      ,      .   , , -,           -,  ,   . -,                 (  !)       ,     .      ,         .

       ,   ,    .     ,   , ,     .     .     :  ,   ,    ,   .  ? -  ,  .   ,  ,   ,         (        ,     ,        ).   ,        .

 ,           ,      ,       .   1789-,   1917-    19891991      .      - ( -)  ,      ,       .    :             .         II?


II

,      ,       ,       .      ,           ,    ,      .      XIX.    ,     -    .            ,   . ,   ,  , ,      ,      .       ,    ,   ( )    ,  ,      .

          ,              ,   ,   .        ,  :       .    ,   - (   savoir-pouvoir, .. -, )  ,        ()          -   .

  XIX.  ,        ,      ?.  , ,   ? (:    ?).         ,         .

       .    ,  ,     ,    .      ,   ,  ,     (   ),     .                 . ,    ,        ,   -, ,  --,        .         ,  ,   .

 1991.   ,   ,      ,   -- ,         :   XXII .           ,     ,   .              ,       ,          ..      17891848.


Ill

         (17891991.)   .           , .      .              ;           .    -14 ,    .         : ; ; ;   ;    ( , , )              .

   ,  ,   : -  ,  ,            -. ,       . -,    ()        . -,            . , ,    󻠖         ,         .                 ?  .          :  ,  .      -            .

    .      , -         .    .       ,     ,    .      ,     ,      ,     ,  .

  ,      ,         .      , ,         , ,   ,    ,  ,  .   ,   ;       .     ,       ,     .           .       , , .




 ,     : , , 

( 180-    . )[1 -  :   . ., 1998. T.I, 2. .335429.]



1. 軠 ,  ?

 . . -.

           .   ,    , , ,  , , , .         .          .         ,     -  ,   ,     ,    ,  .

      (   )     . Sic transit gloria mundi.   ,  gloria transit  ,      ,   .      ,        ,    .     .   , ,    .   ,   ,  ,   ,   ,     ,       ,    ,  , ,   ,        ,   -, -  ..?  ,          XX.,   (Modernity  17891991.),   ,   .

-  :    ,   ?  .         ,     ,   ?   XX .

    ,  XIX.,      .     : ,  , , , . , ,       .   .       XIX.,     (17891815.).  ,           ,    ,   . ,         , ..       ,         XIX.,  .         .  ,    XIX.  XIX.     ,          XVIII.,   XIX.     XIX. .        . ,     XIX.    , ø,    ,   ,     XVIII.   XIX .

     .   .      1837   1901., ..        (18151871)        (18711914),    XX ;     1840- -1860- .  1870-    ,     , ,   ,    .    .   , ,       XIX.     ,   ,    ,    ,   ,    (19141934.),     , , ,      ?       .

 . ,     .       XIX. ,   ,  .

   , ,       XIX.,      XX.      軠  ,  1960-1970-  (  19681970.  ,   19791980.  ).  ,  XX.       ,   XIX (18481950)!

, ,    ,    ,  .     :     ,    ,      (     ).       ,      ,      .     ,   ,  .      , .

   .  ,  ,   , ,     ,  . ,  , , ,          ,   ,   ,    :        XX .;          .  ,    ,  ,         .      (modern)  (17891991.),      ,    ,    ,  . ,     ,   ,  ,       .  ,           .  ,   ,   ,      XIX . ,     .         , 18481867.  ,      1848.         .

 XX.   ,    ,    .    , , ,   , XX.,   XX.      XX.,   XIX.    . ,   ,   .

,                    .   ,   XIX., ,  , ,    ,   XX.     ,  ,    .      ,      ,   .    ,     XX ,      . ,    .             .

  -            ,    .        ,  ,     ,     ,     [2 - .:  ..       :   //       XX. M.: .  , , 1995. -.82-104.]  . ,                  .      , , ,                 XX.  (:       ).         .  .            ,  ,           [3 - Jouvenel . de. Marx et Engels: La longue marche. P.: Julliard, 1983.-R12.].

  ,     , ' ,          ,   ,        [4 - DAmico R. Marx a. philosophy of culture. Gainsville: Univ. press of Florida, 1981. R16.].

 ,         ,      .          [5 - Ha        . . .: Levenstein I.J. Marx against marxsism. -L. etc.: Routledge a. Kegan Paul, 1980. P.9697.]        ?          .               :      ,      .        : ,       .           ?     ,        -  ,  .  ,  , ,    . ,   ,        .   -  XX               (  ,   , -         ).  .   :

		 ,   ,
		     .

