    
  

. . 

. . 

. . 


               .             .                   Ab Imperio.      ?           ,              .                         ,     ,        ..           (    ),           ,  ,        ,       .         ,     Ab Imperio,         .





    .  





1


ISLAMICA & ORIENTALISTICA



:

.. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. 








       







               .             .                    Ab Imperio (AI).      ?

          ,              .                         ,     ,        .          ,     ,           ,  ,        ,       .         ,     Ab Imperio,         [1 -      / . . . , . , . , . , . . , 2004; Gerasimov, Glebov, S., Kusber, /., Mogilner, M., and Semyonov A. New Imperial History and the Challenges of Empire, Ilya Gerasimov et al. (Eds.). Empire Speaks Out: Languages of Rationalization and Self-Description in the Russian Empire. Leiden: Brill, 2009. Pp. 3-32; Gerasimov, S. Glebov, M. Mogilner. The Postimperial Meets the Postcolonial: Russian Historical Experience and the Post-Colonial Moment //Ab Imperio. 2013. Vol. 14. No. 2. Pp. 97-135; Stephen Howe (Ed.). The New Imperial Histories Reader. London and NY, 2010,  Introduction  pp. 1-20; S. Howe. From Manchester to Moscow//Ab Imperio. 2011. No. 1. Pp. 5394; fane Burbank and Frederick Cooper. Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, 2010; The Challenge and Serendipity: Writing World History through the Prism of Empire (interview with Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper) // Ab Imperio. 2010. No. 2. Pp. 2245. 3a  -      ,           ,     軫, 軫 . .:      / . . , . , . . , 2005; Kimitaka Matsuzato. Comparative Imperiology. Sapporo, 2010. . : . . .    :    ?// :    . . .   50-    . . . . , 2005. .327; Stefan Berger, Alexei Miller. Bulding Nations in and with Empires  A Reassessment // Berger, Miller (Eds.). Nationalizing Empires. Budapest, 2015. Pp. 1-30.].

-   ,    ,     ,    ,    ,        .  ,          [2 - . .    : . . . ., 2000.],        .         Ab Imperio.          ,               .     ,           .

,    ,         Ab Imperio.             (17211917.)        :         AI, 2008, 4.      1898      (   )    AI, 2009, 2.       -:  , ,          AI, 2006, 3.    ,         AI, 2011, 1.          XVIXVIII        :           (20-30- . XIX.)  AI, 2003, 1.           :         AI, 2006, 1.          :               :  ,    (  XIX    XX.)  AI, 2015, 2.             AI, 2004, 3.         .              .      Ab Imperio         .




.     :   


 



 XX  XXI.       ,    ,      .     ,    ,           .       ,       (        XIX.,         XX.)          ,    ,    , -  .

 ,       ,     , , ,  .     ?      ,        ,        ?              ,     ,       ,    ?    ,     ,        ,    ,      , , ?   :         ?  ?  ,    ,   - ?

           ???-?? .,            .    -  .    ,      .       ,       ,      ,   .       ,    ,        ,    ,  [3 - Frank A.J. Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia. The Islamic World of Novouzensk District & the Kazakh Inner Horde, 17801910. Leiden-Boston-Koln, 2001. P. 7.].  ,         XIX.,       . ,    -         ,        [4 -  ..    . ., 1975. . 255.].

  ,             ,     ,   ,      ,          XX.         ,    ,  ,      .       ,         1941.   .  ,           ,      ,          ,        .

      .          .  ,        ,          ,      .            ,         . ,  XIX   XX             -,  ,  -,                        .             .

             ,  .              .            .      , , .   XVII.            -.   XIX.        .   XIX.         ,   ,   .    -    .  , -     -     -.

               .       .          ,      ,   -   .            [5 - DeWeese D. Islam and the Legacy of Sovietology: A Review Essay on Yaacov RoTs Islam in the Soviet Union // Journal of Islamic Studies. Oxford, 2002. Vol. 13. No. 3.].                [6 - Roi Y. Islam in the Soviet Union: From the Second World War to Gorbachev. L., 2000.].              .        . ,                          [7 - Roy O. La nouvelle Asie Centrale ou la fabrication des nations. P., 1997;  ..      . ., 2000.    2000.                        .      ,       .]        .

