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Felipe Ferna?ndez-Armesto

STRAITS

Beyond the Myth of Magellan



   The Peters Fraser and Dunlop Group Ltd  The Van Lear Agency LLC



 2022 by Felipe Fernndez-Armesto

  ..,    , 2023

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 ,      ,          [8 -      . . Belich J. The Black Death and the Spread of Europe// The Prospect of Global History/ Ed. J. Belich. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof: oso/9780198732259.003.0006.].       ,     ,      .                     ( 12000 ).   ,   XIV  XVIII,        ,  : ,  , , .      ,        :        [9 - Lamb H. H. The Little Ice Age: Climate, History and the Modern World. London: Routledge, 1995. Fagan B. M. The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History, 13001850. New York: Basic Books, 2001.].

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     .    ,    joie de vivre   .     ,      :    .  ,   .  ,      .    ,    .      .           .

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       ,    .       ,   ,     XVI.   ,           ,      ,  1498 1514      [16 - MacLennan W. J. The Eleven Plagues of Edinburgh, Proceedings of theRoyal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 31. 2001. P.256261, www.rcpe.ac.uk/journal/issue/vol31_no3/T_Eleven_Plagues.pdf.].   1521           [17 - Heinrichs E. A. The Plague Cures of Caspar Kegler: Print, Alchemy, andMedical Marketing in Sixteenth-Century Germany// Sixteenth-Century Journal 43. 2012. P.417440.].  1520           .

            1505/06   , ,  .     1501, 1507, 15101515.  15071510          .  1507-  1509- ,   ,      .  1507       ,          ,      30000.   -        [18 - Oliveira L. L. de. Viver em Lisboa: Sculo XVI. S?o Paolo: Alameda, 2015. P.40; Rodrigues T. Crises de mortalidad em Lisboa, sculos XVI eXVII. Lisbon: Horizonte, 1990. P.16.].   ,       ,  ,    .  1519             ,  , ,  ,      1521[19 - Villalba J. de. Epidemiolog?a espa?ola oHistoria de las pestes, contagios, epidemias y epizootias que han acaecido en Espa?a desde la venida de los cartagineses hasta el a?o 1801. Madrid, 1802; Prez Moreda V. La crisis de mortalidad en la Espa?a interior. Siglos XVIXIX. Madrid: Siglo Veintiuno, 1980. P.248249.].              , 1513      ,   15151516    .  15211522      [20 - Santos Pereira A. dos. The Urgent Empire: Portugal between 1475and 1525// Journal of Public Health 4, no. 2. Winter 2006. www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue8/html/apereira_main.html.].

,              :                ,   ,             [21 - Crosby A. W. The Columbian Exchange. New York: Greenwood, 1972.].    (, , -     )   1493      ,        .    ,   1519 ,       ,    ,    [22 - Coleccin de documentos inditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista y organizacin de las posesiones espa?olas en Amrica yOceania, 42vols./ Ed.J. F. Pacheco, F. de Crdenas, L. Torres de Mendoza. Madrid: Quirs, 18641884, 2. P.373.].     .                    .      ,      90%[23 - Biraben J. N. LEssai sur lvolution du nombre des hommes// Population 34. 1979. P.1325.].     - ,         .         ,          .      .



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         .           .        :     ,     ,     ,   .                .     ,        1498   ,    ,  .         ,     ,   ,    .         ,                    ,      ,      .      :     [29 - Brown J. C. Prosperity or Hard Times in Renaissance Italy?// Renaissance Quarterly 42. 1989. P.761780; Some Records of Ethiopia/ Ed. C.F.Beckingham, G. W. Huntingford. London: Hakluyt Society, 1954.].    :          ,            .          .     ,           ,   .

   ,         ,        [30 - Lopez R.S. Hard Times and Investment in Culture// The Renaissance: ASymposium. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1953. P.1932.].     . , ,   XV:     ,  1420-        ,      -,         1490- .      ,      ,  .

            ,        . -    .            ,              ,         .

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 ,   -,  ,     ,  ,       . -      ,    -,    ,       .          -     ,             ,    .       (  ,   )[34 -  . P.9.]  .    ,    ,   , ,   .    . -            ,       10000 .

     .  ,     ,    .    ,      ,  ,   ,    ,      ,          [35 -  . P.30.].      -,    ,         .         . - ,               1520  .            ,  ,         .

      ,    , ,  ,   ,     ,      ,          [36 -  . P.23.].                      ,                      .   ,    ,        [37 -  . P.11.].

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              .          ?      ?         ?  ,      ,       .         ,   II. ..            XV,    .  ,  ,  ,              .        :    ,      ,   -      .        ,    [39 - Washburn W. E. AProposed Explanation of the Closed Indian Ocean onSome Ptolemaic Maps of the Twelfth-Fifteenth Centuries// Revista da Universidade de Coimbra 33. 1985. P.431441.].

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    ,           ,                 .             , ,     ,      .   1490   ,       .   .                ,      .  1520     ,     [41 - The Prester John of the Indies, 2vols./ Ed. C. F. Beckingham, G.W.B.Huntingford. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1961, 2. P.369.].

