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 ,  2018.     - ,       .                .   ,  , ,      [1 - Jon Cohen, "What now forhuman genome editing?," Science 362, (2018): 10901092. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/1090 (http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/1090).].

    ,    ,        .      (Rampage, 2018).            . ,      -.   - ࠖ     ,   .   ,    ,    .     ,    , ,    ,   ,      .  CRISPR[2 - CRISPR (. clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats   ,   )    ,    ,     ().     ,    (, ). ..]?      .

 .    CRISPR    .            ,  2015. ,  .  ,             CRISPR.              .    ,    (  ),   ,  - -      .               :    ,  , ?              Π   [ ] ,            .  ,   ,   ,       .

 , 26,  ,     . , ,   Twitter,   ,    .       :   ,  ,     .    ,  -    ,      CRISPR[3 - Antonio Regalado, "Exclusive: Chinese scientists are creating CRISPR babies," MITTechnology Review, November25, 2018, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612458/exclusive-chinese-scientists-are-creating-crispr-babies/ (https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612458/exclusive-chinese-scientists-are-creating-crispr-babies/).].       ,    Associated Press.         [4 - Marilynn Marchione, "Chinese researcher claims first gene-edited babies," Associated Press, November26, 2018, https://www.apnews.com/4997bb7aa36c45449b488e19ac83e86d (https://www.apnews.com/4997bb7aa36c45449b488e19ac83e86d).].  #CRISPRbabies (. #CRISPR)  .

 , 34-           YouTube.   ,   , ,      ,    .         .       ,      .    ?    ?

       ,     ,  , .       :      ,  -        .       .         ,        .      ,      .   ,    ,    . ,  ,      ,       .      ,   䠖 [5 - Sui-Lee Wee, "Chinese Scientist Who Genetically Edited Babies Gets 3 Years inPrison," TheNewYork Times December31, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/30/business/china-scientist-genetic-baby-prison.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/30/business/china-scientist-genetic-baby-prison.html).].

  #CRISPRbabies      .       (TheGene),      ,  ,       CRISPR  .  ,    TheEconomist[6 - "The era ofhuman gene-editing may have begun. Why that isworrying," TheEconomist, December1, 2018, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/12/01/the-era-of-human-gene-editing-may-have-begun-why-that-is-worrying (https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/12/01/the-era-of-human-gene-editing-may-have-begun-why-that-is-worrying).],     ,     20000 ,   .

           (Human Genome Project, HGP),      蠖  3,2 ,   .          ,     ,       .          ,     .     ,      ,        .  ,       ,      ,   , -   .             ,         .   -蠖           ࠖ   .

 ,   2012.    CRISPR.   -    -   ࠖ   .       ,  ,   ,     CRISPR.    ,    (. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats),        ,    ,     .        ,         -.    ,       ׸    , ,   CRISPR     .       ,    ,    ,  .    CRISPR        . ,   ,    , ,   .

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 CRISPR  ,    ,   ,      .        :  ,  ,    ,  ,    -,  . -     .       ,    CRISPR ,   . CRISPR-,    Science,     [7 - Elizabeth Pennisi, "The CRISPR Craze," Science 341, (2013): 833836, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/341/6148/833 (https://science.sciencemag.org/content/341/6148/833).]. TheEconomist      , 젖  ,      ,   ,     [8 - "Editing Humanity," TheEconomist, August22, 2015, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2015/08/22/editing-humanity (https://www.economist.com/leaders/2015/08/22/editing-humanity).]. TheSpectator  ,   ,     ,    (     )[9 - Fraser Nelson, "The return ofeugenics," TheSpectator, April2016, https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-return-of-eugenics (https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-return-of-eugenics).].  MITTechnology Review  CRISPR   [10 - Antonio Regalado, "Who Owns theBiggest Biotech Discovery ofthe Century?," MITTechnology Review, December4, 2014, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/532796/who-owns-the-biggest-biotech-discovery-of-the-century/ (https://www.technologyreview.com/s/532796/who-owns-the-biggest-biotech-discovery-of-the-century/).].     Wired :   , ,  Ƞ,   [11 - Amy Maxmen, "The Genesis Engine," Wired, August2015, https://www.wired.com/2015/07/crispr-dna-editing-2/ (https://www.wired.com/2015/07/crispr-dna-editing-2/).].

    1980- .,    ,       ,     ()  ( ).     ,    ,      [12 -   1980-            ࠖ   -,         .    ,   .].          ,     ,  ,    20.      ,         ,         .         蠫  ,    .        堖  , ,  ,      .

 1990.    ໠      .    ,        Nature. , ,   ,          .     ,  .             Nature Nature Genetics[13 - Kevin Davies, "Nature, genetics andthe Niven factor," Nature Genetics 39, (2007): 805806, https://www.nature.com/articles/ng0707805.].  1993.,    ,      ,   ,   - ,       .

         (Breakthrough)      ,  1990.   ,    , BRCA1.  1994.,     ,  Myriad Genetics      ,        ,      Myriad.      :     ,       BRCA1,   ,          .

  ,    ,      BRCA1:  ,     ,    .  ,     .   TheNewYork Times,  "60",     Time      ,    .  ,   :



Ӡ  ,      ,               .   ,              [14 - Kevin Davies andMichael White, Breakthrough: TheRace toFind theBreast Cancer Gene (NewYork: John Wiley & Sons, 1995).].


