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 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005

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  .      .                        ,         ,           .             5.  (. 49 ),            6  (. 146  ).


* * *







   ,      .            .  resilience     ,          .                      .

 11            .              .  , ,        . ,   ,     ,      ,       ,   ,          .

    ,          , ,  ,        .   2002      頖            ꠖ   ,         .  ,    , ,     .      ,     .

    ,            .    ,    ,   ,      ,   .            .

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 ࠖ   ,      2002  2005       (CTL)    (MIT).         MIT,         .  ,    CTL         : Avaya, Helix, Intel, Lucent, Monsanto, Procter & Gamble  Texas Instruments.

 ,       ,      ,      ,   .              ,       ,    .  ,    ,       .       .

            .          ,      .      ,   .        . ,  ,      ,              .

     ,       .     MIT   :   ( 2005 ),   (2004 ),   (2003 ),   (2003 ),   (2003 ).  ,        (Technology and Policy Program)  MIT,                 ,   MIT   .

                ().

    MIT   ,      .      ,  ,  ,  ,      .

             .    Intel,     General Motors               .  ,   UPS         .

       ,     ,   .  :        Accenture,    Agilent Technologies,    Anderson Risk Analysis,       APL,    Avaya,    Bose,    Boston Scientific,  ,  ,       BT,    C. H. Robinson Worldwide,         ,    Consignia,    CSX,  '  Cummins,       Dell,    Egged,    El Al Airlines,    Electra,    Energizer,    FedEx,    Ford Motor,    GE Aircraft Engines,       General Motors,  ,       Gillette,    Hasbro,       Helix Technology,  ,       Hewlett-Packard,    Hill and Knowlton,    IBM,  ,  ,  -     Intel,    Jabil Circuit,    Limited Brands,      ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,       Lucent Technologies,    Marsh McLennan,    Masterfoods,    Nike,    North River Consulting Group,    Pfizer,    Pinkerton Consulting and Investigations,    Procter and Gamble,       Reebok,    Seagate Technology,    Shaw's Supermarkets,       Target Stores,    Taro Pharmaceutical Industries,  ,  ,       Texas Instruments,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,       United Parcel Service, -      ,    Volpe National Transportation Center (  )     Welch's.

    ,              , ,     蠖  .     ,  ,  ,  ,     .              ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  -    .

     .     ,      Dunkin' Donuts,       .

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I.   :   





1.   



    17  2000      ,  -,  .    ,             Philips NV,   .    22 .     Philips        .     ,         .     ,     .

      15,     .      ,    ,   .      [1 - Shea Andersen, Fire Costs Company Millions, New Mexico Business Weekly, August 4, 2000.].      ,    .         .

  ,    .   ,    .            CNN,         .   ,     ;    ,        .




   


    ,   .                 .    ,           .

  Philips,    ,   .      ,   ,  - Philips[2 - Shea Andersen, Fire Costs Company Millions, New Mexico Business Weekly, August 4, 2000.].  ,         ,   .        [3 -     .     Federal Standard 209E, Airborne Particulate Cleanliness Classes in Clean Rooms and Clean Zones, 11  1992 .   8  2004    www.aeg-idea.com/Federal_Standard_209.pdf (http://www.aeg-idea.com/Federal_Standard_209.pdf).]     ,     ,    ,      .

   17    .           .     ⠖   ,     蠖      .

 ,     22.     , ,    Philips.          ,        ,     . - ,   ,    ,      .                ,       .

        -   . ,     ,       Philips,    . ,       ,  [4 - A.Latour, Trial by Fire: A Blaze in Albuquerque Sets off Major Crisis for Cell-Phone Giants, Wall Street Journal, January 29, 2001, p. A1.].    -       Philips  .       .     ,   - Philips  [5 - Andersen, Fire Costs Company Millions.].

      ,     .        ,        ,       .  ,        ,   ,  - Philips  [6 - Latour, Trial by Fire.].

       30  ,             ⠖ Nokia  LM Ericsson AB,    40%       .


