   .  
  


         45-           ,    ,              XX . ,  ,     ,       .

      ?       ?       ?     ,        ?     ?

              .





 

   .  





         (1940-  1950- )


             ,  ,      , , ,       .                   ,        .

  ,             ,  ,    (),   1947 .        .[1 - Daugherty W. Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency. University Press of Kentucky, 2004, p.122]

18  1948      ()  NSC 10/2   ,      (covert actions).  ,                    ,      ,           ,       ,           [2 - Foreign Relations of the United States, 19681976, Volume XII, Western Europe. Notes on US covert actions URL: https://history. state.gov/historicaldocuments/frusl964-68vl2/actionsstatement (  10.10.2017.)].

      ,        .       : ;  ;   ,  , ,  ()   ();     ,    ,     ,             [3 - Foreign Relations of the United States, Notes on US covert actions].

 40-  50-  XX ,   ,        ,        .             ,            ,    , .             .

                ,     .      ,       .        (  ),       (   ).

     ,  ,  ,        .               .. .           .. .        .

                :  ( )   (         ).

 1948    ,            ,          ,            (Office of Policy Coordination).       1946            1945     (,   ).      . ,           .           .      10 .         .        (Psychological Warfare Workshop),          .

       ,      .       ,                -   medium (..  ).             [4 - Thomas . The Very Best Men. The Daring Early Ears OF CIA. Simon & Schuster, New York, 1995, p. 33.].

        ,  ,      .       (    )     , ,    ,     1950             ,     ()   .  1951          .          .

 1953    ,   .

 1953        ,     .         ,       .          "",                   300   (400 )[5 - 5.Thomas . The Very Best Men. The Daring Early Ears OF CIA. Simon].

       :   ,          .    ,     ( , , ,  )     :     ,  -[6 - Schuster, New York, 1995, p. 61.]            [6 - Schuster, New York, 1995, p. 61.].     ,     .  ,    (, ,    ..)   .

             .            .           1947         .      ,        .         .

      ,  ,     ,       (  )    .   ,    .

                 .  , ,      .            .

           ,  [7 -  ..    . ., 1985, . 63.]   () ,    ().  1943      ,                 (Intelligence Section)    (Psychological Warfare Division) .  1946                   (Cultural Affairs Officer).  1948            . .

          (      )  ,   -  .  , ,  ,     ,        .

   1947  (  ) ,      ,       .

 1947   ,    --      ()       ( 19461947         )  .   ,       ,   .           (      ).

           .

             ,    .           (            ,         ).  -    ,        1947         .     ,         ,    .

             . , . , . , . , . , . .

             ,  ,  ,  ',  .

                   ,       ,    ,      -.

  , ,        .       ,        .         л  ,          .                    .

    ,     ,              (,   ).   ,              :  .

   1947            .

       ,          .          1947    ,      .

 1947               .              . 7 1947                     .  ,  , :                        ( )       ,           ,                  , ,        [8 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MelvinJ._Lasky]

 ,      (,   )  ,    ,            .       1948           -     ().                .      ,   , ,   .        ,             .

      .  1966    ,       ,  ,         .  1971   ,     1978 ,          1987 .

        .

25  1949  -    -             (Cultural and Scientific Conference for World Peace).       ,              .      9-     ,       .      -  .     1939         ,        

         ,    ,   ,          .        -       .             ,  ,     . ,          !     (    ).

         ,  ,  ,  ,      .                .           .

       .                  ,     .               .                 (  1882 )     .    ,         .

         ,    ,      .         1949                ,  .          .      ,  ,  ,  ,     .

,       .          . ,           ,      ,       .                               - .

       -         .      ,              (Information Research Departament, IRD).           1948    .

 -        (   ),   2025  1949   .    .        ( ,      ) 5    (16      )      [9 - s.https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/ csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/95unclass/Warner.html].

      (      -)           .            .

            ,  ,     .             ,  ,  -,  .     .         ,      .          .

  2065     72 .         . 561 ,   ,     600  .

 30  1949         (    ),  ,   .     - .           ,  ,  .        ,      ,    :    ,      30   ,      -,        .

,       (       1947  ),  ,        ,           [10 - https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/ csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/95unclass/Warner.html].

 ,                   ,        ,             .        ,        .    廠  ,     1940-  1950-          .




  ,      ?


 , ,   ,     ,         19451991 .  ,    ,     19481991 .

                 .