-   .      ,        BRCA1,         [15 - Adam Liptak, "Justices, 90, Bar Patenting Human Genes," TheNewYork Times, June13, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/14/us/supreme-court-rules-human-genes-may-not-be-patented.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/14/us/supreme-court-rules-human-genes-may-not-be-patented.html).].

     (Cracking theGenome)          ,             ,   [16 - Kevin Davies, Cracking theGenome (NewYork: Free Press, 2001).].     Celera Genomics         ,      ,  .          ,      ,      () ,        ,   .

     ,  ,           ,         $1000.        $2,     .       2005.,          Solexa     !!!!.   ,      [17 -  ,    ,   .],         174.     , Illumina,  Solexa     $1000,    [18 - Kevin Davies, The$1,000 Genome (NewYork: Free Press, 2010).]. ʠ      ,     ,         ,  .           . ,      -         ,        [19 - Fastest genetic diagnosis, Guinness World Records, February3, 2018, https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/413563-fastest-genome-sequencing/ (https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/413563-fastest-genome-sequencing/).].

      ,       . Ѡ  ,       [20 -      ,            .          ,  Oxford Nanopore       .][21 - Julianna LeMieux, "MGI Delivers the$100 Genome atAGBT Conference," Genetic Engineering andBiotechnology News, February26, 2020, https://www.genengnews.com/news/mgi-delivers-the-100-genome-at-agbt-conference/ (https://www.genengnews.com/news/mgi-delivers-the-100-genome-at-agbt-conference/).],       $100.     ,      ,     .

          . ׸         [22 - Gina Kolata, "Who Needs Hard Drives? Scientists Store Film Clip inDNA," TheNewYork Times, July12, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/12/science/film-clip-stored-in-dna.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/12/science/film-clip-stored-in-dna.html).]   ,        [23 - Y.Shao etal., "Creating afunctional single-chromosome yeast," Nature 560, (2018): 331335.]. C    :       頖        .     ,    ,     ,    ,      .      ,    [24 - Matthew Warren, "Four new DNA letters double life's alphabet," Nature, February21, 2019, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586019006508.].

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 2014.           -    ʻ,         [25 - James D. Watson, Andrew Berry, andKevin Davies, DNA: TheStory ofthe Genetic Revolution (NewYork: Knopf, 2017).].       ,  ,     CRISPR.   2014.          (Breakthrough Prize),    NASA :            , $3 [26 -      $3          ,     $900000.].  2,5    ,           .

,   ,  CRISPR       .     ,     CRISPR,   ,    , ,     .       -,   ,  ,        Sangamo Therapeutics .  2019.,  70  ,        ,  ,  ,    ,        [27 - Rob Stein, "In a1st, Doctors inU. S. Use CRISPR Tool ToTreat Patient With Genetic Disorder," NPR, July29, 2019, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/07/29/744826505/sickle-cell-patient-reveals-why-she-is-volunteering-for-landmark-gene-editing-st (https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/07/29/744826505/sickle-cell-patient-reveals-why-she-is-volunteering-for-landmark-gene-editing-st).].     , ,  ,    .         ,   CRISPR.       .

      .       ,  ,      .    (  )     -    .     ,    .         ?    CRISPR    ?       ?        CRISPR  ? ,   ,     ,    ,     .  , ,    蠖  ,   ?

     , CRISPR   ,    . ,       ,    ,      .   ,      ,     [28 - Michael Specter, "How theDNA Revolution IsChanging Us," National Geographic, August2016, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/08/dna-crispr-gene-editing-science-ethics/ (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/08/dna-crispr-gene-editing-science-ethics/).].

        ,   ,   CRISPR.   ,      ,    CRISPR    .  2017.       TheCRISPR Journal   ,       .        ⠖   CRISPR,       . CRISPR         ,   .   ,      ,    ,   ,        .    ,   ,     ,     ,         .

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 ,    CRISPR  .      ,     ,    3   ,       ,  ,   .     (Human Genome Project, HGP)     .    20000 ,       .        ,     . 13    $2,        (A),  (C),  (T) à(G)[33 - ʠ,    ,        .            .].    -  ,         .

 ,   CRISPR,   ,   ,          .  ,   .         ,    ( , , ), , , , ,  .  CRISPR     ,        .    CRISPR  :      ,      ,    ,          .

      :     ,  ,   ,   , ,     ()   .        .     ,          ,  . CRISPR   :   ,  ,             .  CRISPR      . ,       ,      ,    ,      ,        .        The Washington Post,     ,    ,     CRISPR,      ,        [34 - William Kaelin, "Why we can't cure cancer with amoonshot," TheWashington Post, February11, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-problem-with-trying-to-cure-cancer-with-a-moonshot/2020/02/11/87632bba-2d8411ea-9b60817cc18cf173_story.html.].       .  ,    CRISPR.

    CRISPR?     .  , ,       ,   COVID-19.       ,   .  ,        .        ,   ,         .         . ,   ,        ,   - .

CRISPR      .       ,   2016.,      ,   CRISPR,      ,   . ,           C.R.I.S.P.R.[35 - Lesley Goldberg, "Jennifer Lopez Sets Futuristic Bio-Terror Drama atNBC (Exclusive)," TheHollywood Reporter, October18, 2016, https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/jennifer-lopez-sets-futuristic-bio-939509 (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/jennifer-lopez-sets-futuristic-bio-939509).] ,     ,     ,   ,  -,            . ʠ,            ,   CRISPR.        CRISPR       ,      [36 - Neal Baer, "Covid-19 isscary. Could arogue scientist use CRISPR toconjure another pandemic?," STAT, March26, 2020, https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/26/could-rogue-scientist-use-crispr-create-pandemic/ (https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/26/could-rogue-scientist-use-crispr-create-pandemic/).].

