  :  
 


   ,       .         ,    ,  .





 

  :  



  

  

  . 

 . , . 

  . 

  . 



 Karen Armstrong, 2000

 . Karen Armstrong, 2001

    , , .   -, 2016



  .      .                        ,         ,           .             5.  (. 49 ),            6  (. 146  ).


  







  


11 2001.    .             ,   5000 . ,  ,     : ,       -, ,   XXI.               蠖       ,   ,   ,          .    ,      .    ,  .          ,     ,        .       :    -.   ,    11 ,    .        ,    .

         .        ,    ,                  .       ,      ,       ,       ,      ,  .    ,      ,      .             .   XX.    ,                .     ,     ,        ,      .

 11        ,    . ,   ,    ,    .   ࠖ   ,         .  11          .        .          ,  11 :    ,         ,            .    ,    ,     ,    .     堖 ,    .            ⠖ ,   ,      .   .             . ,    10 .       ,            .      .    ,  ,   ,       .

       ࠖ    .           ,     8  .   ,   ,   11         :     .        ,    ,    .       ,      ,    .  11   ,          .     ,      .                   11   ,       .         .

      ,      .    , ,      .   ,     ,     .   ,    ,       ,  ,  젖    .  ,  ,         . ,  ,     , ,        ,               .  11  ,    ,        ,   ,  -.

         1970-.          ,    ,    (Moral Majority)  .   ,   ,   .    ,   ,    ,     .          ,  ,   ,   ,  ,   ,     .  , ,    11 ,      ,  .  , ,   ,    ,        .    -,  ,      .

   ,     .    . ,        ,   ,      ,  29       1994.     ,      .              .      ,   ,  ,     ,    ,   ,    ,    ,    .          ,    ,    ,   .

       ,              .    XVII.       ,      XVII.,      .      ,    ,    ,  ,          .

  ,        .          , ,      10,    .             1979.         .     :    ,        .  -       .    (   )         ,       1980- .,          .     ,      . ,   11      ,      ,  ,     .            .

    ,   11  , ,     ,         ,       .           ,    .            젖  .      ,            .        ,           ,   , .  ,           .     ,     .







      XX.            ,   .      .     ,    ,   ,        .        ,           ,        .    , ,  , ,       .         ,   ,        .     ,    ,  , ,       ,  ,   ,   ,     .  ,         - ,         .       .  ,        ,           ,      ,   ,         .



      .   XX.   ,    ,           . ,                 ,    .    1970-        ,         .   ,   ,     .     ,      .    ,   .       ,  ,          .  ,   ,      ,        ,             .

,      ,     ,    .     .    XX.       ,      , ,   ,    .    ,  ,       ,            .                 ,    . ,       .    .         .  ,     ,         ,            . ,      ,       .  ,          . ,        ,     .                  [1 - Abdel Salam Sidahared and Anonshiravan Ehteshani (eds.) Islamic Fundamentalism (Boulder, Colo, 1996), 4.].   ,    ,            .  ,     .

 , ,     ,      .      :    ,      ,         .         (Fundamentalist Project)      ,        .    ,      .      ,          .          ,           .  ,                .   ,        ,         .               ,  ,      .                [2 - Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, "Conclusion: An Interim Report on a Hypothetical Family," Fundamentalisms Observed (Chicago and London, 1991), 814842.].

             ,   ,   堖    .       ,    , ,   ,     .     ,       ,       .      ,    ,         .    ,         ,   ,    ,   蠖         ,      ,       .

  ,     ,        .  ,   ,    XX.       ,    ,        .        ,        .  ,    ,     .      ,      .    . ,     ,    .                 ,      .

       .     700  200.  ..      ,       .      ,  ,  ,   ,    (   )   .    ,     ,  IVIII.  ..    ,    ,   .      ,         : , -,    .           ,       堖    .        ,   ,     ,         .

         ,         .      ,    ,   .        ,      ,      .         ,      ,    ,       . ,    , ,      :                  .           ,      :     ,      ,        .    ,       :         ,   ,        .

,   ,     .     XVIXVII.,         ,     ,   ,    .        ,    ,     ,   ,  ,         .       ,              ,    ,  ,    .       ;      ,        ,   ,    .     ⠖          䠖  .