,           .      ,          ???-?? .     ,         .               .  ,   ,            1991.  .                   . ,      ,                   .                 .

               .           ,   .               ,    ,        ,    ,    - [8 - ., ,   1990-   -            -  -  : Tchetchenie. La guerre jusquau dernier? P., 2003.].               :     ()      ,                 (),   (, . .  ,   ),    .          .        .     ,      ,      .            , , ,   , , ,          -.          . ,   .. ,        ,          -    ,     -,   -,   99   [9 -  ..   . ., 2003. .5, 12 (.:      , 163)   passim.          . ,         ,   2006. ,               -!! ('Yemelianova G. Islam in the North-Western Caucasus // CEMOTI. P., 2004. No. 38. Islam au Caucase. R 39).].   , ,      ,    .   ,      - - -, -   ,        ![10 -  . . 7, 8, 24.  13, 14. ,       (. )  -  2 ,    , ,  .]

     ,      .        ,           ,     .        ,   .      ,  ,  .   ,   1930-40-    1980- . ,    ,      .          .          ,            ,                   [11 -    ,     ,           . .:  ..    :    ? // :    : . . 50-    .. . , 2005. . 12.].

            XX.   ..   ..  [12 -  ,   -  ,            ,          . .:  ..     VIIXV. ., 1966.              ,         .   ..         .     :  ..  //      :   /  . .. . ., 2006. . I. .5053.].     .          1015 .      .         ..   ,           ,    [13 -  ..    . ., 1995.].           ..   .. ,         XX. [14 - Malashenko ., Polonskaya L. Islam in Central Asia. Ithaca, 1994;  ..   . ?., 1996;  ..     . ., 1998;  ..    . ., 2001;  ..   :  . ., 2004.]              .             ,            -.          .

          ,      . -,       .        .     , ,  ,  .     : ,  XIV.     ;         ,       1788,   1789.,     22  1788.;             ,     ,   ;     -          ,    -    ,       XVIII,    XX.;   XX  -    ,  ,         -  ..[15 -  ..    . . 95, 97,133,134, 211, 225226.       -,     !].

 ..   [16 -      ,     .  ,      ,    1920- .      1833.  I      :     ,   , , .   ,    .. ,    ,    ,           ,          7 ,  1840.: .:  ..    . ., 1936. . 24 (   :  .    //  . , 19281930. 34. . 79);  ..     . ., 1998. . 29;  ..        (  XVIII   XIX.). ., 2004. .8384.].     ,   ,  -    .. ,    .  ,        .           .     ,    ,     ,    .     ,   , .            .. . ,     .  ,               ,    -.         .    ,       ,   .           .           .

,    ,       ,   .     ,  ,        .               .     . ,              .                    ,     ,   ,        .        XVIIIXIX.   [17 - Kemper . Sufis und Gelehrte in Tatarien und Baschkirien, 17891889: Der ilamische Diskurs unter russische Herrschaft. Berlin, 1998. . : Kemper M. Herrschaft, Recht und Islam in Daghestan von den Khanaten und Gemeindebiinden zum Gihad-Staat. Wiesbaden, 2005.].    ,   , ,  , ,    XIX.    .               .

   ,         ,  ,     ,    ,    , ..      ,    ,        .    , ,      . , , ,             .                 .        ,   ,  -,     ,           - ()      -,       ,      [18 - 11 1 .  . -. , 2000; - -.   . ., 2002.].

      ,     ,     ,     ,   -,    -,                .       .         .       ,         [19 -     . , 2001.].     , ,           .      .                    Islamic Area Studies [20 - .: Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia. Vol. 14. Berlin, 19962004;  .     1917 .   , 2001; -    .  -. , , 2001;     .. . , 2001; Ismail Bey Gaspirali ve Dunya Musiiomanlari Kongresi. Tokyo, 2002; An Index of Ayina. Tokyo, 2002;   .  - (). - .   , 2002.].