 .   CRISPR   , ,     .  ,   :      ,          CRISPR       .  ,  .  , ,  堖              , , , ,  .

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       , ,    ,        .     .         10%    ,   ,  .           ,    [37 - Walter Isaacson, "Should therich be allowed tobuy thebest genes?," Air Mail, July27, 2019, https://airmail.news/issues/2019727/should-the-rich-be-allowed-to-buy-the-best-genes.].

     Time 100, -         ,          .   CRISPR  ,      [38 - Mary-Claire King, "Emmanuelle Charpentier andJennifer Doudna: Creators ofGene-Editing Technology," Time, April16, 2015, https://time.com/collection-post/3822554/emmanuelle-charpentier-jennifer-doudna-2015-time-100/ (https://time.com/collection-post/3822554/emmanuelle-charpentier-jennifer-doudna-2015-time-100/).].



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 ,      .     ,  ,  . ,    ,    , ,   ,        .         ,   , ,     ,   ,   [40 - Jean-Eric Paquet, Kavli banquet speech, September4, 2018, http://kavliprize.org/events-and-features/video-2018-kavli-prize-banquet.].

   ࠖ   ,  ,          ,   .      .     :   , ,      .          ,  ,  CRISPR    .      ,    .

           .       , ,    ,   ,    .       Ken's House ofPancakes[41 - Leah Sherwood, "Genome editing pioneer andHilo High graduate Jennifer Doudna speaks atUH Hilo about her discovery: CRISPR technology," UH Hilo Stories, September19, 2018, https://hilo.hawaii.edu/news/stories/2018/09/19/genome-editing-pioneer-and-hilo-high-graduate-jennifer-doudna-speaks-at-uh-hilo-about-her-discovery-crispr-technology/ (https://hilo.hawaii.edu/news/stories/2018/09/19/genome-editing-pioneer-and-hilo-high-graduate-jennifer-doudna-speaks-at-uh-hilo-about-her-discovery-crispr-technology/).].     -, , , ,  -,   CRISPR       (. DoudNA).



 2017.          ,      .      CRISPR.     ,   . ʠ,    , ,  ,    [42 - Katie Hasson, "Senate HELP Committee holds hearing ongene editing technology," Center forGenetics andSociety, November15, 2017, https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/biopolitical-times/senate-help-committee-holds-hearing-gene-editing-technology (https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/biopolitical-times/senate-help-committee-holds-hearing-gene-editing-technology).].

        ,    . ,   ,   ,    CRISPR   ,    ,    [43 - U. S. Senate Committee onHealth, Education, Labor & Pensions, "Gene Editing Technology: Innovation andImpact," November14, 2017, https://www.help.senate.gov/hearings/gene-editing-technology-innovation-and-impact.].      ,    ,     , ,         .

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 ,  2018., CRISPR     堖 .  ,   (Unite toCure)    ,   Cura.      .      :           CNN,  ,     ,    ( )   ( ).       ,    .      ,    :           .      120,    .

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   ,       .            ,   .     ,        ,     ,      [44 - Pope Francis, "Address ofHisHoliness Pope Francis toparticipants atthe International Conference organized bythe Pontifical Council forCulture onRegenerative Medicine," April28, 2018, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2018/april/documents/papa-francesco_20180428_conferenza-pcc.html (http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2018/april/documents/papa-francesco_20180428_conferenza-pcc.html).].


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,  -       ,   ,       .   2015.,    ,  ,                 . Ѡ         ,         .                  [45 - C. Brokowski, "Do CRISPR Germline Ethics Statements Cut It?," TheCRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 115125, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2017.0024 (https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2017.0024).].     ,      Twitter:      .   ,    .   .

  ,  ,          .   ,      ,     .   ,          ,      ,       젖     ,   .

  , ,  Nature.     ,   .   , , ,  , , ,      .      :     ,         .     ,             CRISPR,     .    , , ,  ,    [46 - April Glaser andWill Oremus, "Tomorrow's Children, Edited," Slate, November28, 2018, https://slate.com/technology/2018/11/if-then-podcast-antonio-regalado-crispr-human-gene-editing-china.html (https://slate.com/technology/2018/11/if-then-podcast-antonio-regalado-crispr-human-gene-editing-china.html).].

              .          .    ,              ?  [47 - Francis Collins, "Experts debate: Are we playing with fire when we edit human genes?," STAT, November17, 2015, https://www.statnews.com/2015/11/17/gene-editing-embryo-crispr/#Collins (https://www.statnews.com/2015/11/17/gene-editing-embryo-crispr/#Collins).].       ,          ,       [48 - E. S. Lander etal., "Adopt amoratorium onheritable genome editing," Nature, March13, 2019, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586019007265.].          .  ׸  ,   ,     . ߠ,     [] 15 IQ     ,     . Ƞ     [49 - Rachel Cocker, "This Harvard scientist wants your DNA towipe out inherited diseases should you hand it over?," Telegraph, March16, 2019, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/harvard-scientist-wants-dna-wipe-inherited-diseases-should/.].