Nokia  ,  

    5300    ,  , ,    -  Nokia    .   ,    Philips [7 - Randy Starr, Jim Newfrock and Michael Delurey, Enterprise Resilience: Managing Risk in the Networked Economy, Booz Allen and Hamilton's Consultant Briefing, CIO.com.   10  2004    www2.cio.com/consultant/report2349.html (http://www2.cio.com/consultant/report2349.html).].   20   Philips        Nokia  ,    [8 - Amit Mukherjee, Planning for an Ambiguous World A Forrester Case Study, Forrester Research, March, 2003.].       Philips ,   ,   ,       .

   ,   ,    .         .       ,  ,    ,  ,         (   Philips).     ,          ,         .            , ,  ,    . Nokia               .

       ,       Nokia,      ,     .     ,  ,    Nokia  15 .     [9 - Latour, Trial by Fire.].  ,     ,  -     .         .              .  Nokia      Philips,  ,   .

 ,   Philips     .           Nokia  ,  ,   Philips.   Philips ,            ,    Nokia.

 Nokia ,          Philips     .   Philips ,           .    ,       ,   .

 ,          .   Nokia          ,     Philips.           5%   .    ,      ,   ,    ,          Nokia.    30  Nokia  ,        [10 - Mukherjee, Planning for an Ambiguous World.].

     .           .          ⠖   .      Nokia   ,           .      Nokia  .

        Philips   Philips.  :  ,    [11 - Latour, Trial by Fire.]. Nokia     Philips   ,     .         - Philips,  ,       Nokia,     ,   ,      .  Nokia      Philips          .

  , Nokia    [12 -     Philips,     , ,   Nokia        ,      .].  ,           Philips.   ,  Nokia  :        .     ,        [13 - Latour, Trial by Fire.].

 Nokia       Philips      .   :  -  Philips  Nokia         [14 - Latour, Trial by Fire.].     .

 Philips  , ,   Nokia 10  .  Philips         Nokia.  Nokia         ,         ,     .

       , Nokia     .      Nokia    ,     ,    .


Ericsson  

      Nokia,  Ericsson,      Philips    .        . Ericsson  Nokia            ,   蠖     ,    .   XVI  XIX      ,          .

 Ericsson,   Nokia,      Philips,          ,   .    Ericsson   .        ,    Nokia      .  Ericsson  .   ,    ,    ,       [15 - Latour, Trial by Fire.].

   ,       Ericsson,   Philips 20          [16 - Latour, Trial by Fire.].  Ericsson             .   ,     Philips  ,        .  Ericsson               [17 - Latour, Trial by Fire.].    ,   ,   Ericsson,  ,  Ericsson        .     (     )           .     ,  .       [18 - Latour, Trial by Fire.].

  Ericsson       Philips  ,    .  Philips     - ,     Philips     Nokia.  Ericsson     .     Nokia        ,     [19 - Latour, Trial by Fire.].     2000   ,       Nokia,  Ericsson         .       ,   ,       Ericsson[20 - Latour, Trial by Fire.].




 


    Philips   ,    40 . [21 - Andersen, Fire Costs Company Millions.].         Philips.        39 [22 - Royal Philips Electronics. Annual Report 2001.   8  2004    www.investor.philips.com/reports/01_AR/profile/semicond.htm (http://www.investor.philips.com/reports/01_AR/profile/semicond.htm).].

    Philips   .     0,6%  6,8 .      Philips  2000 .   ,      Philips,    .

     Ericsson,         .      ,     Ericsson[23 - Andersen, Fire Costs Company Millions.].    Ericsson          [24 - Mukherjee, Planning for an Ambiguous World.].  ,         .       Ericsson     .    ,     , Ericsson       -    (430570 . ) -  [25 - Andersen, Fire Costs Company Millions.].  ,  Ericsson   Philips     .

          2000 ,           ,    ,  , . ,     ,   ,     Dataquest[26 - Andersen, Fire Costs Company Millions.].

        Philips,    .   2000  Ericsson         .   16,2  (2,34 . ).   ,        (     Philips),      [27 - Latour, Trial by Fire.].

         Ericsson.      -    (  ,   )   ,           .   2001  Ericsson    Sony      ,     .     Sony-Ericsson    50%[28 -    26  2001 ,                Flextronics Inc.,  ,   ,       Sony. . Martyn Williams, Sony, Ericsson Eye Cell Phone Joint Venture, CNN.com SCI-TECH, April 20, 2001.   8  2004    www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/industry/04/20/sony.ericsson.headsets.idg/ (http://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/industry/04/20/sony.ericsson.headsets.idg/).].

