    .  I.        
  


      .       ,             :     ,      ,     ,       ,    ,     ..

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      ,        .

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               ,         (, ,   .),             .          1927.      :               -   ,   [. : Guttman, 1978, . VII].   ,  25-   ,        :      ,       ,        ,  , : ,         [. : Court, 1988, s. 230].   [., : Approaches 1973, . 523]   ,            ,     ,         .

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 I

    



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 1.    



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1.1.   


  ,   ,   ,    .      2011.    [ . , 2011],   ,         ,  .   ,    ,        ,          .            :  ,    ,  , ;  ,       .          ,                 ,  ,    .               .                ,       ,                 ,   ,   .  ,             ,    . ?   ,   ,     ,      ,       .  . ,    ,   ,   ,         [ . , 2011, . 481483].

         , ,  ,        .

            . ,        ,   . ,           ,      .

         (1751)  ,         (17071778)     (1809)  ,  .     (17441829).

            .       .  , .    (),    :              [Lumpkin, 1990, . 22].            .  :  ( . phileo  , sophia  )    ,      ?      [ . , 2011, . 481].         . , ,          [Osterhoudt, 1998, . 39].

            . ,              ,   .            ().  20- . XX.      ,   (. , . , .   .) ,           . .    ,            :    ,  ,     [, 1904, . 23].

   (    )     ,           (, ,   ..)  .       . ,  -    ..    :      ,   ,    ,  ,        [, 2005, . 103].

 , ,                 ,      .  , ,          .      ,          ,            ,    ,      ,  ,   ,    ,    :  ,    [.: , 1983, . 60].

       .             , , .

   (,    )            ,    ,  (   )     (        ,  . phil?  , sophia  ).

  ,          , ,   .              .        .

            .

       ,      .        .     , ,   .

        ,      .

         ,              .         , ,     ( ) .   ,    ( )     -  :     .           :   ,    ,   ,                .   , ,   , ,  , ,   ,       ,  ,     ,      ,           ,           ,                [, 1959, . 3637].

           . ,     ,    , .    ..  ( .. )    ,   :            -  ,            ,                ; , ,             ,   ,      .               .         ,        ;     ,   ,         ,               , ,   ,         .        ,     .

          ,          ,        ,   ,   ,     :   ,  ,  ,         ,      ; ,           ,       ,  ,  ,     ,   ,        ,    ,       ,  ;       ,      ,     ;         ,   ,          ,    .    -      ,      ,        ,             [. : , 1965, . 56].

              ..    ,   .      ,            ,   ,        .   .. ,  ,            - ,   , ,    ,      ,    , ,         ,            ,             ,       , ,     ,     ,       셻 [. : , 1965, . 6].

            ,  .

,   ( )    ,    ,     ,        .  ,     .. ,            [, 1983, . 67].

 ,     ,   -,     (, ),    ,   .       :            ;         ;            ,       ,            ,     .. [.: , 2006; , 2000;   1994;  . , 2011  .].

    .    , ,   -  (.. ) ,          ( ,   ..)      ,     .

            (    )  . ,   .. ,        ,      :   , , ,     ,         .          - ,         [, 2006, . 5, 7, 9].

    ,                  ,    .

, ,     ,     , ,     ( ) , , ,      .  ,  ,   ,     .. -.   ,    ,             , ,  , ,        .      ,  ,    ,              .   .. ,      ,        .     , , ,     .    ,  .. .      -      .       -  .        ,       ,    [, 2000, .6870].

          .         . ,  :        ?          ,    [, 1904, . 23].     ,  ,             .                    ,       .

1.   ,  ,      ,       , ,  , , , , ,   -   ,      ,  () .     , , ,    ..,   , ,            .

         (      )  ,       . :          . ,    ,         ,           .    ,    .                   [Zeigler, 1982, . 1]. .     , , ,          ,     [Zeigler, 1982, . 11].

2.,  , , ,         ,                    .     ,        ,  ,     ..     .     () ,    ,       .  ,           -  ,    ,      .

      .     ,        (  )  ,       (, , , ,   - ) ,  , ,   ..

3.        ,    ,     (    , ,     ..),    ,     :

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             (),     ;

,   ,   ,     ;          ,    ..;     ,  (          )  ..

      ,   ,   . ,    ,           .

      , ,          , :     ,   ,            [, 1937, . 19].

       ,      ,   .     .




1.2.   


        ,             :      ,     ,     ,        ..             .            ,          ,      .   ,  , ,    ,   [ . , 1983, . 375].

             .     ,                       ,    ,      ,      [, 2003, . 1040].