           ,     .     ,  .   ,  ,    " "     [50 - Sarah Marsh, "Essays Reveal Stephen Hawking Predicted Race of 'Superhumans'," TheGuardian, October14, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/oct/14/stephen-hawking-predicted-new-race-of-superhumans-essays-reveal (https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/oct/14/stephen-hawking-predicted-new-race-of-superhumans-essays-reveal).].         ,          .   ,     ,  CRISPR,    , ,  ,   ,   .         ,     .  :



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ʠ,    .         ,       ,  ,      .   ,     . ,  CRISPR    [51 - Rob Stein, "First U. S. Patients Treated With CRISPR AsHuman Gene-Editing Trials Get Underway," NPR, April16, 2019, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/04/16/712402435/first-u-s-patients-treated-with-crispr-as-gene-editing-human-trials-get-underway (https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/04/16/712402435/first-u-s-patients-treated-with-crispr-as-gene-editing-human-trials-get-underway).].




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     ,  ,        .        United Airlines    ,     TheNewYork Times.    Celera Genomics       ,     ,     ,   - ,    Compaq  .           .     :       ,        ,  .

       ,      ,    .     ,    [52 - White House, "Announcing theCompletion ofthe First Survey ofthe Entire Human Genome atthe White House," YouTube video, 40:32, last viewed June26, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_8XRkb-wbY (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_8XRkb-wbY).].         , -    ,    .           TheNewYork Times[53 - Nicholas Wade, "Genetic Code ofHuman Life IsCracked byScientists," TheNewYork Times, June27, 2000, http://movies2.nytimes.com/library/national/science/062700sci-genome.html (http://movies2.nytimes.com/library/national/science/062700sci-genome.html).].

      ?          ,      ,   1997.  TheBuffalo News      (     ).     ,     RP11,   ,  ,  [54 - Kevin Davies, "Deanna Church onthe Reference Genome Past, Present andFuture," Bio-IT World, April22, 2013, http://www.bio-itworld.com/2013/4/22/church-on-reference-genomes-past-present-future.html (http://www.bio-itworld.com/2013/4/22/church-on-reference-genomes-past-present-future.html).].    , RP11     ,       ,     ,      [55 - R. Chen andA. J. Butte, "The reference human genome demonstrates high risk oftype 1 diabetes andother disorders," Pacific Symposium onBiocomputing, 2011 (2010): 231242, https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789814335058_0025 (https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789814335058_0025).]. Celera        .   ,     .

  蠖       ,       堖   .      ,   ,     ,      1953.    ,      ,  ,       ,   .  ,  ,      100000 ,   ,     ,     20000 .

         ,    Nature.  1999.           (What Remains toBeDiscovered).  :



 ,      ,    ,  ,         Homo sapiens,  4,5   .   ,     ,     .       ?  ,  - Homo sapiens   [56 - John Maddox, What Remains ToBeDiscovered (NewYork: Free Press, 1999).].


   ,             :      ,       $2.      .



堖     ,  .       ,      .      ,         ,      3000.         .         堖 .     ()    ,   [57 - Fyodor D. Urnov, "Genome Editing B. C. (Before CRISPR): Lessons from the 'Old Testament," TheCRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 115125, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2018.29007.fyu (https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2018.29007.fyu).].

         2000- .,       ,    蠖 ,    ,  ,     .        ,    ,           .     ,             .

  ,    ,    .          ,   .   ,      [58 - Shirley Tilghman, inTheGene, PBS, 2020, https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/the-gene/.].    ࠖ  ,      . Ƞ   .

   ,  ,       ,          .   CRISPR,     ,  :  ,   , ,  ,      [59 - Rebecca Robbins, "The best andworst analogies forCRISPR, ranked," STAT, December8, 2017, https://www.statnews.com/2017/12/08/crispr-analogies-ranked/.]. STAT    ,    CRISPR,   :     .  , CRISPR  ,      .             .

CRISPR   ,    20       .        ,  .       .        ( 2000-),         CRISPR.    Sangamo     2005.,     ZFNs (   ),      .  2011.,  , CRISPR  ,  Nature Methods     . ӠZFNs    , TALENs,   ,     ,   CRISPR  .

CRISPR        (   Spinal Tap)    .       CRISPR       .    ,  CRISPR, 蠖 ,     . CRISPR   , , ,    $1,         -   ,     60.     CRISPR  [60 - Lina Dahlberg andAnna Groat Carmona, "CRISPR-Cas Technology Inand Out ofthe Classroom," TheCRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 107114, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2018.0007 (https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2018.0007).].      Addgene      CRISPR.    ,  2020. Addgene   180000  ,  CRISPR,   4000   [61 - C. LaManna andR. Barrangou, "Enabling theRise ofa CRISPR World," TheCRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 205208, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2018.0022 (https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2018.0022).].

 2012.    ,       CRISPR           ,          .  ,   TheCRISPR Journal,     ,  ,   ,         ,        ʻ[62 - K. Davies andR. Barrangou, "MasterChef atWork: AnInterview with Rodolphe Barrangou," TheCRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 219222, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/crispr.2018.29015.int?url_ver=Z39.882003&rfr_id=ori: rid: crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed (https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/crispr.2018.29015.int?url_ver=Z39.88%E2%80%932003&rfr_id=ori: rid: crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed).].             ׸ ,   CRISPR-Cas9      .  ,  .