, ,    -  ,  ,      ,   : , , ,  (,   ).  .   ,   ,    .     XIX., ,   (   ),    .

 ?        ,  -  , ,   .   ?  ?

,     .   ,             .   .   .

 .

              .        , ,           .      , ,   .    . ,   ,  ,    Precious   .        ,       , ,  , .  ,      ,                 ,    [6 - Mann G. The history of Germany since 1789. N.Y. etc.: Praeger, 1968.-P.82.].     .

      ,  .    ,    ,  .    ,     ,    .     .    ,    ,     ,  .           ,        ,      .      

   ,   ()  (        ,        )    ,        , ,   [7 -   .,      ,        - (Felix D. Marx as politician. -Carbon dale etc.: Southern Illinois Univ. press, 1983. P.18.).].

 ( ),     (-)  ,     , -,     ,    ,    ,   .     -    ,  ,   , . ,         .

,  ,  ,  .   ,   .      ,     ,  ,    ,      . ? ,        ( ,   ), ,    . [8 - Comninel J. Rethinking the French revolution: Marxism a the revisionist challenge. L., N.Y.: Verso, 1987. XIV, 225.],        ,     ,             .

                ,      .  : ,          ,   .           ,  ,  ,  -.

, ,       1848.  ,  ,    1849.     ,         ! Wishful thinking.  ,  ,  ,   :    -   ,    [9 - .  ,    ,     ,   ,     ,   . . .: Late Marx a. the Russian road: Marx a. the peripheries of capitalism / A case prepared by T. Shanin (ed.). -L. etc.: RKP, 1983. X, 286 p.].

     ,        ,       ,            .    .  XIX.  .   XX  . , , ,              1917.   -       ,        ,      ,    ..,      ,     .

            .            ,     .  ,     .    ,         .      .   ,          ,       ,   [10 - Mann G. Op.cit. .82.].

-?  , ,   .      ?  . ,       . , ,      ,    ,    , ,   [11 - Heilbroner R. Marxism: for and against. N.Y., L.: Norton, 1980. -P.36.].            .       (1980).     . , ,      . ,       , ,            , , ,        , ,  .   ( )      .   .       . : ,    .

         XIX.,  :        XIX.   -,   ,      .   .  -   .        .  , ,   ,     (-) ,     (  )    .  . , ,            [12 - . .: Baudrillard J. Pour une critique de leconomie politique du signe. P.: Gallimard, 1972.],         . ,           , ,  ,          ,    ,   ,          .

 ,     ,    , ,  . ,             .     ,  : Geniuses and prophets do not usually excel in professional learning, and their originality; if any, is often clue precisely to the fact that they do not[13 - Schumpeter J.A. Capitalism, socialism, and democracy. N.Y.: Harper a. Row, 1976. P.21.].

       ,             ,      , ;        ,    [14 - Schumpeter J.A. History of economic analysis. N.Y., 1954. P.42.].

   ,  ,  ,  , ,   -,  -   ,    .   ,      ,       .    ,            ,    ,    longue duree; long run economics    , ..            ,      homo oeconomicus.      ,      ,  ,                histoire raisonnee                 (set-up).    ;   (  )   (establishes)   [15 - Schumpeter J.A. Capitalism, socialism, and democracy. N.Y.Harper a. Row, 1976. P.44.].

,  ,   ,       ,    ,      ,   - .      ,    ,          ,        .   ,   (    )     . ,  ( ),   .   .


2.:   

           ,       ,  ,   ,          ,       ().

           ,   ;   .     .       ,     .  ,    ,  ,  , ,   ,  ,  .

   , ,      ,        .      1830-1840-  (      1840-),    (17891848), ,   . ,  .     ,  ,   , ,   ,     ,     , ,     ,     1830-1840- .     ,     ,  , ,  ;   -  .    ,      ,  ,                  ,   ,    ,      -,  (-)   -.

     (18481867),   ,   1867.   Das Kapital.     , -    ,  1830-1840- .   , 1850-1860-       , ..   ,    .    :          () ,   ,    , ,   ,    ,    ,     -  .

        ?      ,          ,  ?  , , ,  1830-1840-,     . 30-40-  XIX.     (  , , ),      ,      , ,    ,     ,   ,       ,     .         .     ,  .    ,        .      ,     ,      , , -,        . ,  , ,  , , -,    , ,          .