 Nokia     .         Ericsson  Nokia     .      Nokia        27  30%,       Ericsson   12  9%[29 - Latour, Trial by Fire.].

     Ericsson,    Nokia,       ,      .     ,    .          ,     .   Nokia    ,  Ericsson .  Nokia    ;            ;            ;          ;      ,   .




,   


          , -, ,  ,   ,    .      ,      .       .

,  ,  ,     Intel Pentium,     Dell.

   Toshiba Ceramics  ,      .  蠖 Toshiba Ceramics   蠖      .    ,       Intel       .               ,       ,        Intel  .         .      ,      Intel,        (   ,      Intel).      ,     Intel  . ,      ,    Dell  , , , ,        -  ,       Dell.   ,  ,       ,    Dell          .

       Intel  Dell.        .        ,         ,        .      ,    .  , Griffin Manufacturing  ,  ,         .       ,             .    ,     .         ,                .

           .             .

     ,         . ,       Ericsson,      Philips,        .     ,          .  Nokia          Philips,         ,  Ericsson    .

          ;     ,      . , 21  2000  -,   -   McLeod Communications   ,     U.S. West Communications,  -  Northwest Airlines.        :        ;     ,             -[30 - Dan Gearino, Telephone Line Damage in Eagan Shuts Down Northwest Airlines, Dakota County Tribune, Thisweek Online. Posted 3/24/2000.   12  2004    www.thisweek-online.com/index.html (http://www.thisweek-online.com/index.html).].  Northwest Airlines        KLM Royal Dutch Airlines,  KLM          .     KLM  ,        -     .

     頖    .                   ࠖ            -.         ;      ,        .             ,    . ,  1999  2004        4%,     8%,    13%[31 - stats.bls.gov/cpi/ (http://stats.bls.gov/cpi/).].

     ,       ,      ;    , ,    -   ,       .      ,  .               ,         .

                    .   Toyota Motor Corporation  1980- ,    ,     ,        .

            ,      . ,   11  Ford Motor Company      ,          .    ,     2001    Ford   13%  [32 - Tom Andel, Material Handling in Troubled Times: Will Logistics Save the Day? Material Handling & Warehousing, December 1, 2002.].

    Toyota          Sequoia,  , -       ,      .       [33 - Greg Ip, As Security Worries Intensify, Companies See Efficiencies Erode, Wall Street Journal, September 24, 2001, pp. Al, A14.]. Ford, Toyota, Chrysler         ,            ,    ,     ,       .




   


        ,    ,          ,             .              .        .       ,       ,   .

 11               .      ,       ,     .        ,    ,             -   . (    ;     ,       .)

       .    -    ,    ,   ,          .   , ,    -       .   Philips       Nokia,        .

    ,       (    ),    (   ).        ,     ,             ,     .

  ,              .    ,  ,    .   ,          ,     .  ࠖ        .       ,            .            .           ,    .

               .      ,            ,            .          ,            .    ,    . ,             .

           ,    ,    .  ,     Dell         Zara,     .        ,     ,     .

     .         ,            . ,          ,          .

 ,       (   ).      ,            2002 .  -     - ,  ,   ,  Dell, Procter & Gamble (P&G),      ,   .   Dell, P&G       - , ,           .

              .                ,    2.                     .




2. 



       134   (6,06,9    )  17    (7,0   )[34 - Earthquake Facts and Statistics, Earthquake Hazards Program, U.S. Geological Survey.   13  2004   neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/eqstats.html (http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/eqstats.html).].      ,   ,      .        .




   - 


      17  1995 ,  5  46 ,               .             .    20          - .        ,   , ,   ,       .

    ,      150 .      ,      . ,     ,     ,   ,     .         ,  ,     :       2000  .        ,      .

       88 000 ,    30 000 ,    6000 .     , 850 000  ,  70%       [35 - Richard L. Arnold, The Kobe Quake, Disaster Recovery Journal, Special Report, 1995.   13  2004    www.drj.com/special/quake95.html (http://www.drj.com/special/quake95.html).].        367 000   190      [36 - The January 17, 1995. Kobe Earthquake: An EQE Summary Report, April 1995.   13  2004    www.eqe.com/publications/kobe/lifeline.htm (http://www.eqe.com/publications/kobe/lifeline.htm).].    ,    -      .