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   ?          -.       1506       .          ,                    .     ,     ,  [42 - Descripcin de los reinos, puertos e islas que hay desde el Cabo de Buena Esperanza hasta los Leyquios/ Ed. A. Blzquez yDelgado-Aguilera. Madrid: Torrent, 1921.]:    ,   , ,  ;     ,        ;  ,   ,   1510  ,  ;        ,        ; ,        ;  ,       ; ,     ,  .       .

   ,       ,   ,  .                     .          ,     ,           -         ,    .   -   ,   .   ,     ,      . ,    ,               ,       [43 - Pearson M. N. Port Cities and Intruders: The Swahili Coast, India, andPortugal in the Early Modern Era. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.].

      :                 ,    .  ,  ,         ,     .      .  ,  ,   18        30  ,       .     [44 - Beaujard P.Progressive Integration of Eastern Africa into an Afro-Eurasian World-system// The Swahili World/ Ed. S. Wynne-Jones, A. LaViolette. London: Routledge, 2018. P.375.],              ,   , , ,   ,     .        ,     .    , , ,     ,       [45 - Walz J. Early Inland Entanglement in the Swahili World, c. 7501550CE// Swahili World/ Ed. S. Wynne-Jones, A. LaViolette. London: Routledge, 2018. P.388402; Kusimba C. M., Kusimba S. B. Mosaics: Rethinking African Connections in Coastal and Highland Kenya// Swahili World/ Ed.S.Wynne-Jones, A.LaViolette. London: Routledge, 2018. P.403418.].        :          .    ,   ,   ,           ,    .        ,         ,          .

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          ,  1505       .     ,         ,    1510 ,     :                   ,   .           ,     .        -.        ,        ,        .    ,     ,        - : ,   , ,   [49 -  . P.8.].                   .

 XIV   1340      :       ,           . ,    , ,  , ,  ,  ,       ,   .        ,     :    ,  ,     ,        ,    ,   ,  ,   ,      [50 - The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: AMuslim Traveler of the 14th Century/ Ed. R. E. Dunn. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. P.231240.].

, -    ,   ,  -    ,      ,          .    ,        ,      ,    ,         [51 - Santos J. M. dos. Kalu Muhammad Hilali, Sultan of the Maldives (14911528)// Archipel 70. 2005. P.6375.].

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        ,  . ,  ,    .     , ,  (    ),      100-      .        .    XVI,         ,     , ,  ,  ,          ,      ,            .     .          [53 - Asher, Talbot. India before Europe. P.77.].

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        ,       ,  ,          .

-  1484          ,           , , , , ,      .    ,   ,        .         , , 1480-    :    ,         .        , ,   ,  ,   ,    .       ,     ,         .       ,  , ,  ,           .        .     ,    900.    1000,      ,       [57 - Pearson M. N. Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976. P.6773.].



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   ,  - ,     -   .       ,       - ,      .  XV       ,       .                       .  1402        ;      ,         .   1511  ,             .  ,    ,          .  1468   :    ,   ,       [58 - The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, vol. 1/ Ed. N. Tarling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. P.483.].    ,    , ,  ,  , , ,    ,        [59 - Cortes?o A. As mais antigas cartografia e descri??o das Molucas// Aviagem de Fern?o de Magalh?es e a quest?o das Molucas: Actas do II Congreso luso-espanhol de Histria Ultramarina/ Ed. A. Teixeira da Mota. Lisbon: Junta de Investiga??es Cientificas, 1975. P.53.].   ,           XVI,  :

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		     [60 -  . . . ., 1999/ . . ,  . . .].

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Myristica fragrans        ,   ,  ,    .    ,    ,         ,       .    ,            ,        .       ,         ,      .                ,            [63 - Donkin. Between East and West. P.149, 156.].

      .  XIV        :        .        1349,    ,    , ,  ,    ,     ,              [64 - Rockhill W. W. Notes on the Relations and Trade of China with the Eastern Archipelago and the Coast of the Indian Ocean during the Fourteenth Century// Toung Pao 16. 1915. P.61159, 236271.].

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           ,        ,       .          ,              .   ,          ,       . ,     ,    : -,     , ,        ; -,   ,           ,       .   -           ,     ,     XV    .       , ,    -,         -     :          ,       .    - ,   ,  , , , :          .     ,    , ,    .      -    , ,            ,    .      -    ,       ,        ,        , , ,    ,   ,   ,    [68 - Laufer B. The Relations of the Chinese to the Philippine Islands// European Entry into the Pacific: Spain and the Acapulco Galleons/ Ed. D. O. Flyn, A.Girldez. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001. P.5591.].

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    : XV  [71 -     .]     ,    ,   [72 - Laufer. Relations of the Chinese. P.64.].  ,  1511  ,   ,  蠫  ,      ,   .      .   ,  ,    ,       ,   :        ,   ;      .    500 ,   ,      ,     [73 - Cortes?o. Suma Oriental. P.133134.].

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    ,           .       ,         [77 - Rumeu de Armas A. La conquista de Tenerife. Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Aula de Cultura, 1975.].

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notes








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,         .     (15531616),        .   ,    , . .




2


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