,             ,       .         :  T[63 -     ,    Ford Motor  . ,        . ..]   ,     ,  . CRISPR    ,   ,    ,  . Ƞ  [64 - Hank Greely, quoted inMark Shwartz, "Target, Delete, Repair," Stanford Medicine, Winter 2018, https://stanmed.stanford.edu/2018winter/CRISPR-for-gene-editing-is-revolutionary-but-it-comes-with-risks.html (https://stanmed.stanford.edu/2018winter/CRISPR-for-gene-editing-is-revolutionary-but-it-comes-with-risks.html).].



    -ࠖ   蠫 컠 , ,   .   ,      ,    .         ,    ࠖ   (),    .    ,    .

  COVID-19  ,     ,   .          ,        堖  .      ,            ,   .   ,    , ,       .

   .      ⠖ ,    .       (10  (10


)!),     [65 -   ,  ,      10


 (10000000000000000000000000000000),       .].  ,    ,   ,  [66 - Luciano Marraffini, "CRISPR Frontiers" (discussion, NewYork Academy ofSciences, February24, 2020).].        ,    200  [67 - S. Wiles, "Monday micro-200 million light years ofviruses?!," Infectious Thoughts August5, 2014, https://sciblogs.co.nz/infectious-thoughts/2014/08/05/monday-micro-200-million-light-years-of-viruses/ (https://sciblogs.co.nz/infectious-thoughts/2014/08/05/monday-micro-200-million-light-years-of-viruses/).].       ,        ,   ,    .         .          ,       , ,      . 2030          ,   ,    ո.  ,  ,  ,  .

   ,     ,     .     1980- .,  ,      砖  ,       . (        ,       ).       ,  蠫 ()  ,      ,      . ,   ,   ,       . CRISPR     ,        ,     ()       .     ,     .

CRISPR  ,     .          .     ,     CRISPR,      .       ,            ,   .       ,       ,  ,  Cas (. CRISPR-associated sequence ,  CRISPR),   ,   GPS  .

        CRISPR,        [68 - S. Klompe andS. H. Sternberg, "Harnessing ABillion Years ofExperimentation: TheOngoing Exploration andExploitation ofCRISPR-Cas Immune Systems," TheCRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 141158.].     II   Cas9.  ,   ,      ,   .       ࠖ    .    Cas9     ,  . Cas9   ,  .      ,        ,  : ",      , ?    "[69 - Fyodor Urnov inHuman Nature (2019), https://wondercollaborative.org/human-nature-documentary-film/ (https://wondercollaborative.org/human-nature-documentary-film/).].






   CRISPR. ()    :     E. coli ( ),   . () CRISPR-Cas-. 1.             CRISPR. 2.     CRISPR  ,   (-),    . 3.    Cas()  ,     .   CRISPR ( 1)    Cas ( ),       2   ࠖ Cas9 (  15 )






  CRISPR.     CRISPR,    ࠖ  1  2.   1     ,     Cas.   2  CRISPR    Cas,  Cas9, Cas12 Cas13. ( .  15 .)



 ,       .       ,    ,      CRISPR. ,  , - ,    ,   CRISPR.  ,  .    , CRISPR      .          1 1,          [70 -  2020.              ,  .].

       (Human Nature, 2019)    ,  ,   .   CRISPR   ,   :      ,   ,  ,    ?

  CRISPR  ,   Cas9   ,  ,    ,  ,            .       ,   ,         XXI.  ,     :  ,  ,    ,     .   ,          ,     .

    Cas9  ,     .   Cas9,   ,   ,           .   ,    ,   Cas    ,   [] ,           [71 - CSHL Leading Strand, "CSHL Keynote, Dr Blake Wiedenheft, Montana State University," YouTube video, 21:21, last viewed June26, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2x5VoReHV_4&t= (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2x5VoReHV_4&t=).].

      .   Cas9    ,   PAM[72 -  PAM  ꠫,   (. Protospacer Adjacent Motif).   Cas   PAM,   .    Cas9 Streptococcus pyogenes    NGG,  N     .], ,       ,  .     ʻ,  .  , Cas9    ,        (   R-)[73 - F. Jiang andJ. A. Doudna, "CRISPR-Cas9 Structures andMechanisms," Annual Review ofBiophysics 46, (2017): 505529, https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-biophys-062215010822.].        .          ( ),  -  . Cas9 [74 - Cas9     ,          .]     ,  ,    (DSB, double-strand break)     PAM[75 - HHMI BioInteractive, "CRISPR-Cas9 Mechanism & Applications," https://www.biointeractive.org/classroom-resources/crispr-cas-9-mechanism-applications (https://www.biointeractive.org/classroom-resources/crispr-cas-9-mechanism-applications).].

              2017.  ,   - ,       ,  Cas9   .   Cas9   ,       ,     [76 - M. Shibata etal., "Real-space andreal-time dynamics ofCRISPR-Cas9 visualized byhighspeed atomic force microscopy," Nature Communications 8, (2017): 1430, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467017014668 (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467%E2%80%93017%E2%80%9301466%E2%80%938).].         Twitter,       .

  Cas9,        ,    ,    .   Cas9     ,    ʠ    ,     (   ,     ).  ,   Cas9     ,    PAM,           360,  10 .      300400 ,      ,     20 .

 ,    , ,  Cas9         PAM        ,     ,     [77 - D. Lawson Jones etal., "Kinetics ofdCas9 target search inEscherichia coli," Science 357, (2017): 14201424, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6358/1420?.].       ,  .  ,    ,             . Cas9  ,    ,     ,  . ,         [78 - Andrew Wood, phone interview, August28, 2019.].