                   ,   1998.   .. .      ,    1988.    [21 - :  . ., 1988; :  . ., 1991.].       ,  6- .        2006.[22 -      : .  / . . . .. . ., 19982012. . 15;      : .  /  . .. . ., 2006. . I.].   ,            .       ,         .       .    ,          ,           ,      .

,           .           ,     .    .     ,  ..     ,    :  (, [  ]),  ( ; ,      -),  (   ),  ().     ,  . ,  ()     ,         -   ,      -  ,     ,       .         , ,  ,     -![23 -  ..     . ., 2002. .5, 10. (.      , 159).]

, ,      :  ,    ,   ,         [24 -  . . 5.].       .    !         ,    1166.  - -   XIII  (?!)  [25 -  . . 9.].     . ,                    .     -  .          ,       .          -,    ,   ,        .

             .   ,         ,         ,   ,   ,      .             .     (     ),    ,             . ,   ,   , ,     ,       .           ,    .       ,      .

               ,     ?   ,     ,      ,     . ,       ,               .      (,  -)   .                        ().   (  )      .            .          . ,     ,            ,   [26 -  ..       // ,      . , 2005. .227228, 230.  , ,        .].

     .      ,         .            .      ,            ,     .          .         ,    ,     .     -         -   .                  XX.,            [27 - ., :  []. . ., 1420/1999. .34, 6,11. . :  .    :         . , 2001.].

  ,  , -  ,    ,        ,         .    .   :    ,        ,         ,     ,            -       ,   ,      -,    -,       [28 -  .    //  . 2001. 23 (30).].            .                    ,     .




     





         (17211917.)


 



        .  ,     XVIXIX.,   ,                    (, , , ).   XIX.        ( )     [29 -  ..        (  XVIII   XX.). , 2004. . 143.].              ,       ( 12  )     ,       . . , ,   [30 -  ..        // .. . . , 1966. . VI. . 365.].           ,               .

                (16131762.),           ,    ,       .

   ,        II    XVIII.        .   17671773.       ,    , ,      .            ,    .            .   ,              .                       -  -.

-   ,   ,       , ,  ,   - .          ,    II,                   .      1810.     ,      1832.           ( ).         .

    ,   ,    ,     (  ) ,    [31 - Vladimir . Bobrovnikov. Islam in the Russian Empire // The Cambridge History of Russia. Camb., 2006. Vol. II. Pp. 202226.].   XVIII. 70- . XIX.     ,         .             [32 -     ( , , ).   / . . . . , 2001.].   XVIII.  ,      ,   ,     ,    .            .   , ,        (. 1788.),  (. 17941831.)         (     1872.).    (. )    -    . ,   ,              ,      .    ,  -          ,           .    ,             ,      ,           [33 -     .   / . .. . , 2006.].

           XVIII.,                (, ,   .)        .            : , ,    .        ,             .     ,          ,       ,           , ,   ..[34 - .. .       (    ). , 2006.]

       -,          -    -     .     ,          ,  .                 -    .  ,         ,   ,    (  ,    ,    ).      XVIII.,   XIX.,    XX. (,    XXI )          ,      (   )      ,     ( )     .         ,   -  ,     (  )    . -  ,           ,    ,    .    XIX.            .    ,           ,        ,               .

 ,  -   ,      .       ,         ,       .    ,        ,         .    ,      ,    . ,  , ,                   -       .   :    XIX        ,            . - ,                   .          ,          .      ,   , ,            ,        [35 - .. .       . . 153.].

             17211917.         .        :

I.  .     (, , ,    .)            , , ,    .

II.  .

)      (,     1899. -   .. ,      II) [36 -      / . . . . .138178.].

)  ,    -           ,   ,     .

)      ,       .               ,        ,        .               .           :  , , , .                 .           :   ,   XX.             .              ,         [37 -  ..   . XVIII   XX. -, 1999. .4755.].           (,     ..    1899.).

).           .       ,     ..   1900.     ..   1911.

).            1910.      ( )  .      1917.  ,             .        ,  ,      ,             .   ,   1910., .    I.

),     , -,      (,     .. ,    ..       ..     ).

)  (,         .. ).

)      (,        ).

)      ( ..   ).   ,    (   )                        .