  ,  ,   1945 ,   .  ,                    .  1948       ,  19451948.          ,    .               1948 ,          .         .  ,      1946       ,   40% .

  ,       25  1917 ,              ,   ,        .

  ,                   ,           .        1960-         .

        .

   ,   -           1933 .          ,        .   1920- -1930-           - .

           ,     .         (aliens),   1917      .         .

      1917    .       ,     (  ,     )       .

 1875               (Socialist Labor Party),    1917          .

 1901          (Socialist Party of America)     .           ,   ,      .          , , .  ,  ,        XX             -.

        1917   3,5  ,     ,        .     ,  ,  .   ,           (..   ,      ).  1917       750 ,           .

 1917       80  .

         (, Industrial Workers of the World).        1905         ,        .  1917      100  .

            ,      .  1917        (    ,  ),     (   )    .

  1915           .[11 - Draper Th., The Roots of American Communism, Chicago, 1985, p. 69.]

,           ,          .

  1917                       (Espionage Act).   ,       ,    ,  20  .           ,      .

,   1917                 . 165              ,           ,      .        1918         ,         ,       .[12 - http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/__]

      19171918.    -       .

        ,    ,    .    -      ,    1917      .   ,             .   (        )        . ,        ,         .        ,       .            (    )      . ,   ,     ( )     .

  1916        ,   -         .       1917         . ,        -  ,     [13 - Draper Th., The Roots of American Communism, Chicago, 1985, P-77.].             ,     ,        .

         ,      ,   ,    .             .  1918   :                 ,        .[14 - http://libelli.ru/works/37-6.htm]

          [15 - ,            .]:  ,       ,  ,   ,         ,    , ,  -      .        ,       ,  ,         "      ,       .

          30  1917 ,         ,      .                 .                   .

  ,      ,     ,         (  ). 65-     ,   -,     .       1916          ,          .      ,       1916     ,             .    ,           .            ,          .

 1917                     .         ,         ,        .            1  .[16 - Morgan T., Reds., New York, 2003, p. 17.]

               ,           .   ,       .                               ,    .     .

26  1917                 .       ,  8  1918         ,   14 .  ,             ,     ,      ,  -          .

             ,  15  1917   --. 17 

       .         -      .         .      ,      50  [17 -            3  ,        ,     .]         .

,    14                   .

   (    )       ,    .

26  1917       ,       -.[18 - Morgan ., Reds., New York, 2003, .2627.]         .

 11  1918                    -    14  .            .   ,          ,       .[19 - Morgan T., Reds., New York, 2003, p. 31.]

       -   .

4  1918          ,      .      ,   ,               .

           ,          . 2 1918     ,              - . ,    ,   .           .  6  1918     -,       ,       .     9 ,    .  ,  ,   ,       .

                   . 5 1918   (,     

)        .        .              27  1918 [20 -          -        .]  -         .         17 .

             (  )   ,      .          ,        (    ,   , ).           ,     .   ,   :  ,     ( ).[21 - Morgan ., Reds., New York, 2003, . 35.] 16        .

         1918               .   ,           .     ,       .

           ,        .

16  1918              (Sedition Act).          ,      .            .         10         ,          ,    .    ,      1920  913 664 .       ,       .

15  1918  (        )     .       ,      ,    .[22 - Morgan T., Reds., New York, 2003, p. 43.]               .

19  1918        ,             . ,            .              .

          1924      .  1955     ,          (    )      .   ,                   , , .       ,     .

   1918            .

19  1918      .                 .       , ,  (         ).    1918       1919         ,       (.. . .)   ,     ,     .[23 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overman_Committee] ,               .

      ,             ,             ,    .

 - 1919      20 ,[24 -    ,      .]          .             1918 .

,              .    ( ) ,  19  20    .     ,           -  - (!).[25 - Hagedorn, Ann (2007). Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919, New York, 2007, p.148.]

   ( -)     .  ,                -    ,       .   ,       1923        .[26 - http://www.e-reading-lib.Org/chapter.php/1003624/5/Kovtun_ Ivan_-_Russkie_esesovcy.html]

       ,        ,      . ,        ,       (      10 ,   ).[27 -                ,           .]               .

            .             ,     ,      .

.   (.. . .)   ,   ?

.  .

 .  ,   ,  ,   ,     ?

. .

  ( )         ?

. .[28 - Morgan ., Reds., New York, 2003, . 65.]

        ,     .[29 - Schmidt, R., Red Scare: FBI and the Origins of Anticommunism in the United States, 19191943, University of Copenhagen, 2006, p. 144.]            .