 , 1830-1840-   -,    , .. ,      .   ,      ,    , ,        ()    ,        - ()   .

       ,    (Ancien Regime)  ,  .    XIX..   .           ,  . [16 - .: Mayer A J. The persistence of the old order: Europe to the Great War. L.: Croom Helm, 1981. 368 p.] ,       1914.,        1789.  1848.   .      XIX.      -   ,    - .            ,       [17 - Cm.: Wallerstein I. Historical capitalism. L.a. N.Y.: Verso, 1983. -P.4772.].

      ,    , .

-, 1830-1840-      ,      , ..       .    1790-1840-          ,       1830-1840-   ,   ,   , ,      , ,    . , transition from the age of revolution to the age of capital.  ,  ,     (dangerous classes, classes dangereux)   ,     ,    (laboring classes, classes laboreux).        ,   -  ,  - .         ;       ,   , ,       - , ,        ,       [18 - .      -     XIX.,        .:  ..   ,  150   // . M., 1998. .1., 1. .275279.].

-, 1830-1840-1850-   , ,       ,  .            ,  -,  meum     verum,   ,    ,     locus operandi  field of employment,        - ,     .

,       ,     ,       .   ,     ,     ;     ,   , .  (, ) ,               ( , ,  ),   .              ,     ,       ,  ,       ().     ,      ()  .

     XII.    ,      ,        ,        ,   / XIX.      .         , -       ,   ,    locus operandi.   ()           ,       - ,       ,      .         ( X. -,         ,    ,    ):     .    ,  , ,      .        ,    [19 - . .:  ..  . M.: , 1996. -.301312.].    :     ,        ,   ,    ;  -,         ,   ,     .

,    ,  1830-1840-   ,   1850-1860-        , ;  -         .

  , , -, ,        ,    ,                 -.      ,   ,    . 1830-40/50-        -    ;      ,    .    ,    XIX.     XVI.    ,     .       1840-1850-   ,     XVI.,     ,       .  ()     .

    ,     ,      ,             ,      ,     -  ().         ,       (1849)    (1851).                 ,    ,          ,           . ,       ,   ,     XIX .

  ,     ,  -. :          ,         ,     ,   ,   ()    .

      .      1848. (18481867.,  )      ,  (      )     , .  ,     , ,         .   1848.       (1851),   (18531855),     (1861),   (1863),      (1860- ),  ,            (1861-1865- ),     (1857),     (18501864),    (1867) ,  ,    ,      ,     ,      .

   1867.      ,       ,   ,          (  ;      )          ,     ,                  18481849.     ,    ,    ,        ,     ,               .   ,    .     .       ,  (   )    .       ,   ,     ,      1857.     ,          ,            ,        ,        18571858.   .     :     (unit),      .

 ,        [20 -     ,        wargasm ,     .  wargasm     worldgasm of History ,        ; 컠   .], ,    .  ,     ,   ,   XIX.   .

  ,   ,   ,    1857.,      1867.     ,     , , Ҹ        (  1867.           ,         , ;       1868.),            .   The second reform act     ,     ,   ;       ,         ( leap in dark).

      ,          .         ,  - .  ,        1848.,      ,   ,         (-,   养),   ,  .     . -      .  ?  ?   Das Kapital.     ,             ,     ,    ,   .    ,  ,  .  .     .    ,  1867.   ,   1848.    .    ,            ,    1867.  .               ,   ,         ,   , .


3.       ?

  ..    ,   1848.,  1870.  ,   1870.        [21 - Hobsbawm E.J. The age of capital, 18481875. L.: Weidenfeld a. Nicolson, 1975. P.303.]. ,           ,     ,  .

   ,  1870. (  1867.)   ,  ,  1871.       .   ,         ( , )           .  , ,       ,  1871.           (        1968., ,        ,   ,              ).     1875.  14   ,  󻠖  [22 - Furet F. Terminer la revolution: de Louis XVIII a Jules Ferry (18141880). P.: Hachette, 1988. P.466467.],       ,   . ,          -         1870- ,     .     . ,       ,       ,          :

		Allons, allons,
		Que sangue impure
		Epreuve nos sillons!

 .  ,    ,          ,       ,   ,   .    ,    1870-   ,        ,         ,      ,   (   ,  ,  . , ,   ,  l'encadrement de masses[23 - Caron F. La France des patriotes de 1851 a 1918.-P.: Fayard, 1985. P.94.].).