  Cas9  ,      .   ,   [79 - Rodolphe Barrangou, "CRISPR-Cas: From Bacterial Adaptive Immunity toa Genome Editing Revolution," XBio, September2019, https://explorebiology.org/summary/genetics/crispr-cas:-from-bacterial-adaptive-immunity-to-a-genome-editing-revolution (https://explorebiology.org/summary/genetics/crispr-cas:-from-bacterial-adaptive-immunity-to-a-genome-editing-revolution)]. Cas9        ZFN TALEN[80 - ZNF (zinc finger nuclease) - ; TALEN (transcription activator-like effector nuclease)  ,    (.8).].  ,    ,  ,  , Cas9  , .

     ,      PAM:    PAM          Cas9   .  PAM   ,  Cas9      CRISPR  .   , ,       CRISPR  ,  PAM .        PAM,     Cas9 Cas  ,       PAM.

     ,    :   ?      ⠖  ,     Cas,   -CRISPR.      ,   ,     [81 - S. Hwang andK. L. Maxwell, "Meet theAnti-CRISPRs: Widespread Protein Inhibitors ofCRISPR-Cas Systems," TheCRISPR Journal 2, (2019): 2330, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/crispr.2018.0052 (https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/crispr.2018.0052).]. CRISPR  46%      , ,  ,     .    Cas9     CRISPR,     ,    ,          CRISPR,  .    ,     ,     Cas      CRISPR[82 - M. Adli, "The CRISPR tool kit forgenome editing andbeyond." Nature Communications 9, (2018): 1911, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467018042522 (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467%E2%80%93018%E2%80%9304252%E2%80%932).].

     ,    ,      -,           .  CRISPR     ,      CTRL + F,    .  Cas9    CTRL + X.   ࠖ       .   ,  ,      ,  .






   CRISPR. 1. :  Cas9   ,   .     .  Cas9     PAM,       . 2. : Cas9     ,    ()    . 3. :     , Cas9   ,         . (  23 .)



         .   ,   .         (NHEJ)    (HDR). NHEJ      ,          .    ,  CRISPR            .  , HDR,      .         .     CRISPR  ,      ,     ,  Cas9,        [83 -    ,  ,  - ,  -  CRISPR ,   /: Cut-Resect-Invade-Synthesis-Proofread-Repair (-----).  Last week Tonight      ,   : Crunchy-Rectums-In-Sassy-Pink-Ray-Bans (- -----).][84 - P. T. Harrison andS. Hart, "A beginner's guide togene editing," Experimental Physiology 103, (2018): 439448, https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1113/EP086047 (https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1113/EP086047).].



  2020.     ,      ,      ,  CRISPR. (   ,   COVID-19      .)      ,   ,     .     ,         ,      ,       .

 ,      ,          ,         .     蠖      ,       ࠖ  :

   [85 - Jennifer Doudna, Keystone Symposium, Banff, Canada, February9, 2020.].




3

   


Ӡ         .  1966. Playtex, ,    Cross Your Heart,    NASA      .        .  ,      ,  Playtex , ,         .     Playtex    A7L,      [86 - Fyodor Urnov, "Genome Engineering," Keystone Symposium, Victoria Island, Canada, February21, 2019.].

     -  .   ,     - - .   ,       . ,     ,   ---.  , ,  ,         ,      . ,    ,  ,    ,      .

   ,   .      .  ,  XVI.,     II:     .    ,   堖    .         .  Bras del Port       4000  .    :  60%   , 堖 .

 ,   ,   ,      ,   . ,   -  ,       .  2017.    El Pa?s  ,       -.

       Volkswagen Passat .      ,     ,    ,            ,   ,    .          ,  ,     ,     ,     .

     ,    1989.      ,         ,    .     .       ,  ,     [87 - Francisco Mojica, interview, Santa Pola, Spain, May1, 2018.].

   (     Halobacterium),     ⠖ .         .         .  ,  蠖    ,      ,     -  ¸.         ,     Windows  macS.     : ,     , ¸  ,     [88 - Ed Yong, "The Unique Merger That Made You (andEwe, andYew)," Nautilus, February6, 2014, http://nautil.us/issue/10/mergers-acquisitions/the-unique-merger-that-made-you-and-ewe-and-yew.].

  ,     - ,    .     ⠖        .   ,  .     :       10 30%.          ,      , ,  Haloferax,      .

      蠖  ,     ,     ,    .        .   ,      .      ,          .    ࠖ  H. mediterranei H. volcanii (   ,       ,        ).      ,    ,  .

    -      .    ,   ,  [89 - Manuel Ansede, "Francis Mojica, de las salinas ala quiniela del Nobel," El Pa?s, May18, 2017, https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/05/18/eps/1495058731_149505.html (https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/05/18/eps/1495058731_149505.html).].  ,           .    :         1995.     ,          .           .   1990-       ,                   .    (. ladder )       .

       1992.     ,  ,    .     ,    30 ,  ,  ,    [90 - F. J. M. Mojica etal., Transcription atdifferent salinities ofHaloferax mediterranei sequences adjacent topartially modified PstI sites. Molecular Microbiology 9, (1993): 613621.].  ,      1%  .    ,  CRISPR  [91 -  CRISPR    2001.     ,  1993.,    ,  25      IMAX       .].   ,   , ,  ,      - .

   - ,    ,   .  ,      ,  ,     .  ,      -    ,     , ,  ,     .     []    ,    !    , [92 -  CRISPR     .   !  .       .].