24  1919                  .      ,        (    ),     .          .                  ,       .

 1919      ,            . 2 1919        ,  ,          ,      ,          .       ,            .

    - (    )   ,      .   ,         (Red Scare).      ,          .

12  1919           -  .[30 -              .]          .         .  -  10  1920  :        -          ,    .       .

       1920        ,         .   ,   1921     .

       1919                .          10    ,   .                    (     7  10  ).   1919   103      39 .

           30  1919     ,        .      ,          .

      (82   21 ,     )  31  1919      ().     (128 ),        ,  1  1919     ().        .   ( 1520  )    ,    (2530  )     (      ). ,             ,      .

  ,             .       ,        .        1919    4        (..        ).

  1919     7000 , 4000  (..      ), 1200 , 4400 , 1750 , 2200  , 1000 , 100 , 850 , 280    3000 .[31 - Draper Th., The Roots of American Communism, Chicago, 1985, p.189.]

          .               .             .    -       ,    :        !.[32 - Draper Th., The Roots of American Communism, Chicago, 1985,p.182.]   ( )     . ,    ,     [33 -   ,   1908 .  .] ( )  .

         , ,       .      ,      ,     .

6  1919          .            100       .          ,     .    ,        [34 - Morgan ., Reds., New York, 2003, . 62.]    ,             .       .

        ,     .

        ,    .

         .

 1919    [35 -   1872 .  1909       .                     500   ( 5     )]   ,         , ,       1,5  2  .[36 - ,                 100  .]        軠       .       .. 軠     .       2012    ( ).

          . 1 1919    24-              (Division of General Intelligence).       1972           ,   ,   (   )    .

      7  1919        .       100  ,                   ,   - .      .   -   650 .              43 .

        .

         ,      1919     ,         .            ,    .         .

  1919      249 ,         ,          (      ).

         ,  2  1920        .  6     4  ,      ,    .           .[37 - Murray, Robert ., Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 19191920 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1955, p.227229.]

      1920   ,  1      .        , 

      .[38 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander MitchellPalmer]       .       . ,  - 11     32 .        .

29  1920    ,       ,       .

 1  1920        ,      ,     .

16  1920       -  - (   -),  38    400  .       ,       ,  , .

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         .

        1918       ,         .    ,       .      ,               100  .

              (   1918   -  ).

9  1918            ( 10    ).                  .

8  1918          . 22         ,             ,       .

4  1918         .    339-   (4487 ),       .        ,      .       ,       .

          ,       (300     ).

     ,    1918 ,  :    ,   ,         ,     ,   ,   -,    -[39 -        .]       .[40 - http://libelli.ru/works/37-6.htm]

       ,    1918   [41 -    ,   .]        .      .   1919         .         ,    15 , 60   200 .       90 .

       .     ,       ,  ,      1918 .   , , ,         .     .[42 - Morgan T., Reds., New York, 2003, p. 47.]

             .

 - 1919      ,  -    . 20  1920     , 13   .

          .       400     .       86 .          339- ,     .

 1918                      ( ),      .               - .

  1918          .               65    ,            - . ,         .   1918                (     4 ).        ,     .

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       . 3 1918         (   )                     .   ,    ,   ,          . 6 1918       .            1,5       .

,      ( 1918 )                    .

  1918  -  ,  8-    ,            ,         .[43 - Morgan ., Reds., New York, 2003, . 42.]           .            17  1918 ,            .

   1918     99   2912     (  ). 1         22-   .       50   ,[44 -      72 ,         12  .]      .  ,     ,   .

     [45 -       .]  125           .    ,          ,        ,       .

  1918    (  1917       )     ,        .   1918          .          ,      .    1919            .   1919        2530  .

  ,          ,        .  ,          (!).    ,     -   ,      

    .         -      .

         ,         .         .     ,        ,         .  ,           .

16  1919         50  ,     ,      (     )    15   .            ,   ,       .        ( ,  ,   ?),         .[46 - Morgan T., Reds., New York, 2003, p. 51.]   1920       ,       .

                ,     ,             - 1920   170 , 50  .[47 -       1  1920 .]         ,   .

 19211923.             ()[48 -     ,   .        7  1921 .]      .          10   .              ,     .    1918      ,     ,      .[49 - Morgan T., Reds., New York, 2003, . 91.]

,   1919            ,       .

             ( ,    ),      . ,     ,                          .