         .       ,        .        ,      .    ,         ,     .                ,      黠     ()  [, , 2000; , 1997; , , , 2001; , 1997; , 1992; , 1994, 1999  .].         [, 1998].

       ( ).

       ,      ,  , , , , , , , , , , ,  .,          .       .         .            ,      -.           ,  ,     ()      .         , , ,  .. ,   -   ,       .        ,    ,       .

    ( )   , ..   ,    (,      )  ,   , , , ,   , ,     .       ,      .     ,  , , , , ,  ..,      ,   ,       .

,        ,           .     , , ,  , , ,  ,          ,  ,   .

,     ,     .           ,  ,         [, 2003, . 1042]. , ,      .   ,     ,        ,  ,     ,    [, , 1996; , 2001; , , , , 1993;  , 2005; , 1994].

             ,     ,      (  ,   ,   ,     ..)    -,       ,  .     ,    ,       .         ( )   ,                [, 2003, 2006].      .

          .        ,       ,  , ,   .,        .           ,     .           ,     .

               .         ,         , , ,      ,     ,   ,   ,      ..       ,  (,  )        ,      (      ,   ).

            . ,        ,    ,  ,       ..      [, 1969, 1975, 1984; , , 2008],             ,   ,    ,       .        .

          (     )   컠   ()  ,        .

     (),     ()   .

  ()         ,   ,       ..   , ,        ;            ;       - ,        ,       ..                  .        ,    .   -            ..            (  ,       ..).       .       . ,                 .

        ,          ,  ,          .    (     )       .        ,     ,    ,    ,       . ,   ,           .

      ,           ,        ,   ,     .. (..  ),    ,     ,          ,    .

   ,    ,  ,   :              ,        .       .     .        (,  )     ,            .

           :  , , ,   ,              ,    -  .           .          ,             ,      .

   ,  ,     ,       .

  ,                  ,        (   ,      ),  , , , , ,  , , , , , , , ,  .          , , ,              .        (      ,      ),       (    , ).                      , -   .  ,      ,       ,       .        3.2.

 ,       :

       -, -,  (, , , , ) ;

         - ;

   ,        .

          .

     .

        ( ,  , , ,   .)  .

     . ,     :        ,  (, ,  ,  , ),  (, ), ,  ,    , ,  , ,    ,    ,  ,  [ . , 2011, . 483].           -,       ,    - , ,    ,    ,         .

   ,   ( )    .




    . 1


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2. .. (2001).     : . . . 140 .

3. . (1904). . .

4. ... (1937). . ., . 5.

5. ... (1959).  . .

6.:  / . . .. , .. ;      û. .: , 2003. 1328 .

7. .,  . (2000).  . .

8. .. (1997).  . .

9. ..,  ..,  ..,  . (1993). : . . . : - . . -. 92 .

10. .. (1998).  :    . .: . .  . 416 .

11. .. (2006).  : . . .: -. 272 .

12. .. (2000)      //  . 12. .6473.

13. ..,  ..,  .. (2001).    (  ).  . .:  . 464 .

14. .. (1997).  . .

15. .. (2006).  //    ,   - : . .: . . 512.

16. .    / .. , .. , ..   . .   . .: , 1994. 415 .

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18. .. (1983).      //  . 6. . 5868.

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22. .. (2006).  .  :         . .: . 384 .

23. .. (1965).    (   ). .: . 143 .

24. .. (1969).       //     . :   . . 448475.

25. .. (1975 ).      . ., . 247 .

26. .. (1984).            : . .     . . 99 .

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   ,       ,    ,         ,     ,  ,       .

     .          (,         , , , ,   .).       ,   ,       , ,   ,   :     ,      ,    򻠖    ,      -   , ,   ..,         , .                - .

,     ,        ,     , ..     .

      [, 1996; , 1984 , 1985 ].              .

          .             .       . :  ,        ,     ,      ,       .         :      ,      ,  ,    ,        ,       ,     . ,  ,          , ,      ,      ,          .  ,     ,     ,           ,            [, 2006].

        ,       ,    ,    .

           ,      . , .  ,       ,  ,        .       ,     ,   ,         [Osterhoudt, 1998, . 39, 41].

            , ,    [., : , 2005].   .. ,               ,           [, 2010, . 94]. ..  ,          , ,  ,       ,          [, 2007, . 389]. ..  ,           ,      [, 2005, . 590].

             .         .




2.1.  


                  .

         ,         (,  ),          , ,    ,   ,    , ..      ,    ,    ,  , ,  ,         ..

          . ,   ,                   .           ,            ,  .         [Nissiotis, 1979, .170171].