    ,        1987.      [93 -     .         CRISPR.]        E. coli.   ,        ,   ,   .     ()     (    ). ,    ,           (). ,           ,    . , ,    ,      [94 - Y. Ishino etal., "Nucleotide sequence ofthe iap gene, responsible foralkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion inEscherichia coli, andidentification ofthe gene product," Journal ofBacteriology 169, (1987): 54295433, https://jb.asm.org/content/jb/169/12/5429.full.pdf (https://jb.asm.org/content/jb/169/12/5429.full.pdf).].

  [95 - F. J. M. Mojica etal., "Long stretches ofshort tandem repeats are present inthe largest replicons ofthe Archaea Haloferax mediterranei andHaloferax volcanii andcould be involved inreplicon partitioning," Molecular Microbiology 17, (1995): 8593, DOI: 10.1111/j.13652958.1995.mmi_17010085.x.]    ,     ,   1000 .           .      ,     ࠖ ,  , TREP (. tandem repeats  ). ,   ,  2% ,       .      ,  .     [96 - Clara Rodriguez Fernandez, "Interview with Francis Mojica, theSpanish scientist that [sic] discovered CRISPR," Labiotech, November13, 2017, https://labiotech.eu/francis-mojica-crispr-interview/ (https://labiotech.eu/francis-mojica-crispr-interview/).].

     .          ,  ,    LTRR,       (. long tandemly repeated repetitive). ,    ,     ,   [97 - B. Masepohl etal., "Long tandemly repeated repetitive (LTRR) sequences inthe filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120," Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1307, (1996): 2630, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0167478196000401 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0167478196000401).].         .  2002.  ,            ,        , ,  ,    [98 - K. S. Makarova etal., "A DNA repair system specific forthermophilic Archaea andbacteria predicted bygenomic context analysis," Nucleic Acids Research 30, (2002): 482496, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC99818/ (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC99818/).].    ,       CRISPR ,   ,     CRISPR   .



         1997.,     .   ,      ,    . ,   ,    ʠ ,   .    ,   - , ,   蠖 2003.. ʠ          ,      .

 2000.      SRSR (. short regularly spaced repeats    ).    .        ,    ,   .      - ,    CRISPR. 21 2001.   ,    :



 ,

  ࠖ CRISPR!  ,   ,    ,    ,      CRISPR,  SRSR SPIDR[99 - K. Davies andF. Mojica, "Crazy About CRISPR: AnInterview with Francisco Mojica," TheCRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 2933, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2017.28999.int.12.].


ӠCRISPR -  ,    , , ,    CRISPR.  ,    ,   Cas (. CRISPR-associated  CRISPR).            CRISPR.

         2003.       ,   . -      ,  ,        .    ,   :           BLAST,       ʠ GenBank.      , .  ,     .   ,  ,   .    E. coli      P1, ,  ,   .            CRISPR  .

          렖 Nature. ߠ,    : "     ".    ,  ,             . Ƞ  ?    ![100 -  .]

, -  ,   Nature     ,    ,      .   , ,         .  Nature ,      ,      ,     .        . ,   ,     .  , ,  ,  CRISPR     , E. coli[101 - Molly Campbell, "Francisco Mojica: TheModest Microbiologist Who Discovered andNamed CRISPR," Technology Networks, October14, 2019, https://www.technologynetworks.com/genomics/articles/francis-mojica-the-modest-microbiologist-who-discovered-and-named-crispr-325093 (https://www.technologynetworks.com/genomics/articles/francis-mojica-the-modest-microbiologist-who-discovered-and-named-crispr-325093).].      ,     .

         .  ,  Proceedings ofthe National Academy ofSciences (PNAS),  CRISPR.     ,    .   2004.     ,  .   ,      .        .     ,  .     -           ,     ,  ,  , ?  - ?[102 - K. Davies andF. Mojica, "Crazy About CRISPR: AnInterview with Francisco Mojica," TheCRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 2933, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2017.28999.int (https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2017.28999.int).]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/chitat-onlayn/?art=70289371)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


Jon Cohen, "What now forhuman genome editing?," Science 362, (2018): 10901092. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/1090 (http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/1090).




2


CRISPR (. clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats   ,   )    ,    ,     ().     ,    (, ). ..




3


Antonio Regalado, "Exclusive: Chinese scientists are creating CRISPR babies," MITTechnology Review, November25, 2018, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612458/exclusive-chinese-scientists-are-creating-crispr-babies/ (https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612458/exclusive-chinese-scientists-are-creating-crispr-babies/).




4


Marilynn Marchione, "Chinese researcher claims first gene-edited babies," Associated Press, November26, 2018, https://www.apnews.com/4997bb7aa36c45449b488e19ac83e86d (https://www.apnews.com/4997bb7aa36c45449b488e19ac83e86d).




5


Sui-Lee Wee, "Chinese Scientist Who Genetically Edited Babies Gets 3 Years inPrison," TheNewYork Times December31, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/30/business/china-scientist-genetic-baby-prison.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/30/business/china-scientist-genetic-baby-prison.html).




6


"The era ofhuman gene-editing may have begun. Why that isworrying," TheEconomist, December1, 2018, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/12/01/the-era-of-human-gene-editing-may-have-begun-why-that-is-worrying (https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/12/01/the-era-of-human-gene-editing-may-have-begun-why-that-is-worrying).




7


Elizabeth Pennisi, "The CRISPR Craze," Science 341, (2013): 833836, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/341/6148/833 (https://science.sciencemag.org/content/341/6148/833).