  ,        ,            .  ,   ,         ,      [3 - Johannes Sloek, Devotional Language (trans. Henrik Mossin; Berlin and New York, 1996), 5396.].         ,         .   ,         .     ,         .      ,     .     , , ,    .     ,    ,       .  ,     ,     .   ,     ,     .   ,    ,      ,     ,    ,         [4 - Mircea Eliade, Patterns in Comparative Religion (trans. Rosemary Sheed; London, 1958), 453455.  . :  .   . .: , 1999.].   ,   ,      ,      .

    ,   ,   , ,   .   ,      ,   ,    ,             .    ,     ,   젖       [5 - Sloek, Devotional Language, 7576.].  ,    ,          ,        .         .    頖   ,            ,     .

      -.  ,  ,    ,   堖  .         ,    ,    ,  .       ,    .      ,   [6 - Ibid., 7374; Thomas L. Thompson, The Bible in History: How Writers Create a Past (London, 1999), 1533.].    ,     ,           .              ,     ,    ,     .           ,        ,      .                .  ,        ,    ,   -            .      .

    .   , ,            .  ,  ,     ,    ,      .             ,    .       .      ,      ,  -,      .  .    ,      ,   ,  :   ,   ,   [7 - Sloek, Devotional Language, 5052, 6871.].

       ,  .      , ,   ,   ,        .       .       .    ,       .        ,     ,     ,   ,      . ,    II   1095.       .  ,       ,      ,         ,     .        ,     , 䠖  ,    蠖  .         ,      .    ,      ,     .               ,        [8 - Karen Armstrong, Holy War: The Crusades and Their Impact on Today's World (London, 1988; New York and London, 1991), 375, 147274.].

     :          .      .            .   ,  -    ,       ,         [9 - Sloek, Devotional Language, 134.].      .

  XVIII.            ,         ,         .  ,         .       ,          ,         .      .        .

  ,    .         XV  XVI.,          .  ,       ,  ,     .               .     .  -          ,     .  ,          ,        .   ,   ,    XIX.       .

       ,       ,          . ,   ,      ,  ,    ,         . ,  (  )      ,  ,       .          ,   .       ,  ,                 XV.,        ,   ,       .




 

   





1.. 

(14921700)


1492.       .     ,  ,  ,  ,        ,        XVXVII.       ,      1492-      .

     2 ,       , -,             ,  - .          ,       ⠖       .           ,          .  1499. -     ,   ,         .

       31 ,        ,     .        ,   .       -,        ,       ,   80 000     ,  50 000      ,      [10 - Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews (London, 1987), 229.  . :  .  . .: , 2007; Yirmiyahu Yovel, Spinoza and Other Heretics. I: The Marrano of Reason (Princeton, N. J., 1989), 1718.].

    ,      .   1492.   ,    ,           ,   ,  ,   .

       ,     .       ,      .  ,  ,   蠖 , , ,   .          .       .           .       ,   ,          .           ,    ,    .  ,   ,     ,      . -    ,     .      蠖 ,   .              .         ,     ,    XX.      .

   .    XV.     ,     .        ,      ,    ,           ,     .     ,     ,     3. ,       ,   ,      .           .        ,   ,    .  1492.      . ,         ,    ,    .              .        .    ,         .             ,   ,             .           [11 - Johnson, A History of the Jews, 230,  . :  .  . .: , 2007; Frederich Heer, The Medieval World 11001350 (trans. Janet Sondheimer; London, 1962), 318.].      , , ,          .    -     .

    .      (15451563)   ,         . ,   ,    .      ,        ,    .          ,   ,   ,    .       .   ,      ,  .            (14661536),       .    Ad fontes! (  !).   ,           .         젖    ,          .

       .      ,   ,      .     ,  ,         .   -  ,   ,          .    (15521591)   ,       ,     .      ,            ,          ,     .

           ,      (14911555).       ,     .       .          .      ,    ,   ,     ,          . ,    ,          . ,       .     ,      ,  -.   (15061552)    ,    (15771656)  ,    (15521610)  .             .                 .