           .. ,         .   ,   ,     ,    ,    ,              .    ,               ,     ,    [, 1996, . 73; 2005, . 137]. .            ,       ,    , ,   -  [Osterhoudt, 1998, . 39, 40].

,           (  )  ,         ,  , ,   ..,       .

  ,   , ,  ,   , :

          ,          ,    (, ,   .),          ;

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 . ,   ,  ,   ,     (),   ,   ,    - .      , ,           ,   ,        .           .          :    ?      ?         ,     :      ,        ?              ,     .    ,    ?       , ,  ,  ,  ,     ?    ,           ,   ,     .

            ,     ,      .   ,   ,          .       ,    .  .        - .    :      ,      .    ,  , ,   ,         ,         -,   ,      200  300.    ,          ,    .

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   -         ()     :      , ,    ,           ,     () , - ,        ,       ,            ..

 -  -    .     ,     ,  ,    .   .             ,           : , , :     ,     ?      ? .     ,  ,               ,       .         ,   ,   ..?  .                   : ,     ,      ..    ,     ,     .     -        .            .. ,           (   )   .         , ,      ,          ,         .

-  -               ,   .    ,        , , ,        .

     .              ,         ,        .., ..  .

   , ,  :

      ;

       ,         ;

      ,    ;

         (, , )  ;

          ;

           ..

      ,    ,      : ,       ,  ,      [, 198; , 1997, 2004; , 1988, , , , 1997 , 2004 , 2005 , 2010 ; ?, 1992; Grupe, 1987, 1991; Kosiewicz, 2000b; Krawczyk, 1984 d, 1990 b, 2005 ; Kretchmar, 1994; Ortega y Gasset, 1955; Steinitzer, 1910; Volkwein, 2004b  .].

            :

          ,             ;

       , , ,     .,       ,             ;

   ,       ,              ;

    ,    ,   ,      ,     . [, 1993 , 1997; , 1986, 1989; , 2002; , 1984 , 1985 , 1988, , , , , 1997, 2004 , 2010 ; Heinemann, 1980 b; Krawczyk, 1974, 1978 , 1981, 1983 , b, 1984 , , 1989, 1990 , 1995; Shilling, 1993; Spiker, 1970; Stolyarov, 1986 , 1990 b; Turner, 1984  .].

          .        .               .       ,     .

 , ,    (, , , ,    ..),       ,     ,      , , ,   ..              ,     .      : , ,   .,     ,          .           ,             .     ,      .

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    ,  ,  , , ,       -        ,           ,        . .  [. . , 1996, 1997]  ,  ,  [,  , , 1997, 1998],   19971998.        .

            .

       .  ,         .        .          ,     ,  ,      , ..       .          ,    (), - ,          ,    ,           .             ,  .        ,   ,  ,   ,    ,  ,             .

     -        :

       , ,    ;

   , ,          ,     ;

    ;

         ;

        .

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  ,    -     .

               20- .     ..  ..  [, 1928].      - ,  ,         [, 1982; , 1980; , 1931; , 2004; , 1984; , 1981; , 1996; , 1978, 1981, 2004; , , 1984; , 1984 , 1998 , , 2011; , , 1989; , , , 1996; , , 1996; , , 1982; , 1963; , 2010; Stolyarov, 1984 b, 1985 a, b  .].          [, 1984; Takacz, 1973, 1981, 1986; Readings 1974; Witt, 1982  .].

       ,      ,      (     ,     ,        ..),   , ,      .   1990.          [, 1990 , 1991 , , , 1998 ; , , 1996; Stolyarov, 1991 d, 1993].

    -             ,     .

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           , , ,        .     , ,  ,    , ,  .

   ()     ,         ().      ()   : ,   ; ,   ;   ,   ,   ,   ,   ;   ;     ..    ,      (),             [, 1985, . 1718].

       ,     ()      .     , , : , , , ,     .      ()      .   , ,     .      [, 1975],     - ,        . ,   .  [Richards, 1971]                :      ,       ;    ,       ;    ,          ;   ,            .

     ,     ()       - , ,    ,    .  , , : , ,  (   ),       ,   ,         .. [, 1985].

         ,     ( )  ().                ().   -  ()     ,            .

    ()    ,   , ,   ..             ,     ,   ,    .            , , ,        .            .              .     ,  ,    [, 1975, . 76].

,        - .     -    (  ),           ,    .

,         .               ,  ,  ,  ,  , , -   .