    ,             .

I.     (17041826)      .          ()       1239  .                XVIII.,     II,   I   I.

II.              . III    18261880.           .         ()       109 III      .      (, ,   .),          (, , ).

III.   (19051917)     .      ()  -   1276             XX.        -  ... ,     1911.

IV.    () (18021917) ,          .      .

)     () (18101917).         ()  -     821      ,  1832.     .         : , , , , ,   ..            1905.   821           19061917.       469,470,471,472    .   ,   ,   - ..  (   19081911.)  .. .

)  () (18801917).         ()       102   Ļ.       , ,    .. 

  (  )       1905.      ()  .  1910.         1917.   ,       74      .     ,        , , , ,        ..             ,      .

V.   (18021917)       .       -  ()  .   1                      .     65520        (19061908.), ,               ,       ()    .             .   405           ( ,   )    .   400            ,   18661918.    -   ,  ,    ,        .              ,    : , ,   .   1300            ,     ,    , .   1396                               .

VI.    () (18021917) ,           .          ()  .   161/4             (. )  80- . XIX.   147                  XIX.        ,          1911.        (.  II).  149   180            ,      ,          .   144           ,            19141918.

 ,     -   ,           .              ,     .

    ,     1917.     ,              ,    .



 I



.

.



 .

  .



18 1910.

119645.

        

  -     ,        ,       .   ,      ,       .       ,  ,  -     .

 ,       ,  ,   ,                     ,              ,      ,                .

       .                  ,           .

    ,    ;   ,       ,         [, , , ],        - ;   ,   [ ]  ,  ,   [,    ],     -.

          ,          [ ]   [ , ],       .  ,       ,       []      .

   ,         [ .    ],   ,  ,        ,      .       1909   .          ,         .   ,           ,                    ,        ,   ,     ,    .

        []  ,        ,       ,    ,           . ,    1909   .                .            ,      .

,          ,      .

 ,    ,         ,   ,         .

  ,    ,  : 1)                      ; 2)           ,           ,     ,         ; ,  3)     ,          ,        .

:  .

:     .

:  

. . 102,  , 1910., . 240. . 74, . 2. . 142143.



 II

      

        ,      : 1)    ,    ,    ; 2)      ,   ,      ; 3)                 .

 ,  , , ,       ..,    , ,            .



8 1911.

. . 147  . . 485. . 1258. . 78.




   :     [38 -          Settling the Past: Soviet Oriental Projects in Leningrad and Alma-Ata ( , 2013).This article was written within the program The Russian Language of Islam, supported by the Dutch Scientific Organization.]



 



       ,      ,    .         (  ),         ,    . ,             .  ,        ,  -  ,          ,     .  , ,    ,     ( , , ),   ;       ,         ,         .

             .              .      ,       ,   ,    .               ,          .

         [39 - Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public, ed. by G.G. Fagan (London and New York: Routledge, 2006); Archaeology, Ideology and Society. The German Experience, ed. by H. Harke (Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 2000); Controlling the Past, Owning the Future: The Political Uses of Archaeology in the Middle East, ed. by R. Boytner, L.S. Dodd, and .J. Parker (Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 2010); Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity, ed. by S. Shennan (Boston, MA, Sydney and Wellington: Unwin Hyman, 1989)   .],           .      .     (18581931)      (1911)            .  ,                [40 - . : U. Veit. Gustaf Kossinna and His Concept of a National Archaeology, Archaeology, Ideology and Society: The German Experience, ed. by H. Harke, p. 44.].      ,    , , ,   [41 - S. Jones. The Archaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing Identities in the Past and Present (London and New York: Routledge, 1997), p. 2.].    ,         ;       ,      ,            [42 - S. Jones. Discourses of Identity in the Interpretation of the Past, S. Jones, The Archaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing identities in the Past and Present (London and New York: Routledge, 1997), p. 72.].