      7,2    [37 - Paul Somerville, The January 17, 1995. Hyogo Ken Nanbu (Kobe) Earthquake, Geoscience and Geotechnical Aspects.   13  2004    www.ce.berkcley.edu/Programs/Gcoengineering/research/Kobe/Somerville/qnews.html (http://www.ce.berkcley.edu/Programs/Gcoengineering/research/Kobe/Somerville/qnews.html).],      ,        [38 - John N. Louie, What Is Richter Magnitude? Nevada Seismology Center, 1996.   13  2004    www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/magnitude.html (http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/magnitude.html).] (      26  2004   9,0 [39 - Nick Cumming-Bruce and Campbell Robertson, Most Powerful Quake in 40 Years Triggers Death and Destruction, New York Times, December 26, 2004.   30  2004    www.nytimes.com/2004/12/26/international/asia/26cnd-quak.html?oref=login (http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/26/international/asia/26cnd-quak.html?oref=login).],   - 18  1906    8,0 [40 - quake.wr.usgs.gov/info/1906/intensity.html (http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/info/1906/intensity.html),   17  2004 .]     27  1964 ࠖ 9,2 [41 - neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/usa/l964_03_28.html (http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/usa/l964_03_28.html),   17  2004 .]).           ,    .

         .             ,       -  .      ( 22),        2,7     [42 - Linda Lynton, Capacity Planning for the 21st Century, SupplyChainBrain.com, 1997.   13  2004   www.glscs.com/archives/8.97.capacity.htm?adcode=75 (http://www.glscs.com/archives/8.97.capacity.htm?adcode=75).],     239          [43 - John Nevola, The Shock Heard "Round the World", Disaster Recovery Journal, Special Report, 1995. Retrieved September 13, 2004, from www.drj.com/special/quake95.html (http://www.drj.com/special/quake95.html).].

      ,   1995         .            ,     [44 - Kobe Port's April Imports Top ?200 billion, Kansai Window 3, no. 90 (May 28, 1996).   13  2004    www.kippo.or.jp/KansaiWmdowHtml/News/1996-e/19960528_NEWS.HTML (http://www.kippo.or.jp/KansaiWmdowHtml/News/1996-e/19960528_NEWS.HTML).].




  


 ,  ,       .  ,  , , ,  ,        ,   .   ,                    .              ,             .

     ,       ࠖ           .  ,      ,             .      ,   ,      ,    .     17  1995      .

     Sumitomo Metal Industries    ,      .            Toyota Manufacturing Company.  Toyota    ,      . -         Toyota    ,      .   Toyota -          20 000  (      $200 ).    蠖 Honda, Mazda, Daihatsu, Mitsubishi  Nissan,        ,    .            16 000 [45 - Cole H. Emerson, The Kobe Earthquake: Assessing Your Risk, Disaster-Resource.com, 2003.   13  2004    www.disasterresource.com/articles/kobe_eq_emerson.shtml (http://www.disasterresource.com/articles/kobe_eq_emerson.shtml).].  ,   ,          ,      ,     [46 - Christopher B. Pickett, Strategies for Maximizing Supply Chain Resilience: Learning From the Past to Prepare for the Future, Master of Engineering in Logistics thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., June 2003.].

 ,        .       ,         ,       .      ,  Eli Lilly, Caterpillar, Texas Instruments  IBM[47 - Nevola, The Shock Heard "Round The World".].       Procter & Gamble,             ,   .

     ,       ,      . , Apple      PowerBook - ,      [48 - Emerson, The Kobe Earthquake.],  Chrysler -          .




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3.  ,   ?

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    ,         ,        .        .  ,      .2.1   .  ,   ,   .  ,        ,   .








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  American Airlines      ,               .      11 ,    2001           .

      .                 ,           . ,  ,       ,          ,         .

 McDonald's            ,        .    , McDonald's      ,        .         ࠖ        蠖   ,     McDonald's     ,      .