  -       ,                  .             :        ,    ,  ,    .       , , ,      [, , 2006; , 1991; , 1982;   1989; , 2007; Heinil?, 1974; Loland, 2002; Loland, McNamee, 2000; McIntosh, 1979; Meinberg, 1991, 2001; Niedermann, 1996; Przyluska-Fiszer, 1990, 2001; Przyluska-Fiszer, Misiuna, 1993  .].   ,    ,         [Ethics and sport, 1995],   :    [Ethics and Sport, 1998],    [Ethics in Sport, 2001],       [Gibt es 2001]  .

                  ,     ,       ..

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           .      .   . ,             ,    , ,        (  ),          ,         ,        .        ,          .               ?      ,    " "    "  " "?       ,      ,     ? [Lipiec, 1999 , .1718].

    ,      - .          ,       .           .      -         .

-,                ,         ,   .

-,  ,     ,     .     ,        ,     .      ,        .               ,      ,   ..

     ,       ,     ,        ,     ,    ,   ,      ,      - .    ,  ,        :       ;    ;    ,             .

                , , ,         ..      .     (         ,   ,   ,   )             , ,      ..

,               ,    .       ,                 [, 2007 ].     ,         -  ,    ,       ,       ,            .            :

1)    -  ,    :       ;                 ; ,    ,      ;          , ..   ;

2)         ,     ,        -  ,     [, 2007 , .6061].

        , , ,     ,   ,     .,     , ,  ,   - :              ;     ;          ;      ,        .    ,           ,         .            .

   -               ,       ,     .., ..            ,  .    :      -        [, 2011, . 97].                    ,               .        ,  , -   ..      ,  ,    ,        .         ,      .

          .      .    ,           ,         ..           .   , ,    ,    ,  ,   ,  ,    .          :          ;     ,       ;            ..   ,   ,    ,    ,             .       ,      .

    ,        ,   .             .    ,    ,             ,       ,    ,      ..

                .    ,       .         ,          - .        .     ,       .    ,     .        ,    ,    .

   -        , ,       ,   ,   ,        .      .     :         ,         .

                    ,        -      ,        .        - , ..  ,            ,      .         -     (      ,   )     ,      . , ,      ,    , ..    -      ,              -    .

,   ,             : -, -,  (, , , , ), ,   -.

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 ,             ,   ,        ,       .      ,    :

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 , ,            (     )    , ,        .                .               .

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      ,      ,   ,       ,       ,           .      :         ,               , , ,    .            ,        ,    .   ,         ;           ,           ;  , , ,       ,  .       ""  ,     ,            ,          ,       .          ,               [Osterhoudt, 1998, .4041].

 ,        (),       ,       ,     ,           .         ,  : ,         ,           . ,          ,         .           ,         .     ,                   [Lumpkin, 1990, . 35].

,           .             ,     .     ,     ,        .  , -,          , , -,          .




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      ,   .   .  [Philosophic 1988, 1995].    56     ,   1979., ..          .   ,     , -    ,       , -    ,     ,       ,      ,      [Philosophic 1988, . IX].

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  3 ,     ,    (    )   ,    ,      : .     [Algozin, 1988], . ?    [Burke, 1988], .     [Esposito, 1988], .    [Fink, 1988], ..     [Sartre, 1988a].       ,       .   .   :   [Meier, 1988a]        ,     ,          .

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   ,    ,      .   , ,   .      [English, 1988].      ,     ,       ,   ,        ,         .   ,                (    ),            ,     -. .    ,    [Belliotti, 1988],   .      ,   ,           ,     . .       :     [Young, 1988]      , ,        ,      .    .        [Wenz, 1988].      .       ,        [Postow, 1988].           ,    [Women 1983].

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.          [Lenk, 1988]   ,      ,         .  . ,               . .      [Lasch, 1988]  ,    . .   ,  ,       ,    ,          . .    ,    [Morgan, 1988]                  .     .        [Parry S., 1988].

        ,       .  ,    ,     ,    ,     , , ,    ? [Philosophic 1988, . 447].        ,     ,             ,      .  .       [Best, 1988 a]      .   ,     ,      , ,  ,       .            . .        [Kupfer, 1988],   .    ,    [Roberts, 1988] ,            . .    ,    [Boxill, 1988] ,         ,    .      .           [Wertz, 1988].          [Best, 1988 b] . ,    ,    ,         ,      .