               ,              [43 -    : Nationalism and Archaeology: Scottish Archaeological Forum, ed. by J.A. Atkinson, I. Banks, and J. OSullivan (Glasgow: Cruithne Press, 1996).].  ,       [44 - P.L. Kohl and C.F. Fawcett, Archaeology in the Service of the State: Theoretical Considerations, Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology, ed. by P. Kohl and C. Fawcett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 4-17.].    ,    ,       ,   ,     ,         [45 - S. Jones. The Archaeology of Ethnicity, p. 5.].         ,             ,           [46 - Svetlana Gorshenina. Samarkand and Its Cultural Heritage: Perceptions and Persistence of the Russian Colonial Construction of Monuments, Central Asian Survey, 33:2 (2014), 246269; Idem. Larcheologie russe en Asie centrale dans une situation coloniale: quelques approaches, in P. Burgunder (dir.), Etudes pontiques. Histoire, historiographie et sites archeologiques du bassin de la mer Noire, Lausanne: Universite de Lausanne, Institut darcheologie, Etudes de lettres, n 290, 12, 2012, pp. 183219.         -: http://www.svetlana-gorshenina.net/projets-en-cours.].        ,         [47 - . Chernykh. Russian Archaeology after the Collapse of the USSR, Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology, ed. by P. Kohl andC. Fawcett, pp. 139148; P. Dolukhanov. Archaeology and Nationalism in Totalitarian and Post-Totalitarian Russia, Nationalism and Archaeology, ed. by J. Atkinson, I. Banks and J. OSullivan, pp. 200213;  A.A.     :  . .: , 2006; L.S. Klejn. Das Phanomen der sowjetischen Archaologie. Geschichte, Schulen, Protagonisten, iibersetzt aus dem Russischen vonD. Schorkowitz (Frankfurt am Mein: Peter Lang, 1997); V. Slmirelman. From Internationalism to Nationalism: Forgotten Pages of Soviet Archaeology in the 1930s and 1940s, Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology, ed. by Kohl and Fawcett, pp. 120138.].

              [48 -   :  A.K.    :     //  vs. : .  / . . . .. , .. . .: , 2016. .108166.].                      ,    ,           .  ,                 .   1940- .             , , , ,     .

  (  ,     )                   .           .         ,    ;                   [49 -  ..  -   -    XVHI    XIX.      ... , 2007. .4757.].         .          .     ,         [50 - I.W. Campbell. Settlement Promoted, Settlement Contested: the Shcherbina Expedition of 18961903. Central Asian Survey 30, 3/4 (2011), p. 425.].

       ,              [51 - M.Khodorkovsky. Russias Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 15001800 (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2002), p. 12; Y. Malikov. The Kenesary Kasymov Rebellion (18371847): A National-Liberation Movement or a Protest of Restoration?, Nationalities Papers 33, 4 (2005), pp. 576578; M.B. Olcott. The Kazakhs (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2nd ed. 1995), p. 18.].    1820- .           ,           [52 - V. Martin. Law and Custom in the Steppe: The Kazakhs of the Middle Horde and Russian Colonialism in the Nineteenth Century (Richmond: Curzon Press, 2001), pp. 3637.].  ,              [53 -  A.B. ,       // Ab Imperio 1/ 2011. .169205.].                ,     .      :       1920-   1930- .      ,              [54 - I. Oyahon. La Sedentarisation des Kazakhs dans IURSS de Staline. Collectivisation et Changement Social (19281945) (Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 2006), pp. 174175.].

               ,        .  :   ,       ,    .  ,            ,   .  1950- . -          .     ,           ,       (..   )   ()    .     ,      ,         .              ,                  .

           , ,   .       -   .    ,                .            ,             ,      .                     ,           .         ,    ..            ,   .   ,     ,   ,   ,    ,     ,      .           .




     ,

18671920- 


   XIX.         ;          . -      ,      , ,    ,   .              XIX   XX.          ..  (18281884)[55 - ..       1867. .:  . . , 1870.], ..  (18371918), ..  (18491909), A. .  (18511915), ..  (18481918), B. .  (18581918), ..  (         ,   [56 -  ..  [1927] //  .. . . 9.., 1977. . 791.])    [57 -                    () .:  ..,  ..         //    (18591917):  150-   .        . .:  , 2009. .783812.].         :        ,        .