     (  )  McDonald's   ,    American Airlines,     McDonald's          ,    30 000  .             ,    McDonald's     .              .                          McDonald's ,       .

 Limited Brands    .   ,     ,     . Limited Brands (  ,  The Limited, Victoria's Secret  Henri Bendel)     ,         ,      4000       .   ,           (,  ),      Limited Brands     , ,    [49 -       ,   ,  Limited Brands     ,  .].

     Ace Hardware      ,   .         -  ,     , ,    .  Ace Hardware    500   70  ,     ,      ,         .  McDonald's, Ace Hardware   .                       .     Ace Hardware ,      ,      .


 

 .2.2        . ,       . , McDonald's      ,        ,         (,      ), ,    ,     ,     . ,   ,   ,     ,  ,      .     (-,     )       .   ,  Yellow Freight  ABF,         (Teamsters union),        ,   ,  Overnite Express,    .    ,    ,    -         ,        .

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 General Motors (GM),     , 360 000    8,5   .     53 ,      200 .          ,       . GM    ,    .    , GM      .           .

     GM   ,    ,    .2.3[50 - Debra Elkins, Managing Uncertainty for High-Impact/Low-Probability Disruptions,          ,   GSM-        , , , 34 , 2003.  ,       ,      GM.         Michael Zea, Is Airline Industry Risk Unmanageable? Mercer on Travel and Transport, Fall 2002/Winter 2003, pp. 2126.].     ,  ,           .         , ,     ,  ,    ,   ,    ,     .








   GM      :           .    ,      ,      ,  ,  .              (      ,    );     ,        .                        . (,            ,       ,   ,         GM.)      ,   ,                 .        GM   100  .

GM                .  ,  -    GM, :  ,         ,         [51 -        , , 2004.].


   

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 GM     .    GM        ,     ,        , ,        .

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    ,  蠖  ,  頖  ,    ,      ,            .        7500  GM   .             ,     .

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   GM          ,        ,    ,              .           .                   GM.     GM     .

        .       ,             . ,  2000      ,     ,     .             ,        .         .     ,       .  Nissan,      ,   2004             -  .              .                Nissan      [52 - Steel Shortage Hits Nissan Plants, BBC News, November 25, 2004.   26  2004   news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4041031.stm (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4041031.stm).].

   ,     2003     . GM ,             2003  ,        ,   GM 蠖       ,  .


   

   ,        .  ,   8  2003    General Motors  -,  ,   .                GM     140  200 . -     .

       .  Akamai        ,  11       .     Cantor Fitzgerald    ,       658 .   ,      ,   ;         .

         ,        .  SQL Slammer.   ,    2003      [53 - R. O'Harrow, Jr., and A. E Cha, Internet Worm Unearths New Holes, Washington Post, p. A01, January 29, 2003.            Reshma Lensing, Historical Events and Supply Chain Disruption: Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Cyber Events, Master of Engineering in Logistics thesis, June 2003, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.].   10      Slammer  90%   .       -  . - Slammer   -   911,   American Express      Continental Airline.  ,      13 000   Bank of America.   ,  Slammer,      750  1,2 . ,         ,        .


 

 ,  ,   ,        .       ,   ,         .  1982   Johnson & Johnson (J&J),     Tylenol,  37%    .        - ,  -       Tylenol,    .        ,          Tylenol,  31 .        Tylenol     ,    J&J   8%,       7%.     ,    Tylenol            .

  J&J     ꠖ      ,    .   ,   (   ,     ),       -.  ,    ,       [54 - Nancy Giges, New Tylenol Package in National Press Debut, Advertising Age Magazine, November 15, 1982.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/yossi-sheffi/zhiznestoykoe-predpriyatie-kak-povysit-nadezhnost-cepochki-po/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes









1


Shea Andersen, Fire Costs Company Millions, New Mexico Business Weekly, August 4, 2000.




2


Shea Andersen, Fire Costs Company Millions, New Mexico Business Weekly, August 4, 2000.




3


    .     Federal Standard 209E, Airborne Particulate Cleanliness Classes in Clean Rooms and Clean Zones, 11  1992 .   8  2004    www.aeg-idea.com/Federal_Standard_209.pdf (http://www.aeg-idea.com/Federal_Standard_209.pdf).