1871          .   . ,                  (      XIV)     [24 - Horn A. The fall of Paris. The siege and the commune, 18701871. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor books, 1965. P.VIII.].  1789.  1848.  -         ,         ,     -  ,   .

,  1848.     24         ,         ,      [25 -  .        . M.: - . -, 1947. -.. . .7.].       1848.,   ,  ,  . ,      ,      .

  1789       (   , ,    1848.,     ).       ,  ,  ,     ,               .       ,       ,   [26 -  . . .     , 18481978. -M.: - . -, 1988. .300.] ,   ,        , ,     (         XIV  ).

   ,       -,  -,       ( ,   1848.      , ..      ), .       1789.    :     ,     .  ,  . ,   ,    [27 - Mann G. The history of Germany since 1789. N.Y. etc.: Praeger, 1968.-P.121.],  1848.     .   , 1848    ;         ,     , ,            ().  ,     -  ,    ,    ,          .

    .   ,   -    1848., ,        ,       1850-1860-     ,       . ,   ,    .   ,     ,       . ,   . ,               [28 - Connor W. The national question in Marxism-Leninism theory a. strategy. Prinston: Prinston univ. press, 1984. P.1718.].

 ,       18          .       , ,     .  ,  ,      ,          ,     .              . , ,   ,    ,    ,    ad hoc         .

     , ,    1848.       ;        .    1848.  , ..  .   1850-1860- ,     ,       ,              .         ;  ,         .    XIX.,     XVIII    XIX.,     ,      -     ,  ,        ,    .      ,            ,       .  ,            ,           ,  III  . - ,    ,      - --   ,   1848.,       ,  .       ,        ,         ,     . ,      ,       (, ,  ,    , ratio,      irratio).

,  1871.          ,     ,  ,   1848.,    ( ),     .       1871.    ,  , , ,  , .

  1871.         -   .         .           ,       .             ,  1895. (  1895.  )[29 - Royle .  Carre and the idea of espionage // The quest for le Carre / Ed. a. Bold. .: Vision press; N.Y.: St. Martins press. -1988.-P.9092.],       .  1815. ,          ,     ,        .     ,                 ,    (      ).      1871.  ,  1871.      -    (      ),    -.     ,        (18711914.),      (19141945.).

     1873.   , ,         ,  .      [30 - Hobsbawm E. The age of capital P.5.].  ,   :  1873.,     18731896.[31 - . .: Hobsbawm E. The age of empire, 18751914.-.: Abacus, 1997.-P.3455.],       , ..   ,  ,    1929.      , ..   ,  . , , ,   1873.   ,     1848.       ,    ,   1873.       ,    .    ,  1848.       ,  ,      [32 - Hobsbawm . The age of capital P.30.], ..     ,   , .       ,    1873.      . -   ,       1848  1873.,       .

,     ,     ,   1848.        ,    ( , -)        .  ,        ,            [33 - Kindleberger Ch. A financial history of Western Europe. L. etc: J.Allen a. Unwin, 1984. P.272.]. , ,     1848. (18471848.)   .

         ,   1848. 1876 .

    ,  1851.,       () , ,   1840-, -   XIX.,     ,    . . [34 - Dodds W. The age of paradox: abiography of England, 18411851.-L.: Victor Gollancz, 1953. P.487.]     1914. , ,    1870- ,   .         .       ,    1870- (18671874.),      . ,     1890- (18951898.).      ,     ,   ,  ;         ,   .      ,   1914.    .   .

  1851.       1855.,    1862.,   1867.,   1870-    ,      .    1876.  ,       (           ),              (   ,  10 )[35 - . : , 1996. C.456.]. ,            .             ,          1870.        23%    [36 - Kennedy . The rise and the fall of the great powers: economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000. L.: Fontana press (an imprint from Harper Collins), 1989. P.247.] ( :    -13%).

    1851.     ,  ,      [37 - Kindleberger Ch. World economic primacy, 15001990. N.Y., Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 1996. P.133.].  1876.      ,                  XIX.   [38 - Pierce N., Hagstrom J. The book of America: Inside 50 states today. N.Y. a. L.: W.W. Norton, 1983. P.105.].    ,   ,       ,     . ,          ( , ,       1860.  ),                  .            ,            .