          ,     ,       ,    .          .          .           ,         . ,  ,      -        .          ,    II  1859.[58 -  . . 11.]   ,     ,   1870- .             .          -.   ,        ,         ()  ,        .   ,             ,        [59 - Vera Tolz. Orientalism, Nationalism, and Ethnic Diversity in Late Imperial Russia, The Historical Journal 48, 1 (2005), pp. 137, 144.].    ,   ..   ..                        [60 - Vera Tolz. Russias Own Orient: The Politics of Identity and Oriental Studies in the Late Imperial and Early Soviet Periods (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 56, 101.].

   ,      ,   ;                  .            ,             .            (18951917)  ,     .    ,      ..  (18461930)[61 - Bakhtiyar Babajanov, How Will We Appear in the Eyes of Inovertsy and Inorodtsy? Nikolai Ostroumov on the Image and Function of Russian Power, Central Asian Survey, 33:2 (2014), 270288.].          ,         [62 -  B.A.    :     //           . 1.1996. .9097;  ..        .     (18951917). : -   , 1958.          .: V. Shnirelman. Aryans of Proto-Turks? Contested Ancestors in Contemporary Central Asia, Nationalities Papers 37, 5 (2009), pp. 557587.].               .           1885      (  )[63 -  ..       . : , 1979. .4451.],            1890. [64 -  ..   .   //    16. :  , 1894.]         .

             ;         (1919),        . ,  ,      ( []    ,      [65 -  .. /   /              ---   (  ) //      2007/2. . 14.]),   .   ,        ,        .   ,      ,     ;          [66 - . : V. Tolz. Russias Own Orient, p. 61.].         .

   ,    ,         .       ,     .  1920- . ..  (18931942)  ..  (18731958)     ,    ,    /  ,  .. .   ,       ,          .

      .        ,      [67 -     ..         :  ..        //   5. ., ., 1948. .313320. . :  ..  //  ..        XVIII.//       /   . .. . . 1.       (19411944). .:  , 2011. .134139.].  19191924.        .  1920  19241926.     (  ),       ,      /.       .             [68 -  .. : -  // -.       .. . , 1923. .4656 (    . 55,  3).],        ;     .. [69 -  .        //  -. ..    ,   . , 1927. .151164.].

          ;            [70 -       .: Devin DeWeese. Sacred History for a Central Asian Town: Saints, Shrines, and Legends of Origin in Histories of Sayram, 18


  19


 Centuries, Figures mythiques des mondes musulmans, ed. by D. Aigle (Aix-en-Provence, France: Edisud, 2000), pp. 245295.].                     [71 -  .. . . 46;  .     . . 151.].      1512.   ,  ,       -    ( )    ,         XVI.,         .           XVIXVIII.      :   (   )      [72 -  .     (      XIX.) //      . ., ., 1939. . 92.].

         ,          ,    . ,            :        .  ,         (     )      ,         .

 ,     [73 -  ..,  ..    (- ). .: , 1971. . 9.],       ;      .     ,          1895.         (            ).

     ,      ,    1900.         .  1902.          [74 -  ..,  ..    (- ). .: , 1971. . 40.].                1930.   ,        ,        ;      .. ,      .

 1920- .                .  1922.                  ,   [75 -  ..       .     1922.//     ,   ,   . . 1. , 1926. .121130.].   19251928.          [76 -  ..,  ..    (- ). .: , 1971. .8385.].        (1925)             [77 -  ..     // :  . , 1925. .113150.].         ,  ,       . ,   ,   ,          :   ,          .

 ,      ,       ;   ,     ,         ,               .     (      )              .

         -  .  (    , XIXII.),        ,          , , ,      [78 -  ..     // :  . , 1925. .119127.].     ,    ,      ,       ,       .             ,     ,      [79 -  . . 118.     . : Sergey Abashin. Ethnogenesis and Historiography: Historical Narratives for Central Asia in the 1940s and 1950s, in: An Empire of Others: Creating Ethnographic Knowledge in Imperial Russia and the USSR, ed. by Roland Cvetkovsky and Alexis Hofmeister. Budapest  New York, 2014, pp. 145168.].