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1.             ,    : ,     .  (S. Brzozowski)  .  (E. Abramowski),    II,      E.  [J. Sniadecki], .  (S. Hessen)  .  (F. Znaniecki);

2.     ,  , ,   ..: )   XIX  XX ,     .  (H. Jordan), .  (M. Zaruski)  .  (E. Piasecki); )   ,    .  (W. Osmolski); )  ,  ,  .  (Z. Gilewicz), .  (. Demel), . (A. Pawlucki)  .  (K. Zuchora);

3.      sensu stricto (      ..) .  [Wohl, 1962, 1970, 1973 a, b, 1977, 1984, b, 1986, 1987], .  [Krawczyk, 1970, 1978 , b, 1983, 1984], .  [Lipiec, 1980, 1984], .  [Urbankowski, 1975, 1976, 1981, 1984], . - [Przyluska-Fiszer, 1990], .  [Mosz, 1990].

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       ,     ,          [Krawczyk, 1978 ].     .         (:  ,    ;      ),          (:    ,        ,     ,    ),           (:    ,      ..);       -  (: Homo physicus  - ,         ,   ).

 .      [Krawczyk, 2000]      :        (: C      sacrum);      (:   ;   ;    );        (:     ;     ;      ).

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 .   .                       [Kosiewicz, Krawczyk, 1997].       ,   ( )      ,  ,                .   ,    ,     ,      sensu strict (    . ..). C  ,       ,      ,    ,  ,  ,  (, )  ..         ,     .             ( )   [Kosiewicz, Krawczyk, 1997, . 9].

    , .   .             .      ,  ,  (      )     .    ,        [Kosiewicz, Krawczyk, 1997, . 10].

      .   .      ,   ,            ,      ,           .      ,     (                 ).   ,  .   . ,  ,   ,        (W. Dilthey, O. Spengler, S. Freud, . Cassirer, B. Croce, F. Znaniecki, S. Hessen, A. Toynbe, H. Marcuse, . Levi-Strauss).          ,       ,  : . , . , .. , .. , .. , ..    .,    ; . , . , ..   ... ,     ; . , . , . ,        ; , A.G. Melsen, M.A. Krapiec, T. Slipko, J. Maritain, K. Klisak, M. Heller,   ,           [Kosiewicz, Krawczyk, 1997, . 10].

    ,       , ,  , , ,  , ,   ,   ..,     (,  , ,     )    (,  ,   ).            ,  (, ),  (),    .         ,   , ,  ( ,    ),   .     ,  ,   , .     ,          .        : )      ,   ; )     ,  ,    profanum,    sacrum   ,   .         ,     ,                ,     (    ,       ),    ,    [Kosiewicz, Krawczyk, 1997, . 12].

.   . ,    ,        ,  ,  :

>     ,     ,      , ,  ,  , .. , . , . ,     J. Kuczynski, I.S. Fiut, M. Golaszewska, J. Wolanski, M. Zawislo, P. Perkins, S. Kowalczyk;

>  ,      , ,     ,  H. Jordan, W. Osmolski  .;

>  ,         ( , ,  Z. Krawcyk, A. Wohl, J. Lipiec, Rev. J. Cygan, J. Kosiewicz, B. Urbankowski, S. Rudzinski, A. Przyluska-Fiszer, J. Mosz, B. Misiuna, A. Gryglewicz, J. Waligora) [Kosiewicz, Krawczyk, 1997, . 13].

     .   .   ,      .   ,                 .  ,        ,    ,   ,                 .   ,          ,    - :                 [Kosiewicz, Krawczyk, 1997, . 13].

 , .   .     ,     :       ?   ,                 ,       ,          ,     sensu stricto (    . ..) [Kosiewicz, Krawczyk, 1997, . 14].       ,   .   . ,  :        ,    ,        .                ,      .      (   )           ,  ,  ,     ,         [Kosiewicz, Krawczyk, 1997, . 14].

              .  [Lipiec, 1980, 1984, 1994, 1997, 1999 , b, 2005].

         ? [Lipiec, 1984]      :        [. : Lipiec, 1994];    ;        .

            [Lipiec, 1999].        .    ,     ,    ,    ,     .             . ,   ,     ,              ,      (    ).         ,     ?      , "" ( "" ? ),    ,   ,    ...   . , ,        ,     ,   .    ,  ,  ,  ;       .     , ,      [Lipiec, 1999, . 14].

   .    ,      [Lipiec, 1999, . 12].       :        ,        .     ,          ,    .               ,           , (   ).        .      ,         .   ,       [Lipiec, 1999, . 15].

      , .         .

          .       (?esencjalny),        ,     ,       ,    , , ,  ,   ,     [Lipiec, 1999, .1516].

    .    ,            ,    , ,        (  ),          ,         ,        .        ,          .               ?      ,    " "    "  " "?       ,      ,     ? [Lipiec, 1999 , .1718].

        ,  .   :  ,         ,        (  ) [Lipiec, 1999, . 19].