 ,         .           .        ,    -  .  1483.     ,          .             .          (        ).          , ⠖    ,       [12 - Yovel, The Marrano of Reason, 17.].   ,      .     ,  ,      ,        .   ,        .       ,             .       ,         .

      -     .    ,    -        .  ,        ,    ,       [13 - Johnson, A History of the Jews, 217225,  . :  .  . .: , 2007.].     ,    ,        .  1378-  1391.        ,             .         -   (13501419).  ,        ,   .      ,   .      (),         (),   ,    ,   .      ,    ,      .       ,     ,      .       ,    .  1449-  1474.     ,  ,      [14 - Ibid., 217225; Haim Maccoby, Judaism on Trial: Jewish Christian Debates in the Middle Ages (Princeton, N. J., 1982); Haim Beinart, Conversos on Trial: The Inquisition in Ciudad Real (Jerusalem, 1981), 36.].

      .    ,     ,   .  ,                    .      ,  , ,          .      ,       .     12        13 000 .       ,      ,   ,    . ,          [15 - Johnson, A History of the Jews, 225229,  . :  .  . .: , 2007.].

    1492. -       ,   . ,     ,     :    .    .  70 000           ,  130 000,    ,  .                 70. ..,                .         .     1492.    ,          .  1421.      ,  1424-젖  ,  1439-젖  ,  1442-젖  ,   1454-젖    .     (1485.),  (1486.),  (1488.),    (1489.),  (1494.).       ,    (  , )  [16 - Ibid., p. 230231.].         .

 , ,    ,             .       ,   蠖 ,    ,     . -      [17 - Gershom Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism (London, 1955), 246249.  . :  .     . .; :  ; , 2004.].  堖    ,    .  ࠖ    .  ,      ,  ,     ,    ,      ,  ,    堖  .  , ,    ,    , :     ,      ?

-             .         ,   .   ,          ,       .     ,     ,     ,      . ,  , ,       .     .              .         ,        .

    . -  XVI. ,        .       . -     .    ,     ,            .    ,       ,    -,   , ,              :      ,     ,  ,        [18 - Gershom Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi, The Mystical Messiah (London and Princeton, N. J., 1973), 118119.].  ,       ,       .   ,     , ,      ,    .           :    .

 ,     ,     ()  .   ,       ,        [19 - Ibid., 19.].    ,             (15341572),        .     ,       .    ,      ,           ,        ,      .     ,          .    ,       ,  ⠖     .  ,    ,    .  ,        ,    .    ,       ,       ,     .   ,   ,     ,           .      ,      ,    .

    ,      :   ?           .   ,        , ,     . , ,        ,    .          ,     ,  ,  .       ,         .  ,  ,           ;     ,       . ,        ,         ,     .  ,    ,      ,  ,   ,     ,     .

        .      ,    ,   .     ():    ,    - (),   ,    , ,     .  ,      :            -    .    ,   ,    ,   蠖  ,    , ,  ,  -        ,    .     -   ,    ,  ,    ,      ,   .      ,   .        ,      ,   ,      .        .    ,     ,            ,   ,             ,   (    )    ,        [20 - Ibid., 3045; Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism, 245280,  . : . .     . .; :  ; , 2004.; Gershom Scholem, "The Messianic Idea in Kabbalism," in Scholem, The Messianic Idea in Judaism and Other Essays on Jewish Spirituality (New York, 1971), 4348.].

 , ,     ,   ,      ,     . ,    ,       ,    .     ,      ,        .        ,    ,         ,       ,     , ,  .   ,  ,   ,    ?     ,   .  ,           [21 - Johannes Sloek, Devotional Language (trans. Henrik Mossin; Berlin and New York, 1996), 7376.].  ,            ,    boat         ,    . -, ,     . 堖    .   ,       .     , ,  ,           .          .          .   ,  堖    .

    ,          [22 - Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi, 24.].       ,      .  1650.     ,    ,      [23 - Ibid., 2325; R. J. Werblowsky, "Messianism in Jewish History," in Marc Sapperstein (ed.), Essential Papers in Messianic Movements in Jewish History (New York and London, 1992), 48.].    ,      . ,         . ,   ,       ,      .     ,        ,   .    ,      .  ,      ,        .      ,       .      ,      ,  ,      .     ;     ;     ;     젖     .           ,      .    ,    ,           .        (),   ,  ࠖ   ,   ࠖ    [24 - Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi, 3742.].