1876     ,      .        I .         /    . I          -         II    II  .

        : 1878 ,   .   ,     ,    1850-1860- .  :    -         ,        18501860.; 1879.      -,    ,      [39 -  . . M.: , 1997. . 135;  .   . M.: , . ., 1947. .. .497501; .. .      , 18481918. M.: - . ., 1958. .274277.],    (   ),   1914.    1945.

,  ,    -   ,  1871     ,  ,      ,    .      1867.,       , , -,   ; -,   ,      , ,    1871.    .

     . ,  1867.              [40 - Briggs A. The age of improvement, 17831867.-L. a. N.Y.: Longman, 1979.-P.3.].   . Second Reform Bill     ,    1848.,        , ..   ,       (                      ,      [41 - Laver J. The age of optimism, 18481914. N.Y.: Harper a. Row, 1966.-P.18.],             ).     ,   1783.,        ,       . 1783       ,       ,      1760-1770-         ,  .          (3,4%    1783  1802.    1%  17001783.)[42 - Rostow W.W. How it all began: origins of the modern economy. -N.Y. etc.: McGraw Hill book company, 1985. P.190;  : The world economy: history and prospect. Austin a. L.: University of Texas press, 1975. P.272.].           .  , ,  ,    1795. ( )             1830- ,     ,                 , ..     :   [43 - . .: Polanyi . The great transformation: the political and economic origins of time. Boston: Beacon press, 1944. P.77102.].

    ,        ,     (.. )    ,    ,  .    , 17831867.

 1867.     ,    :   ,  . ,  ,       .      (  ,  ,               I ).  1867        .  18681878. (1870, 1871, 1873, 1875, 1876, 1878)         ,   ,   . ,  ,   (    ; ,       ,      ,   ,        ,       ,    , ,    )                       ,      .     1867.    , ,  , -,         ( ) , -,     1867.

, ,    ,   ,   ,       .            1871.,      ,           1867.         [44 - Kindeleberger Ch. World economic primacy P.133.].   , last but not least,   ,    ,   1867.  .  ,           .     ,       ( 1873.      )        ,     ,           (   1871.     ,   ,        ,  .   , the world is not always as we want it to he. It is as it is),     .      ,      .     ,          ( , , , ,    ?)       ,      ( ,      ,    !    ).


4.    :  

   ,  ,   ,        ,      (-),       ,    , ()   ()    (-);             (-),    ,        , ,  (-).        ,    ,    ,    . , -,    ,    1840-1850-      (1780-  1851)   (18441896)  ;                  ,   .

      : .  (23 ), .  (6-10 ), .  (1520 ), .  (4560 ),   (,  ), .  (150200 ).

          ,    :             , , . 4560       ,     ,       ,       .

       ..   1920- .        (4560 ),       .     ,  ,     ( ),       ( ).

     (   )   1780- .     1844/1851. ( ໠ 17801810/1817;  ໠ 1810/1817-1844/1851);  : 1844/1851-1890/1896 (1844/1851-1870/1875);  :

1890/1896-?[45 -  ..     //  ..   . M.: , 1989. .197.].      1945/1950.      (    1967/1973); ,  ,     ;  ,  뻠    ,  , ..  ,   ,      .

         ( )   ( )  ()   (  ,   , -      . . , . , . , . ). , ,            ,         ,              A-  -.  ,  -       ,  A-,     ,   .   -໠  ,       , ,   ,    , . -໠      , ,   ,  ,    [46 - .: Hopkins ., Wallerstein I. Cyclical rhythms and secular trends of capitalist world-economy: some premises, hypotheses, and questions. Binghampton (N.Y.): Fernand Braudel Center for the study of economies, historical systems, and civilizations, 1978.].

  1840-1850- ,            ,    ,     ,                 ,    , -,  ,   , A-, ,    .  ,     1849.         1848.,     ,   ,   -.

    ,           .   1850-,   18501860      ,      ,    , , ,             [47 - Gamble A. Britain in decline: economic policy, political strategy and the British state. Boston: Beacon press, 1981. P.52.].

     XIX.    (19451975.) XX.    -,    . ,    ,      (1968),  ,  -  ,    1945.,   1848.

 ,      ,   .      ?  . ,    ,    ,   ; ,       ,    ,     ,   1850.; ,    1850-1860-        ,     ; , ,    ,           .     .        .       ,        , ,    ,  .