      .    ,      .         ,  ,       ,           ?      ,       ,       ?             .         (  ),   ,  ,  ,  ,   ,   (   ),    .. [Lipiec, 1999, . 1920].

      .      .    ,          ,            .

   .  :

 ,  ,        ;

 , ,       ,     ;

 ,      ,         ,  , ,    [Lipiec, 1999, . 23].

         ,      ,        ,          .                     .          ,             [Lipiec, 1999, . 23].

   ,     .      .          :     ,          ,           ? [Lipiec, 1999, . 26].         .   . ,     ,           [Lipiec, 1999, . 28].            .      .           .       ,    (,   ..).          .     ,           .          :      ,         ,   ,        ? [Lipiec, 1999, . 29].    ,   . ,    :  , ,  .         ,    ..       .              [Lipiec, 1999, . 30].

      .     ,  ,      .     , ,      (sprawnosci),    .   ,        .   ,     ,   ,     .    ,      ,       [Lipiec, 1999, .3334].

  .     ,      .    ,          ,      .  ,   ,   ,    ..                          .     ,        ,   ,     ,       [Lipiec, 1999, .3536].

 .    ,    .   ,        .       ,             .   ,   ,            .      .       ,          .  , ,      ,         .   : ,        ,       ,          [Lipiec, 1999, . 3738].   . ,     , ,   ,             .            .       .           ,  :  ,         ""    .      .          ,            . ,  . ,    , ,  .     ,   ,     .     ,     ,           ?, ,         ,    [Lipiec, 1999, . 3940].

    ,  . ,       ,     .  ,             ,       (politei)        .    ,  ,  ,     .        .         ,       [Lipiec, 1999, . 40].

       .      .  ,   ,           .           .       ,          ,           ,   ,     (       , ),       ,       [Lipiec, 1999, . 4142].

 ,  . ,           .            ,      ,    .   ,  . ,    ,         ,      .    ,  ,        :             ,           .  , ,    :   ,   ,         , ,    [Lipiec, 1999, . 42].

       .      - , ,     : -,      .  , ,  ,  .     ,  , ,    .         .  ,    ,       .   ,      .        ,      ,    ,            .  ,          ,         " " [Lipiec, 1999, . 4344].

  . , -       .              .    , ,   ..        :              ;        ,  , ,         ,         ,     ?       ,        [Lipiec, 1999, . 44]. , ,        ,        :          " ".  ,         .     ,        ,              .            "" ,    "", "",          .                .     ,   ,      ,            .   ,  . ,     .         ,      .    ,      ,  ,     ,     ,      , , ,         .        ,  ,     [Lipiec, 1999, . 4546].

 -   .                     .     ,  ,      ,        .   ,         ,     ,   .  ,       ,      . ,   ,         .    ,           ,    (    )           [Lipiec, 1999, . 46].

.  ,        ,    , ,    .   ,   ,      : -,   ,      ,     . -,   ,     ,       .  , -,    ,        ,    .       ,    ,  ,          [Lipiec, 1999, . 4647].

      , .         .     :  ,   ,    ,    ,    ,   ,   .    ,   ,    [Lipiec, 1999].

    ,    ,    .    , ,     [Przyluska-Fiszer, Misiuna, 1993].    .

          . - (. Przyluska-Fiszer).     :     (  ;    ;       ;       );    (  ;    ;        ;      );     (   ;   /Keating/;  ;   );    (      ;    ;   ;  ).

        ໠ .  (. Misiuna).    :    (     ;    ;     ;        ;      ;     ;    );    (   ;        ;   ;   ;  ,   ;    ).

          ,  ,      .

           .  [Fraleigh, 1970, 1975, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1988].            [Fraleigh, 1970]      ,     :   ()   , ,         .

              . [Zeigler, 1964, 1968, 1977, 1982  .].  1977.         [Zeigler, 1977].      .    .     ( ,  .),      ,   ,  .       :     ;  ;  ;  ;  ;  .          ,     :   ;      ;  ;      ;    ;   ;     ;    ;    .      ,   ,        ,     .

,                   .  [, 1979, 1997; Lenk, 1964 a, b, 1970, 1971 a, b, 1972 a, b, 1973 a, b, 1974, 1976 a, b, c, 1978, 1979, 1980 a, b, 1981 a, b, c, 1982 a, b, 1983 a, b, c, d, e, 1984 a, b, 1985 a, b, c, d, e, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 2007  .].

           . , ,   , ,        [Lenk, 1984]      :

     ( ,  ,  ,  ,    ,   );

      ,       ;

               ;

          ;

     ;

    ,   ;

      (     );    ;            ;

         ,     ;

  -     ;

       ,      (       ,   );

                [Lenk, 1984 , . 36].