           .       ,      ,   ,     [25 - Richard L. Rubinstein, After Auschwitz: Radical Theology and Contemporary Judaism (Indianapolis, Ind., 1966)].   ,   ,     -      .  ,     ,  ,       .        -   .    ,      .         ,       .            .  ,   ,    ,          .

   ,    ,             .      ,           ,       ,     .            .      ,    ,          .     ,  ,  ,   .           ,    ,   .      ,  ,  ,   ,   ,      .     젖 ,  ,   .     .      , ,  ,      .   ,          蠖       ,       ,          .        ,                  ,    [26 - R.J. Werblowsky, "The Safed Revival and Its Aftermath," in Arthur Green (ed.), Jewish Spirituality, 2 vols. (London, 1986, 1989), II, 1519.].

     ,     .         ,     - .            -, , ,     .    ,      ࠖ     [27 - Gershom Scholem, On the Kabbalah and Its Symbolism (New York, 1965), 150.].           ,      .           ,  ,  ,  [28 - Lawrence, Fine, "The Contemplative Practice of Yehudin in Lurianic Kabbalah," in Green (ed.), Jewish Spirituality II, 7378.].

 ,    ,                 .         ,   .     ()      . , ,    ,    ,    ,   ,   ,    .    .         (15421620),           .            [29 - Ibid., p. 8990; Werblowsky, "The Safed Revival and Its Aftermath," 2124; Louis Jacobs, "The Uplifting of Sparks in Later Jewish Mysticism," in Green (ed.), Jewish Spirituality II, 108111.].

 ,       ,      .    ,   ,    ,     [30 - Werblowsky, "The Safed Revival and Its Aftermath,", 17; Jacob Katz, "Halakah and Kabbalah as Competing Disciplines of Study," in Green (ed.), Jewish Spirituality II, 5253.].   ,      . ,    ,        ,      ,         .

, , ,     ,           .    ,     ,              .                  .    ,        ,   .  ,     ࠖ       .     -     ,  ,       , .

 ,         .     ,    ,      .       .     ,   .        ,   ,     .        ,   ,       ,   ,         .       . , ,    (1500 (?) 1541)     (14921540)  ,           ,     ,    ,    ,  ,  ,     ,     .

           (15151582),      ,    .      ,      ,   ,       ,    .  , , ,       ,  .   , , ,    .      ,      .    ,      ,           ,       .   ,   ,      .             ,        .         ,      I  XII. .. ,   ,      ,            .

       ,   ,       , , ,     (14201498),   [31 - Yovel, The Marrano of Reason, 91, 102]. ,        , ,           .      ,  ,   ,         . , , ,            ,      .                 , ,   ( )  .       .   ,      ,   ,        .    1492.      ,         ,             .          .  , , ,                  .

    ,           [32 - Ibid., 2627.].     1492.    ,        ,    , , ,       .       ,              [33 - Y. Baer, History of the Jews in Christian Spain (Philadelphia, 1961), 276277.].   1492.          ,        ,      ,    ,      . ,         ,    .       ,          .   ,        ,  ,     [34 - Yovel, The Marrano of Reason, 8889.].      ,     .    ,  70- ,               .        ,    ,  ,   [35 - Ibid., 93.].

             (. 14651541),   - .      ,   ,    1499.,       .  ,    ,    ,    .        ,     .  ,  ,    ,        .      ,  ,   , ,        ,  , ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  [36 -  . . . ., 1989.  27.].        ,   ,    ,      ,  ,   .

  -           . ,      ,     .                          .      ,   ,                  .   ,      ,      .       ,   XX.             ,     .

 1492.  80 000 ,    ,        II.                .        ,    ,      . ,   1492. ,   ,   ,        .   1495.      I,    ,   ,            ,     ,        .       50    ,                  [37 - Yovel, The Marrano of Reason, 1819.].

         .    ,         .          : , ,      ,   ,       .      ,             .           -.       ,     ,    ,   [38 - Ibid., 1924.].     -      ,        ,         ,    .         .      ,     .