..  ,      ,  ,           (, ),    [48 -  .. . . .203.].     (   )    , ,    ,   ,       ,  ,   ,    (   , ,    ;         ;        )[49 -  .-.203, 199,205,207.].

      ,   ,   -     , ,     ,  opus magnum. ,       : 1)     1848.; 2)          18481849.; 3)      18481849.; 4)      ,        18481849.; 5)     1851.; 6)   18531856.; 7)   -1859.; 8)        18581859.; 9)         18591870.; 10)        -1862-1870.; 11)         18611865.; 12)    1861.; 13)        1864.; 14)    -       1866.; 15)    1867.; 16) -  18701871.; 17)   ,       18701871.; 18)    -1870-1871.[50 -  . .203.].

    ,      ,   .     :      1875.; -  18771878.;   ;     1885.    :     18121820.   18201823.;    18281829.;     1830.        18301834.      18381848.  . ,          ,    ,     (18   )    ( 18 ).  ,  ,        ,   - .  1840-         .

   .

          .   ,       .       : ,  ,  .      1830-1840-    1840-   ,   .

.   ,        1750.,   ,       ,     :  ,  ,   ,          ..[51 - North D.C. Structure and change in economic history. N.Y.: W.W. Norton, 1981.-P.158.].  ,      1720-1730-      ,   XIIXIII.,   ,   ,    III. ..,    ,       .

          1850.,    ,      ,     .  ,  ,      ,      1750  1830.     1840-1850- ,     ,        ,       , ,   , ,        ,   ,  (-) ,         [52 - North D.C. Op.cit.-P.159.].

 ,    , ,       ,       ,    XIX.     ,       ,     ,  ,   ,  .

  1842.,      Illustrated London news   ,    ,   .    1840-,           . ,       ,    .    1840-    ,  ()         ,   1848.   2     ,     . Penny Post,  .   1840.,   ,      1843.  4. (1840. 1,5.).         ,         .      (   )    : 1815. Times    5. .,  1850  70.[53 - Bairoch . Victories et deboires. Histoire economique et sociale du monde du XVI


 siecle a nos jours. P.: Gallimard, 1997. Vol. II. -P.35.]. ,     1840.      ,  1850.   [54 - Bryant A. English saga (18401940). L.: Albatros, 1947. P.79, 8283.],        .   ,          ,     ().   1840-1850-    , .     .

, , ,  ,                 (    컠  )   .      1849.,          ,      .   . ,  , 1840-      ,       ;     ,    :  ,  [55 - Dodds W. The age of paradox: abiography of England, 18411851. L.: Victor Gollancz, 1953. P.5, 486.] (   , ,     ,   ,   18401847.   [56 - Tulard T. Les revolutions: de 1789 a 1851. P.: Fayard, 1985. -P.447.],   1848.   ).

1850-,    1840-   ,   delayed gratitude   ,   .        ,    ,    ,    1851. ,   1  1851. Chrystal Palace  .        ,       ,    ,        ,      1848.      [57 - Thompson . England in the nineteenth century, 18151914. L.: Penguin books, 1977. P.100.].   1852.      ,   (           )[58 - Bryant A. Op.cit. P.103.].         ,  .      ,   ,       1857.,       ,    , , ,   1873.

 ,   .  ,    ,    , :     ,      (  ,    ),       ;         ; ,  -     ;  ,   ,     .               ,     , , .

   -    ,         ,   , -  ,  ,  ,  is out of joint.

   ?         ,   ,    ,    : every acquisition is a loss, and every loss is an acquisition.          ?  ?   ,            ?     ,        ?   ,     ( ),     ,      ( )?         ,       ,            .      ,     ,     ,          ,       .


5.      (17891848) 

 (Modernity)    .   .    ,  .   ,       -     .   ,    ,  - ,     ,   ,      .

         ,     ,      , -    ,  -     ..

, ,          ,   ;      .         ,      ,    :   ,        ,   ,                 .   :    ,     ,     .    ,      ,  ,      ,             .      ,      ,       ,  ,  -    .

,             ,     :              (    ,     ).    :      ,   ,      .            ,          ,  ,      .        ?    ?

        1796.,   㻠 1800.     ...   .    20  1796.   ,       ,       (1801).       ,        .   ,  1820-1830- ,        ,         ,  ,    ,   . ,     ,      ,  ,   .

,   ,     ,  ,  ,   ,   .    ,     .       .

         ,    ,    .       :   . ,  ,          ,     vox populi.