.  ,        ,     ,                 ,             .   ,   -                (   ,     ..) [Lenk, 1984 , . 36]. .      ,   ,        ,       ,     .      ,  ,      [Lenk, 1984 , . 34].

    . ,             .

     .     .        ,   ,  ,   . , ,    ,              1964. .      ,     (J. Habermas, J. Hargreaves, . Rigauer  .),     ,                [.: , 1979; Lenk, 1973 , b, 1981 , 1985 ,   .].        .

          .  ,        .       ,     ,   ,     ,      [Lenk, 1982 , . 98].        :               ,     [Lenk, 1984 b, . 10].       ,        [, 1981, . 2].

  . ,               Citius, altius, fortius (, , !).        ?pulchrius ("more beautiful") ()  ?humanius ("more human(e)") (),        [Lenk, 2007, . 43]. ,   . ,     ,     .          ,        .     ,   ,   ,  ,     ,      ..,      ,       - .              .   . ,     -   ,        ,    ,      .                 ,      .      .      ,    [Lenk, 1982 , .9899; 1984 b, . 9; 2007, . 3940].

   , .  ,        ,     .           ,       .            ,          ,        ,       [Lenk, 2007, . 43].   ,  . ,                .   , ,      .            ,     ,             ?   ,    ,              .                   .      ,  ,          .      ,      ,            ,   [Lenk, 2007, . 43, 44].

    .  ,                    :           ,       ,      [Lenk, 1984 b, . 10].

           ,      .      ,        ,  . .  ,          .       , , , ,    ,     [Lenk, 1982 , . 98; 2007, . 46].

        .               ,     .         -  ?  (, ),  ?,    (),  ?  (Cassirer, Langer),  ?   (, Marquard).            ().     ,         ,   .   ,  ?,   (), ?   (),   ()   ,    ,           ,     (),     ,         .    ,  . ,        ,     ().        ? ()            -      (,      ), ..  ,   , ,    ().     ,    ,         (-)    (),    ,   (Marquard)  ,   ,    ,      ,    ().  ,  . ,      ,   homo faber, homo cogitans, homo agens, homo loquens, homo ludens (?), homo laborans, homo creator, homo compensator.            .      ,      .            .                ,      ,           , , ,   ,   [Lenk, 1982 , . 100].

  ,   . ,         ,    :        (Sch?tz, Gehlen), .. ,     ,       ,           .     ,  ,   (?achieving being).   (proper action),             [Lenk, 1982 , . 100; 1984 b, . 10].       .               ,        ,       [Lenk, 1985 , . 13, 15, 17].

 ,  . ,      ,  , , ,  [Lenk, 1985 , . 17].       .       ,  .               [Lenk, 1985 , . 10].

  . ,            ,   ,    ,    ,    ,       ,     ,      .

,          .        ,    ,             .   ,    ,           ,        [Lenk, 1985 , . 11].         , ,       ,      ,    ,   .               ,  (), , , , , ,     -       ,  ,    ..,      ,            . , ,  ,  - ,       , ,  ,      ,      ,  -,    ,    .

      , ,       ,  -,             ,            ,            ,    ,          .   -   ,      ,  . ,         ?Esse quam videri (,    ..) [Lenk, 2007, . 41].

  ,  . ,       ,  :         ,    ,     ,    ,             ,       .  ,          ,         , , ,   , ..  ,       [. : Lenk, 1985 , 11].   . ,          , ,  ,           ( ,     ),    .        ,      , ,      ,       ()  (,  ) [Lenk, 1971 , . 14].

.  ,                 ,       ,  , ,   .., , -,      ,           ,     ,    ,    ,    .        ,   - ,    .             ,  ,   ,     ,    [Lenk, 1982 , . 100, 102].

         . .         [Morgan, 1973, 1976 , b, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1983 , b, 1985, 1988; Morgan, Meier, 1988  .].         :         [, 2006; Morgan, 2003].

           .        .     :

 (   ,   ?,      -,   ,   ,   );

 ( ,   ,        ,    ,      ,       ,    ,     ,  ..);

 (   ,   ,            ).

     , .       .

1. .     .                .  ,   . ,        :          ,   [: MacAloon, 1991]  ,    .         껠       [Suits, 1988b],           ,       [D'Agostino, 1988; Leman, 1981].            .   ,  . ,     [Kretchmar, 1989; Meier, 1988 ; Suits, 1988 , 1989],    .

2. .   ,  . ,   ,         ,          .        ,     [Kretchmar, 1982; Steel, 1977],              .            .    ,        .  [Ziff, 1974]  ,     -   -   .