  XVI.       .           ,     ,     -    .   XVII.,   ,    ,       .    ,   ,   ,      .       .        ,             .       1657.,  ,       ,      .     ,     ,    ,     ,      .

 ,  ,         ,           .   .  ,   ,     ,       .    :     ,           .          ,     ,        [39 - Ibid., 5457.].        ,    ,      .    ,      ,     ,  . ,      ,  1650-    ,          [40 - Ibid., 51.].

    ,          ,     .   ,     , ,   .     ,    ,   ,      .  ,  ,   ,   ,      ,      ,    ,   ,    [41 - Prologue, Epistola Invecta Contra Prado, quoted in Yovel, ibid., 5152.].

 ,     ,       .       ,   ,      .            ,    .   613      .        ,               . ,       ,       , ,       ,    .       ࠖ   ,      ,        .

   ()   .    ,      .      VI.  ..   堖   ,      ,     ,         .     ,         .    ,        .       ,  .        ,   ,  ,   .    젖   ,  ,    ,    ,           .    ,   .        ,   , ,        .

      ,     .           .    ,   ,   [42 - Ibid., 53.].             ,  -    .     .      ,     [43 - Ibid., 7576.].     ,      .      ,        ,               .        -   ,       .    ,       ,  ,         .        .       .  ,         ,        .        .       ,  .

 ,      ,          .        .         ,       ,     ,     ,      ,      .           ,    .     XVII.    ,  ,   ,   젖    ,   .

      , ,     -   ,  ,  -   , ,    ,      .            .          , ,         .     ,    ,    ,  ,      ,       .    ,      -     ,      ,    ()  .  1640.,  , , ,    .

   ,          .    ,     ꠖ     렖      .         ,   ,  蠖     [44 - Ibid., 4251.].

  ,     ,      ,      1655.       .    20      , ,   ,   1645.   .       ,  ,    ,      ,  ,    .  ,  ,          ,  ,     .         10 .     ,    ,    , ,      ,  -      .    ,             .       ,       .     .   ,       ?    ?        ,   ,     ?     ,       ,      . 14  1657.  .        .

      .  ,       -. ,    ,    ,               .       ,       .     :              .  ,  ,   ,   XVII.     ,   ,       .          ( )     ,    .

      ,      .        ,  -           .     :    ,  ,       .     ,            ,     .     , .          . ,         .  ,    ,      ,        XVII.   [45 - Ibid., 5773.].

       .   ,             ,    .     ,   ,       .      ,    , ,      ,         ,     .      ,     ,   .              -   .       .

         ,     23 .    ,    .  ,   ,       ,         .     ,             .           (  ),        ,   .    ,      ,   1655.,      ,             .       ,   ,    .       ,  㠖     . 27  1656.     ,   , ,    ,      .     ,   ,      .

      ,     .   ,     ,   ,    ,    .     ,     ,     ,      .   ,   ,     ,      .       , ,   .      .  ,        ,   [46 - Ibid., 413, 172174.].

       ,       .   ,     ,     .        ;         ,     (1661),     ,   .  ,         .  ,  ,      , ,         ,         .     ,     ,          .    ,            ,       .  ,         .                   .                   .

     ,         .  ,  ,   .              [47 -  . -  //  . . .:  2- . . 2. .: , 1957.].       ,       ,          .        ,     .         ,     ,    [48 - R. M. Silverman, Baruch Spinoza: Outcast Jew, Universal Sage (Northwood, U. K., 1995), 154170.].  ,       .           ,        .  ,                .     , ,   ,     ,     .     ,    [49 - Ibid., 175191.].     .     ,   ,      .       ,         ,    ,   [50 - Yovel, The Marrano of Reason, 3132.].

,  ,     ,       ,       .         ,       , ,      .     ,      ,    ,      .         ,            -  .          .          ,        ,            .

  ,   XVII.     .      ,         ,                .           .  XVI.        ,      .    ,         .    .     ,     ,  ,   .     .  (  )           .       ,  ,    (  )     .    XVII.     .      , .    ,      . - ,           .           ,    ,    .       .       ,    ,     ,      .       ,         .        ,     .         .    ,   XV.,          ,  -     .       ,         [51 - David Rudavsky, Modern Jewish Religious Movements: A History of Emancipation and Adjustments (New York, 1967), 2833, 95.].