 1920- .     ,    ,     /           .             ,     ,           . , ,   ;       ,    ,    .




    


 1930-         .         ,         ,      ,  .

 1936.           ()       ,       [80 -          ( ), . 2, on. 1, 1936, . 49,    , . 376.].             ; ,   ,          .              ;       .

             ,                       . ,     ,       ; ,  , ,   1936.       -     ,  ,          .       ,       [81 -          ( ), . 2, on. 1, 1936, . 49,    , . 376.].

         1936.            .     1935.,        ,    (18861953),   (18971986)    (18961964).         () .         ,    [82 - . /  / . . 40.];          ,       .

         ,          .  ,             .         ,           . ,   ,        ,    ,       ,            .               .

, ,             :       ,          ,    ,  .

              (VIIVIII.).    ,   1937.           [83 -  ..      . ., 1962. .56.  -    .: ?. Velidi-Togan. Documents on Khorezmian Culture, vol. 1. Muqaddimat al-adab, with translation in Khorezmian (Ankara: n.d., 1999), pp. 23, 2935.].     :        ?      ?     :       ?        ?        1936.   ,           ,        , ..     .        .

                ,              .    1930- .         (),     ()      ()[84 -       :  ..     //       . .. . ., 1949. .517,    ..   . .67.    1946.   :  ..       30  //    3 (1947). .8192,   S. Gorshenina, . Rapin. De Kaboul a Samarkande: Les Archeologues en Asie Centrale (Paris: Gallimard, 2001).].    -, ,              .           .

                   .           ;         ,   .   ,    ,       ,    ,     .         ,              ;   ,             ,           ,     .

           ,      1936.[85 - G. Frumkin. Archaeology in Soviet Central Asia (Leiden: Brill, 1970), p. 11.]    1910.,         1930.   .           ,     1935.      [86 -  B.M.         ( 90-   ) // . . 9 (2002). .270281.]. ,      1930-1940- .,       ;  ,           .  ,       .  19471949.      ,   1950.            .        1930- .            .       .       1956   [87 -  ..   .   //   .   ,  100-    .. . , 2010. .922.].

    ..  (19282014)[88 -   .. ,    , , 24  2009.],   1935.     ,       ,    ,     (19091943)   ,          .            ,         [89 -   ,   , :    , . 93, on. 1, . 32,   ,           IXXVI.. 2.,  .].      ,              [90 -  ..    IXXVI.       //   ,       . -, 1960. .7292.   .:  ..    . .131136.].       ,     ,    ,                .        ,    ; ,       .

        1936.,    .              ,              .  ,               (         );         ,       ,    .   ,    ,             .[91 -  , . 2, on. 1,1936, . 86,  , .5-6.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/raznoe/musulmane-v-novoy-imperskoy-istorii/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


     / . . . , . , . , . , . . , 2004; Gerasimov, Glebov, S., Kusber, /., Mogilner, M., and Semyonov A. New Imperial History and the Challenges of Empire, Ilya Gerasimov et al. (Eds.). Empire Speaks Out: Languages of Rationalization and Self-Description in the Russian Empire. Leiden: Brill, 2009. Pp. 3-32; Gerasimov, S. Glebov, M. Mogilner. The Postimperial Meets the Postcolonial: Russian Historical Experience and the Post-Colonial Moment //Ab Imperio. 2013. Vol. 14. No. 2. Pp. 97-135; Stephen Howe (Ed.). The New Imperial Histories Reader. London and NY, 2010,  Introduction  pp. 1-20; S. Howe. From Manchester to Moscow//Ab Imperio. 2011. No. 1. Pp. 5394; fane Burbank and Frederick Cooper. Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, 2010; The Challenge and Serendipity: Writing World History through the Prism of Empire (interview with Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper) // Ab Imperio. 2010. No. 2. Pp. 2245. 3a  -      ,           ,     軫, 軫 . .:      / . . , . , . . , 2005; Kimitaka Matsuzato. Comparative Imperiology. Sapporo, 2010. . : . . .    :    ?// :    . . .   50-    . . . . , 2005. .327; Stefan Berger, Alexei Miller. Bulding Nations in and with Empires  A Reassessment // Berger, Miller (Eds.). Nationalizing Empires. Budapest, 2015. Pp. 1-30.