,                  .    .

 1922      ,     :   ,  ,       . ,       .[50 - Morgan T., Reds., New York, 2003, p. 105.]

 1929     ,      .              .       ,  1930  10     .          1935   ,  ,  ,    ,      .  100       .

                       .         .  6    (  )       1931   100  .

,              ()      -          .           ,       .       72  ,        .

 ,      .

               ,   1929      -   .[51 -    1919    1920  .  1921  1929      .]  1930   -          - .[52 - ,                      -.]          20% .        , ,   .

          ,  ,      -    ,        .

      (        )       .

  1930          .            .           , , .

             ,    -  1924 .           ,       .             ,            .[53 -  1971  1976    -       .       .]        ,  , , .

39     ,          ,    ,   .    ,    ,        .           ,      .

     -      3  ,    .      5 ,    , ,      ,  - .       ໠ ,      ?

          , ,                (American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU)[54 -  2011      500  ,      100  .].                1928 ,     .     ,   1932         .

           .[55 - Morgan ., Reds., New York, 2003, . 129.]

  1931 ,  275   14  ,       66 .   ,     .

 1933         -  .     ,          ,       ( ). ,      ,      .

            ,       (        ).                ,      .

           ,          .          1936                 ,      ,    .         ,   -        .[56 -     ,   .]




  .


   .

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notes








1


Daugherty W. Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency. University Press of Kentucky, 2004, p.122




2


Foreign Relations of the United States, 19681976, Volume XII, Western Europe. Notes on US covert actions URL: https://history. state.gov/historicaldocuments/frusl964-68vl2/actionsstatement (  10.10.2017.)




3


Foreign Relations of the United States, Notes on US covert actions




4


Thomas . The Very Best Men. The Daring Early Ears OF CIA. Simon & Schuster, New York, 1995, p. 33.




5


5.Thomas . The Very Best Men. The Daring Early Ears OF CIA. Simon




6


Schuster, New York, 1995, p. 61.




7


 ..    . ., 1985, . 63.




8


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MelvinJ._Lasky




9


s.https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/ csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/95unclass/Warner.html




10


https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/ csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/95unclass/Warner.html




11


Draper Th., The Roots of American Communism, Chicago, 1985, p. 69.




12


http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/__




13


Draper Th., The Roots of American Communism, Chicago, 1985, P-77.




14


http://libelli.ru/works/37-6.htm




15


,            .




16


Morgan T., Reds., New York, 2003, p. 17.




17


           3  ,        ,     .




18


Morgan ., Reds., New York, 2003, .2627.




19


Morgan T., Reds., New York, 2003, p. 31.




20


         -        .




21


Morgan ., Reds., New York, 2003, . 35.




22


Morgan T., Reds., New York, 2003, p. 43.




23


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overman_Committee




24


   ,      .




25


Hagedorn, Ann (2007). Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919, New York, 2007, p.148.




26


http://www.e-reading-lib.Org/chapter.php/1003624/5/Kovtun_ Ivan_-_Russkie_esesovcy.html




27


               ,           .




28


Morgan ., Reds., New York, 2003, . 65.




29


Schmidt, R., Red Scare: FBI and the Origins of Anticommunism in the United States, 19191943, University of Copenhagen, 2006, p. 144.




30


             .




31


Draper Th., The Roots of American Communism, Chicago, 1985, p.189.




32


Draper Th., The Roots of American Communism, Chicago, 1985,

p.182.




33


  ,   1908 .  .




34


Morgan ., Reds., New York, 2003, . 62.




35


  1872 .  1909       .                     500   ( 5     )




36


,                 100  .




37


Murray, Robert ., Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 19191920 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1955, p.227229.




38


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander MitchellPalmer




39


       .




40


http://libelli.ru/works/37-6.htm




41


   ,   .




42


Morgan T., Reds., New York, 2003, p. 47.




43


Morgan ., Reds., New York, 2003, . 42.




44


     72 ,         12  .




45


      .




46


Morgan T., Reds., New York, 2003, p. 51.




47


      1  1920 .




48


    ,   .        7  1921 .




49


Morgan T., Reds., New York, 2003, . 91.




50


Morgan T., Reds., New York, 2003, p. 105.




51


   1919    1920  .  1921  1929      .




52


,                      -.




53


 1971  1976    -       .       .




54


 2011      500  ,      100  .




55


Morgan ., Reds., New York, 2003, . 129.




56


    ,   .