      .   ,     ( ),               .       ,    ,       ,            ,  ,     ,          [52 - Bernard Lewis, The Jews of Islam (New York and London, 1982), 2445.]. ,    ,             .  1492.          ,   1648.       ,    XX.         .

       ,      .    ,   ,       .  1648.       ,      .   ,   1667.    100 000    300  .   ,     ,        ,       .    ,   ,       ,  ,         . ,         ,              [53 - Johnson, A History of the Jews, 259.].

       ( ),             ,    , ,      [54 - Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi, 139.].       (        ),      .   ,    20      ,      - .     ,     ,  ,      , ,     .        ,         .        ,  ,       [55 - Ibid., 12338.].   ,        :         ,      [56 - Ibid., 162.].  ,      ,        .  ,               - .

         ,   1650.    .  15 ,      ,        .       , ,      .  1665. ,     ,  [57 - Ibid., 198.].       ,   ,   .        堖 ,  ,     ,   . , -       ,          .           :   , ,    .       ,     , :   !  !    .   , , ,    [58 - Ibid., 204, 206.].            .

  ,    , ,   ,     ?   ,      ,     ,  ,          ,  ,  ,          .   ,   ,       .      ,        [59 - Ibid., 227.].         .   ,  ,   .       ,  ,  ,    .   ,     .

        ,                . 28  1665.    ,      ,      ,      ,           .      [60 - Ibid., 23738.].      ,   1666.         ,    .   .    ,     ,   .   ,    -  ,        .    ,   ,      ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  , ,     ,   ,    ,       .           ,       .      -  ,           ࠖ   ,      [61 - Ibid., 243259, 262267, 370426.].    ,   ,    ,      .    ,        .     ,  , ,  .      ,      [62 - Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism, 30607; . :  .     . .; :  ; , 2004.].

           ,          .         ,   ,    ,          ,    . ,  :     ,   ,   .             ࠖ   ,   .        .    ,        [63 - Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi, 367, 403.].

     .    ,       ,         .    ,       .       ,    ,       ,       .  ,            ,       .  -  ,      .   ,    ,        ,             .

  .   1666.       ,              .      ,           ,    .         .    .

     .       , ,         ,     .    ,        .   ,   ,        ,   .     -,              .

,    ,   .  ,    ,   ,                .     ,   [64 - Ibid., . 720721; 800801.]. ,     ,  -.      堖    .      ,     [65 - Ibid., . 796797.].  ,        , ,          .  ,     -,     ,       ,    .        .         ,  , , ,          ,   .     (  ,    ),        [66 - Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism, 31215,  . :  .     . .; :  ; , 2004.].     ,   :       ,            .

       ,      ,   ,   .     ,         .    ,     ,      .     .           ,          [67 - Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi, 618622.].        ,        . ,   ,   ,         ;      .   ,      ,   .       ,              [68 - Ibid., 622637; 829833.].       젖    ,  ,      .    ,   1669.,   ,      ; ,  ,   , ,  ,        ,    [69 - Ibid., 84041.].

  17  1676.     ,      .        , ,       ,   -    .  -     ,      .                   [70 - Ibid., 748.].  ,       , ,              .          ,         XIX.,   ,     ,       [71 - Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism, 300304; . :  .     . .; :  ; , 2004.].   ,       ,  ,             ,         .

                 .  1683.  200      .    (   )    ,        .   ,    XVIII.,     115 000 [72 - Gershom Scholem, "The Crypto-Jewish Sect of the Donmeh", in Scholem, The Messianic Idea in Jewdaism, 147166.].      XIX ,                  .             1908.

       ,        .   (17261791)   ,   .    ,    ,       ,      .   1756.    ,     (    ),         .

    ,  ,    ,   .      ,    .  ,     .          .    ,     [73 - Saying Number 2152, quoted in Scholem, "Redemption Through Sin," in The Messianic Idea in Jewdaism, 130.].        :  ,  ,   ,    ,      [74 - Saying Number 1419, in ibid.].     ,     .      ,     ,       .          ,     [75 - Ibid., 136140.].

    . ,           ,    , , , , ,       .       ,   ,   ,          XX.    ,           ,       .