8


"Editing Humanity," TheEconomist, August22, 2015, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2015/08/22/editing-humanity (https://www.economist.com/leaders/2015/08/22/editing-humanity).




9


Fraser Nelson, "The return ofeugenics," TheSpectator, April2016, https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-return-of-eugenics (https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-return-of-eugenics).




10


Antonio Regalado, "Who Owns theBiggest Biotech Discovery ofthe Century?," MITTechnology Review, December4, 2014, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/532796/who-owns-the-biggest-biotech-discovery-of-the-century/ (https://www.technologyreview.com/s/532796/who-owns-the-biggest-biotech-discovery-of-the-century/).




11


Amy Maxmen, "The Genesis Engine," Wired, August2015, https://www.wired.com/2015/07/crispr-dna-editing-2/ (https://www.wired.com/2015/07/crispr-dna-editing-2/).




12


  1980-            ࠖ   -,         .    ,   .




13


Kevin Davies, "Nature, genetics andthe Niven factor," Nature Genetics 39, (2007): 805806, https://www.nature.com/articles/ng0707805.




14


Kevin Davies andMichael White, Breakthrough: TheRace toFind theBreast Cancer Gene (NewYork: John Wiley & Sons, 1995).




15


Adam Liptak, "Justices, 90, Bar Patenting Human Genes," TheNewYork Times, June13, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/14/us/supreme-court-rules-human-genes-may-not-be-patented.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/14/us/supreme-court-rules-human-genes-may-not-be-patented.html).




16


Kevin Davies, Cracking theGenome (NewYork: Free Press, 2001).




17


 ,    ,   .




18


Kevin Davies, The$1,000 Genome (NewYork: Free Press, 2010).




19


Fastest genetic diagnosis, Guinness World Records, February3, 2018, https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/413563-fastest-genome-sequencing/ (https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/413563-fastest-genome-sequencing/).




20


     ,            .          ,  Oxford Nanopore       .




21


Julianna LeMieux, "MGI Delivers the$100 Genome atAGBT Conference," Genetic Engineering andBiotechnology News, February26, 2020, https://www.genengnews.com/news/mgi-delivers-the-100-genome-at-agbt-conference/ (https://www.genengnews.com/news/mgi-delivers-the-100-genome-at-agbt-conference/).




22


Gina Kolata, "Who Needs Hard Drives? Scientists Store Film Clip inDNA," TheNewYork Times, July12, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/12/science/film-clip-stored-in-dna.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/12/science/film-clip-stored-in-dna.html).




23


Y.Shao etal., "Creating afunctional single-chromosome yeast," Nature 560, (2018): 331335.




24


Matthew Warren, "Four new DNA letters double life's alphabet," Nature, February21, 2019, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586019006508.




25


James D. Watson, Andrew Berry, andKevin Davies, DNA: TheStory ofthe Genetic Revolution (NewYork: Knopf, 2017).




26


     $3          ,     $900000.




27


Rob Stein, "In a1st, Doctors inU. S. Use CRISPR Tool ToTreat Patient With Genetic Disorder," NPR, July29, 2019, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/07/29/744826505/sickle-cell-patient-reveals-why-she-is-volunteering-for-landmark-gene-editing-st (https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/07/29/744826505/sickle-cell-patient-reveals-why-she-is-volunteering-for-landmark-gene-editing-st).




28


Michael Specter, "How theDNA Revolution IsChanging Us," National Geographic, August2016, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/08/dna-crispr-gene-editing-science-ethics/ (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/08/dna-crispr-gene-editing-science-ethics/).




29


. . .




30


. . .




31


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32


#MeToo.




33


ʠ,    ,        .            .




34


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35


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36


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37


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38


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39


 2020.    :       .




40


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41


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42


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43


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44


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45


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46


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47


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48


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49


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50


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51


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54


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56


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57


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58


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59


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60


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62


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63


    ,    Ford Motor  . ,        . ..




64


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65


  ,  ,      10


 (10000000000000000000000000000000),       .




66


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67


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 2020.              ,  .




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72


 PAM  ꠫,   (. Protospacer Adjacent Motif).   Cas   PAM,   .    Cas9 Streptococcus pyogenes    NGG,  N     .




73


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74


Cas9     ,          .




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78


Andrew Wood, phone interview, August28, 2019.




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80


ZNF (zinc finger nuclease) - ; TALEN (transcription activator-like effector nuclease)  ,    (.8).




81


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83


   ,  ,  - ,  -  CRISPR ,   /: Cut-Resect-Invade-Synthesis-Proofread-Repair (-----).  Last week Tonight      ,   : Crunchy-Rectums-In-Sassy-Pink-Ray-Bans (- -----).




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85


Jennifer Doudna, Keystone Symposium, Banff, Canada, February9, 2020.




86


Fyodor Urnov, "Genome Engineering," Keystone Symposium, Victoria Island, Canada, February21, 2019.




87


Francisco Mojica, interview, Santa Pola, Spain, May1, 2018.




88


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90


F. J. M. Mojica etal., Transcription atdifferent salinities ofHaloferax mediterranei sequences adjacent topartially modified PstI sites. Molecular Microbiology 9, (1993): 613621.




91


 CRISPR    2001.     ,  1993.,    ,  25      IMAX       .




92


 CRISPR     .   !  .       .




93


    .         CRISPR.




94


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100


 .




101


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102


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