               ? , . ,        ()       .      , -,  ,     .  .         : ,   .  ,         . -,      ,     XIX.  ,       /. , .        : .

  , -       ,         ()      .      ,   ,     ,             .              -[59 - Wallerstein I. The French revolution as a world-historical event // Wallerstein I. Unthinking social science: the limits of nineteenth century paradigms. Cambridge: Polity press, 1991. P.15.].

             ,    ()  , .      .    .   / , -,  , -,  ,            .         (  )    .     - -    ,       ,   Weltanschauung,             ,  .      ,  . ,             Weltanschauung      ,      .        ,  ,           [60 - Wallerstein I. Op.cit. P.16.]. , ,  - .

-,       ,    ,    ,    .   (      ,    [61 -  -.])   ,   . , , ,         .

-, ,    ,      .  ,    ,      (-) ,   , -.       , ,    ,          .   ,          :        - ,    ,   ,  . , ,     , .     ,    . ,   ,  -    ,      ,   .   ,                 ,     ,       ;      -     . ,       ,    ,    .        ,   ,   ,     .

,  ,     XIX.   ,                       (    )   , .         :

1)   ,    , ;

2)   ,     ,   ;

3)   ,    ,    ,    [62 - Wallerstein I. The French revolution as a world-historical event 6-17.].

   ,   ,   .  ,      ,   ,       ,       ,  [63 - Ibid.].   :            ,          . ,   ,          .   .   . , . , .   . [64 -           .: Ansart . Les ideologies politiques. -.: PUF, 1974. 213 p.; Brown L.B. Ideology. Harmondsworth, 1973. 208 p.; Dumont F. Les ideologies. P.: PUF, 1974  183 p.; Halle L. The ideological imagination. Ideological conflict in our time and its roots in Hobbes, Rousseay and Marx. L.: Chatto a. Windus, 1972. XIV, 174 p.; Larrain J. The concept of ideology. L.: Hutchinson, 1979. 256; Seliger M. Ideology a. politics. L.: Allen a. unwin, 1976. 352 p.]  ,  ,       ,      ,   , ,    ,    , ,      ..

     ,         ,    ,  ,     ,              ,          [65 - Cm.: Wallerstein I. Who excludes whom? Or the collapse of liberalism and dilemmas of antisystemic strategy. Binghampton (N.Y.): Fernand Braudel Center, 1991. 24 p.].          ,       ? ,    ,     , ,   ,  , [66 -       .: Arblaster A. The rise a. the decline of Western liberalism. Oxford: Blackwell, 1984. XII, 394 p.].        ,    -      .

        ,             .

  ,   /, -,    ,    - XIX. : ,                   .    ,    ?   !                    ,         ,  ,     .                    , too simple to be true.   ,        .     ,  ,  ()     .    ,  ,      .

  ,             ,    .                ,    ()              . ,     ( )     .  ,                 ,  ,     .       ,        , ,   ,      ,   ,      .


6., , 

  ,  ()       .              ( ,   ,     )   ()          () . , -,  ,      (    )    XVII.    ; -,         ,       ,   , .   :   ,     (,        ,    ,       , )[67 - Scott J. Protest and profanation: agrarian revolt and little tradition// Theory a. society. Amsterdam, 1977. Vol.4, 1. P.26.], ,   ,       .  ,  ,   ,              .   ,   .    , ,     Nulle seigneur sans homme,      ,     Nulle terre sans seigneur.    .      ,        ,    .. ..,           ,       ,        ,     - .  ,    ,   ()        ,     (   XIII.   )        (               ,       ).

,   (   15171648.       )  (      ,                ,   )  ,     ( ),  ( )            .       XVI    XVII. ,      ,       ,    .             ,         .    .  , .. ,  ,    ,             ,   , ,       XIX .

  XVII.        ( ),   - (       ,    )   (   黠  ,     ,   , ..    ,  ,   ,   ..      ).           1277. ( 219  ,     ),           .

      XVIIXVIII.,       .          ( ,       , ),    100-150- .

        ,      200250 .

  ,     ( early modern,       )           ,              ,  .       ,    , ..    .            (--)      (  ,    ),   ,   .   : 1)   (   ,   ,     ,  ;   ,   ); 2)  (   ,    ,    ,       ); 3)  (   ,         ;      ,            ).