        ,     ,            ,       .




2..  

(14921799)


 1492.    ,    ,  .           ,     .      ,    .  XVI.    -   .   ,     (9601260)           ,      ,        ,          .      , , ,          ,   ,   ,  ,     ,        .        .  XVI.      : ,   , , ,    ;           .        .        젖   .      ,      .  ,   ,        .

       .            .            ,    .        (15201566).      ,  ,   ,           1529.        -,  ,       .      ,    . XVI.        ,         -.

          .       ,      XVIII.    ,      ,  ,     ,     [76 - Marshall G. C. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, 3 vols. (Chicago and London, 1974), II, 334360.].  ,         ,           ,  ,       [77 - Ibid., III, 1415.].       .         ,           .          .          ,       ,     .

        ,        ,     XIX.,         .  ,         ,       . ,   ,  .  ,   ,    ,     ,   ,     .            ,      .          ,     .    ,            ,     . ,     , ,  .   ,    ,     ,        .    -            .         ,       ,      .      ,      ,     . ,         ,    ,    . , ,      ,    .       ,        ,      .          .

    ,   ,        .    , ,      .           , ,         .        ,  ,           .      .  ,        ,            V.               XIII.      ,      ,       .      ,   蠖     .        ,   ,       ,         .            頖       ,         ,    .  , ,            .

     ,   ,    .          ,     .  堖   , ,            , ,    ( ) [78 - Ibid., II, 406407.].         ,    ,         .                  .     ,         ,  ,    ,      .       .      ,     ,     .  ()                 ,      .

  ,   ,       .         .      ,       ,        .      ,  ,        .    ,  .   ࠖ  ,      .     ,      .    ,    ,   ;          .     ,     ,    ,   .    . , ,        ,    ,             .      ,      .           젖      ,      .

  ,    ,  ( )      ,  ,     ,   ( )     .       ,     .    ,    ,     . -,     ,      ,    . -,    ,        , .  ,    ,     ,   ,    ,       ,       .               ,       .              .        ,    .      ,  ,    ,            .  , -                .




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notes








1


Abdel Salam Sidahared and Anonshiravan Ehteshani (eds.) Islamic Fundamentalism (Boulder, Colo, 1996), 4.




2


Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, "Conclusion: An Interim Report on a Hypothetical Family," Fundamentalisms Observed (Chicago and London, 1991), 814842.




3


Johannes Sloek, Devotional Language (trans. Henrik Mossin; Berlin and New York, 1996), 5396.




4


Mircea Eliade, Patterns in Comparative Religion (trans. Rosemary Sheed; London, 1958), 453455.  . :  .   . .: , 1999.




5


Sloek, Devotional Language, 7576.




6


Ibid., 7374; Thomas L. Thompson, The Bible in History: How Writers Create a Past (London, 1999), 1533.




7


Sloek, Devotional Language, 5052, 6871.




8


Karen Armstrong, Holy War: The Crusades and Their Impact on Today's World (London, 1988; New York and London, 1991), 375, 147274.




9


Sloek, Devotional Language, 134.




10


Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews (London, 1987), 229.  . :  .  . .: , 2007; Yirmiyahu Yovel, Spinoza and Other Heretics. I: The Marrano of Reason (Princeton, N. J., 1989), 1718.




11


Johnson, A History of the Jews, 230,  . :  .  . .: , 2007; Frederich Heer, The Medieval World 11001350 (trans. Janet Sondheimer; London, 1962), 318.




12


Yovel, The Marrano of Reason, 17.




13


Johnson, A History of the Jews, 217225,  . :  .  . .: , 2007.




14


Ibid., 217225; Haim Maccoby, Judaism on Trial: Jewish Christian Debates in the Middle Ages (Princeton, N. J., 1982); Haim Beinart, Conversos on Trial: The Inquisition in Ciudad Real (Jerusalem, 1981), 36.




15


Johnson, A History of the Jews, 225229,  . :  .  . .: , 2007.




16


Ibid., p. 230231.




17


Gershom Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism (London, 1955), 246249.  . :  .     . .; :  ; , 2004.




18


Gershom Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi, The Mystical Messiah (London and Princeton, N. J., 1973), 118119.




19


Ibid., 19.