3. .   . ,      (   )        .

  ,                    ,   .  [Arnold, 1983], .  [Dixon, 1992], .  [Keating, 1988]  .  [Feezel, 1988].

        ,      ,       ,          .     .  [Delattre, 1988], .  [Pearson, 1988], .  [Leaman, 1981, 1988], .  [Fraleigh, 1988]  .  [Hyland, 1984 b].

         (       ,       ..).    .  [Belliotti, 1988], .  [Duncan, 1994], .  [English, 1988], .  [Messner, 1988], .  [Simon, 19931994], .  [Francis, 19931994], .  [Young, 1988].

       ,  .  [King, 1991], .  [Regan, 1983], .  [Singer, 1973]  .  [Scherer, 1991]      (        ,       )     ,        .

       .  [Brown, 1988], .  [Gardner, 1989], .  [Lavin, 1987], .  [Perry, 1988], .  [Simon, 1988]  .  [Thompson, 1988]         .

4. .    ,   . ,   .  [Best, 1988 a, b], .  [Cordner, 1984, 1988], .  [Kupfer, 1983]  .  [Roberts, 1986].      :   ,      , ..     ,          ,    ,          ,     .

     , .     ,                ,  .   ,  ,    ,    ,        ,       , ,   ,        [, 2006].         .   ,                  [Rorty, 1982, . 31].

     ,      .  [Osterhoudt, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1998].

           [Osterhoudt, 1978].

     ,            ,     ,  ,   .   . ,     ,        ;    ,              [Osterhoudt, 1978, . 2].

              ,  ,  (   ,   ), ,  (,   ),  ,  ,  ,       .  .            , ..     ,         [Osterhoudt, 1978, . 20].

                      .  .      .      .

1) :

1.1.      :

      ;

        ;

        ;

        ;

        ;

        ;

1.2.      :

        ;

      ;

1.3.      .

2) :

         ;

,          ;

 ,     .

3) :

3.1.       (          ):

      ;

      ;

       ;

3.2.      :

       ;

 ,        ;

        ;

         ;

       ;

      :

       ;

       ;

      ;

        ;

   ;

3.3. -      :

         - ;

  , ,       ;

   ,      [Osterhoudt, 1978, .2829].

     ,       .          ,    Vade Mecum.    [Osterhoudt, 1998].        ,  ,           .         , .. ,     .          ,   (),  ()   (),        ,       ,   -   [Osterhoudt, 1998, . 39].   . ,     .       ,       ,    .        ,     ,    ( )   [Osterhoudt, 1998, . 3940].

  . ,      , ,        : ,  ,  ,   .     ,  ,          .   , ,           ,      [Oster-houdt, 1998, . 40].

      .  :

1.  :

-  :

      :   ,   ,   ,   ;

    ;      ;  ,    ;

        :      ;      ;    ;      ;

        ;    ,      ;     ;      ;      ;    ;    ;  ,   ;

  .

2.  :

   ;

   ;

   .

3.  :

3.1.   :

     ;

    ;

        ;

     ;

3.2.   :

     ;

  -  - ;

  ,    ;

   ,     ;

3.3. -  :

   () ;

   ;

, ,   ;

  - ;

     [Osterhoudt, 1998, . 40].

          ,  .           .

    ,       ,   , , , ,  , ,     [Oster-houdt, 1998, . 40].

.                   :

 : , -, , , , , , , ,  , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

 : , , , , , , ,  ,  , , .

 : , , , , , , , , , , , .

 XIX : , , , , , , , , , , , , .

 XX : , , , , , , , , -, , , , , , ,  [Osterhoudt, 1998, . 4041].

    (    )   ,         ,  . , .   .  (      )     Vade Mecum.   ,   2000. [Osterhoudt, Simon, Volkwein, 2000].

         .     [Kretchmar, 1994],         .           ,  . .   ,           [Kretchmar, 1994, . XVIII].            : 1)      , 2)          3)           [Kretchmar, 1994, . XIII].

    .

   .    .  1       :   ,      ,       .  2  :    .      ,   ,            ( ,  ,     ).  3 : ,                :       .

            .  4        ,   ,                .   5   ,    ,   6  ,    7    ,   ,   .

          .   8              ,        ,  , ,    .   9            .  10             .   11-        ,        .

    ,      ,     ()    .                .                   .       .

  ,    ,                   .   ,                       ,               ,     .




  . 2


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54. .. (1988 ).         : .         . .: . 27 .

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58. .. (1990 ).   // -  .  . . . 1316.

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1


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