  ,     ,     (  ),       ()    .  ,        ,    .  ,          , , ,     , ,   , -,     ; -,     ,       .    -,   -         .

,      ,     :        ,     ,   ,   ;              , ..    . :      ()          ,   ,    ,        .           ,    ,      --,          ,   , ..   ,  . ,  ,   ,    ,   ,     [68 - Feyer L. Ideology a. the ideologist. Oxford: Blackwell, 1975. -P.181.].        ,        ,    , ,   ,      .

    ,       ,  ,             ,                     ,   ,            ,                   .

  ,                ,   . , ,         ,     ,    /. ,                ,       ;             (18481968)                   (XVIXVIII.);        ,    , ,    ,        ,  ,       ,     ,     (    ,           ..).                   ,  , ;           ,          ;                   .          (      -) ,  ,   ,   ,   ,  -  , -       ,     .

          ,      ;            (, - )   (, - ),       ( )      . ,              .             ,       ,   ,  ,               .       , ..    ,       ,    ;       ,     ;    (, )                 .         ,    , ,      ,        .


7.     

      ,  ()    ,   ,  , ,  ,              . .   ,           ,      ,      -.       .     -,  ,        ,     ,   .      ,   ,           ,  ,  , .

        (, )            ,    ,                   ,       ,    -            .

  .. ,      ,     ,      ,     .     ,                 [69 -  ..            //  ..  . M.: .  , ., 1997. .58.]. ,     (  ),     ,     ,      ,      ;         , .  ,   ,    , ..    ,      ,     ,        [70 -  . .5859.].     ,  , ..  ,        ,           -   ,       ,  () .

    ..  ,       -    -  , , ,       - .         , ,   ,           : ,       ()  ,  ,        , , ,    ,      .       ,     .

           . ,  ,       ,  .      ,        .   ,                ,   , .. ,   ,     ,             ,     ,         [71 - . .: Wallerstein I. The bourgeois(ie) as concept and reality // New Left Review.-L., 1988, 167. P.91105.].

      ,        ,    ,    .        ,  ,      .  ,  ,    ,   ()           ,     , ..     ,        ,  ,    ,    .   ,    ,    XIX. (   XX )   --,  ,  .   .. ,      , , ,    ,   [72 - Wiener M.J. English culture and the decline of industrial spirit, 18501980. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge univ. press, 1981. -P. 34.].

       .          :   ,       .

  ,  ,       ,        ,   . ,   ,    :    ,          , mot,      .

,      ,          ,  ,   ,      .   .             ,            (),    (), ,     - ,    ,           () ,                ,                 .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/andrey-fursov/borba-voprosov-ideologiya-i-psihoistoriya-russkoe-i-mirovoe/)  .

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notes








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58


Bryant A. Op.cit. P.103.




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60


Wallerstein I. Op.cit. P.16.




61


 -.




62


Wallerstein I. The French revolution as a world-historical event 6-17.




63


Ibid.




64


          .: Ansart . Les ideologies politiques. -.: PUF, 1974. 213 p.; Brown L.B. Ideology. Harmondsworth, 1973. 208 p.; Dumont F. Les ideologies. P.: PUF, 1974  183 p.; Halle L. The ideological imagination. Ideological conflict in our time and its roots in Hobbes, Rousseay and Marx. L.: Chatto a. Windus, 1972. XIV, 174 p.; Larrain J. The concept of ideology. L.: Hutchinson, 1979. 256; Seliger M. Ideology a. politics. L.: Allen a. unwin, 1976. 352 p.




65


Cm.: Wallerstein I. Who excludes whom? Or the collapse of liberalism and dilemmas of antisystemic strategy. Binghampton (N.Y.): Fernand Braudel Center, 1991. 24 p.




66


      .: Arblaster A. The rise a. the decline of Western liberalism. Oxford: Blackwell, 1984. XII, 394 p.




67


Scott J. Protest and profanation: agrarian revolt and little tradition// Theory a. society. Amsterdam, 1977. Vol.4, 1. P.26.




68


Feyer L. Ideology a. the ideologist. Oxford: Blackwell, 1975. -P.181.




69


 ..            //  ..  . M.: .  , ., 1997. .58.




70


 . .5859.




71


. .: Wallerstein I. The bourgeois(ie) as concept and reality // New Left Review.-L., 1988, 167. P.91105.




72


Wiener M.J. English culture and the decline of industrial spirit, 18501980. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge univ. press, 1981. -P. 34.