20


Ibid., 3045; Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism, 245280,  . : . .     . .; :  ; , 2004.; Gershom Scholem, "The Messianic Idea in Kabbalism," in Scholem, The Messianic Idea in Judaism and Other Essays on Jewish Spirituality (New York, 1971), 4348.




21


Johannes Sloek, Devotional Language (trans. Henrik Mossin; Berlin and New York, 1996), 7376.




22


Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi, 24.




23


Ibid., 2325; R. J. Werblowsky, "Messianism in Jewish History," in Marc Sapperstein (ed.), Essential Papers in Messianic Movements in Jewish History (New York and London, 1992), 48.




24


Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi, 3742.




25


Richard L. Rubinstein, After Auschwitz: Radical Theology and Contemporary Judaism (Indianapolis, Ind., 1966)




26


R.J. Werblowsky, "The Safed Revival and Its Aftermath," in Arthur Green (ed.), Jewish Spirituality, 2 vols. (London, 1986, 1989), II, 1519.




27


Gershom Scholem, On the Kabbalah and Its Symbolism (New York, 1965), 150.




28


Lawrence, Fine, "The Contemplative Practice of Yehudin in Lurianic Kabbalah," in Green (ed.), Jewish Spirituality II, 7378.




29


Ibid., p. 8990; Werblowsky, "The Safed Revival and Its Aftermath," 2124; Louis Jacobs, "The Uplifting of Sparks in Later Jewish Mysticism," in Green (ed.), Jewish Spirituality II, 108111.




30


Werblowsky, "The Safed Revival and Its Aftermath,", 17; Jacob Katz, "Halakah and Kabbalah as Competing Disciplines of Study," in Green (ed.), Jewish Spirituality II, 5253.




31


Yovel, The Marrano of Reason, 91, 102




32


Ibid., 2627.




33


Y. Baer, History of the Jews in Christian Spain (Philadelphia, 1961), 276277.




34


Yovel, The Marrano of Reason, 8889.




35


Ibid., 93.




36


 . . . ., 1989.  27.




37


Yovel, The Marrano of Reason, 1819.




38


Ibid., 1924.




39


Ibid., 5457.




40


Ibid., 51.




41


Prologue, Epistola Invecta Contra Prado, quoted in Yovel, ibid., 5152.




42


Ibid., 53.




43


Ibid., 7576.




44


Ibid., 4251.




45


Ibid., 5773.




46


Ibid., 413, 172174.




47


 . -  //  . . .:  2- . . 2. .: , 1957.




48


R. M. Silverman, Baruch Spinoza: Outcast Jew, Universal Sage (Northwood, U. K., 1995), 154170.




49


Ibid., 175191.




50


Yovel, The Marrano of Reason, 3132.




51


David Rudavsky, Modern Jewish Religious Movements: A History of Emancipation and Adjustments (New York, 1967), 2833, 95.




52


Bernard Lewis, The Jews of Islam (New York and London, 1982), 2445.




53


Johnson, A History of the Jews, 259.




54


Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi, 139.




55


Ibid., 12338.




56


Ibid., 162.




57


Ibid., 198.




58


Ibid., 204, 206.




59


Ibid., 227.




60


Ibid., 23738.




61


Ibid., 243259, 262267, 370426.




62


Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism, 30607; . :  .     . .; :  ; , 2004.




63


Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi, 367, 403.




64


Ibid., . 720721; 800801.




65


Ibid., . 796797.




66


Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism, 31215,  . :  .     . .; :  ; , 2004.




67


Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi, 618622.




68


Ibid., 622637; 829833.




69


Ibid., 84041.




70


Ibid., 748.




71


Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism, 300304; . :  .     . .; :  ; , 2004.




72


Gershom Scholem, "The Crypto-Jewish Sect of the Donmeh", in Scholem, The Messianic Idea in Jewdaism, 147166.




73


Saying Number 2152, quoted in Scholem, "Redemption Through Sin," in The Messianic Idea in Jewdaism, 130.




74


Saying Number 1419, in ibid.




75


Ibid., 136140.




76


Marshall G. C. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, 3 vols. (Chicago and London, 1974), II, 334360.




77


Ibid., III, 1415.




78


Ibid., II, 406407.