4


A.Latour, Trial by Fire: A Blaze in Albuquerque Sets off Major Crisis for Cell-Phone Giants, Wall Street Journal, January 29, 2001, p. A1.




5


Andersen, Fire Costs Company Millions.




6


Latour, Trial by Fire.




7


Randy Starr, Jim Newfrock and Michael Delurey, Enterprise Resilience: Managing Risk in the Networked Economy, Booz Allen and Hamilton's Consultant Briefing, CIO.com.   10  2004    www2.cio.com/consultant/report2349.html (http://www2.cio.com/consultant/report2349.html).




8


Amit Mukherjee, Planning for an Ambiguous World A Forrester Case Study, Forrester Research, March, 2003.




9


Latour, Trial by Fire.




10


Mukherjee, Planning for an Ambiguous World.




11


Latour, Trial by Fire.




12


    Philips,     , ,   Nokia        ,      .




13


Latour, Trial by Fire.




14


Latour, Trial by Fire.




15


Latour, Trial by Fire.




16


Latour, Trial by Fire.




17


Latour, Trial by Fire.




18


Latour, Trial by Fire.




19


Latour, Trial by Fire.




20


Latour, Trial by Fire.




21


Andersen, Fire Costs Company Millions.




22


Royal Philips Electronics. Annual Report 2001.   8  2004    www.investor.philips.com/reports/01_AR/profile/semicond.htm (http://www.investor.philips.com/reports/01_AR/profile/semicond.htm).




23


Andersen, Fire Costs Company Millions.




24


Mukherjee, Planning for an Ambiguous World.




25


Andersen, Fire Costs Company Millions.




26


Andersen, Fire Costs Company Millions.




27


Latour, Trial by Fire.




28


   26  2001 ,                Flextronics Inc.,  ,   ,       Sony. . Martyn Williams, Sony, Ericsson Eye Cell Phone Joint Venture, CNN.com SCI-TECH, April 20, 2001.   8  2004    www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/industry/04/20/sony.ericsson.headsets.idg/ (http://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/industry/04/20/sony.ericsson.headsets.idg/).




29


Latour, Trial by Fire.




30


Dan Gearino, Telephone Line Damage in Eagan Shuts Down Northwest Airlines, Dakota County Tribune, Thisweek Online. Posted 3/24/2000.   12  2004    www.thisweek-online.com/index.html (http://www.thisweek-online.com/index.html).




31


stats.bls.gov/cpi/ (http://stats.bls.gov/cpi/).




32


Tom Andel, Material Handling in Troubled Times: Will Logistics Save the Day? Material Handling & Warehousing, December 1, 2002.




33


Greg Ip, As Security Worries Intensify, Companies See Efficiencies Erode, Wall Street Journal, September 24, 2001, pp. Al, A14.




34


Earthquake Facts and Statistics, Earthquake Hazards Program, U.S. Geological Survey.   13  2004   neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/eqstats.html (http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/eqstats.html).




35


Richard L. Arnold, The Kobe Quake, Disaster Recovery Journal, Special Report, 1995.   13  2004    www.drj.com/special/quake95.html (http://www.drj.com/special/quake95.html).




36


The January 17, 1995. Kobe Earthquake: An EQE Summary Report, April 1995.   13  2004    www.eqe.com/publications/kobe/lifeline.htm (http://www.eqe.com/publications/kobe/lifeline.htm).




37


Paul Somerville, The January 17, 1995. Hyogo Ken Nanbu (Kobe) Earthquake, Geoscience and Geotechnical Aspects.   13  2004    www.ce.berkcley.edu/Programs/Gcoengineering/research/Kobe/Somerville/qnews.html (http://www.ce.berkcley.edu/Programs/Gcoengineering/research/Kobe/Somerville/qnews.html).




38


John N. Louie, What Is Richter Magnitude? Nevada Seismology Center, 1996.   13  2004    www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/magnitude.html (http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/magnitude.html).




39


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40


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41


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44


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47


Nevola, The Shock Heard "Round The World".




48


Emerson, The Kobe Earthquake.




49


      ,   ,  Limited Brands     ,  .




50


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51


       , , 2004.




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54


Nancy Giges, New Tylenol Package in National Press Debut, Advertising Age Magazine, November 15, 1982.