2


. .    : . . . ., 2000.




3


Frank A.J. Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia. The Islamic World of Novouzensk District & the Kazakh Inner Horde, 17801910. Leiden-Boston-Koln, 2001. P. 7.




4


 ..    . ., 1975. . 255.




5


DeWeese D. Islam and the Legacy of Sovietology: A Review Essay on Yaacov RoTs Islam in the Soviet Union // Journal of Islamic Studies. Oxford, 2002. Vol. 13. No. 3.




6


Roi Y. Islam in the Soviet Union: From the Second World War to Gorbachev. L., 2000.




7


Roy O. La nouvelle Asie Centrale ou la fabrication des nations. P., 1997;  ..      . ., 2000.    2000.                        .      ,       .




8


., ,   1990-   -            -  -  : Tchetchenie. La guerre jusquau dernier? P., 2003.




9


 ..   . ., 2003. .5, 12 (.:      , 163)   passim.          . ,         ,   2006. ,               -!! ('Yemelianova G. Islam in the North-Western Caucasus // CEMOTI. P., 2004. No. 38. Islam au Caucase. R 39).




10


 . . 7, 8, 24.  13, 14. ,       (. )  -  2 ,    , ,  .




11


   ,     ,           . .:  ..    :    ? // :    : . . 50-    .. . , 2005. . 12.




12


 ,   -  ,            ,          . .:  ..     VIIXV. ., 1966.              ,         .   ..         .     :  ..  //      :   /  . .. . ., 2006. . I. .5053.




13


 ..    . ., 1995.




14


Malashenko ., Polonskaya L. Islam in Central Asia. Ithaca, 1994;  ..   . ?., 1996;  ..     . ., 1998;  ..    . ., 2001;  ..   :  . ., 2004.




15


 ..    . . 95, 97,133,134, 211, 225226.       -,     !




16


     ,     .  ,      ,    1920- .      1833.  I      :     ,   , , .   ,    .. ,    ,    ,           ,          7 ,  1840.: .:  ..    . ., 1936. . 24 (   :  .    //  . , 19281930. 34. . 79);  ..     . ., 1998. . 29;  ..        (  XVIII   XIX.). ., 2004. .8384.




17


Kemper . Sufis und Gelehrte in Tatarien und Baschkirien, 17891889: Der ilamische Diskurs unter russische Herrschaft. Berlin, 1998. . : Kemper M. Herrschaft, Recht und Islam in Daghestan von den Khanaten und Gemeindebiinden zum Gihad-Staat. Wiesbaden, 2005.




18


11 1 .  . -. , 2000; - -.   . ., 2002.




19


    . , 2001.




20


.: Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia. Vol. 14. Berlin, 19962004;  .     1917 .   , 2001; -    .  -. , , 2001;     .. . , 2001; Ismail Bey Gaspirali ve Dunya Musiiomanlari Kongresi. Tokyo, 2002; An Index of Ayina. Tokyo, 2002;   .  - (). - .   , 2002.




21


:  . ., 1988; :  . ., 1991.




22


     : .  / . . . .. . ., 19982012. . 15;      : .  /  . .. . ., 2006. . I.




23


 ..     . ., 2002. .5, 10. (.      , 159).




24


 . . 5.




25


 . . 9.




26


 ..       // ,      . , 2005. .227228, 230.  , ,        .




27


., :  []. . ., 1420/1999. .34, 6,11. . :  .    :         . , 2001.




28


 .    //  . 2001. 23 (30).




29


 ..        (  XVIII   XX.). , 2004. . 143.




30


 ..        // .. . . , 1966. . VI. . 365.




31


Vladimir . Bobrovnikov. Islam in the Russian Empire // The Cambridge History of Russia. Camb., 2006. Vol. II. Pp. 202226.




32


    ( , , ).   / . . . . , 2001.




33


    .   / . .. . , 2006.




34


.. .       (    ). , 2006.




35


.. .       . . 153.




36


     / . . . . .138178.




37


 ..   . XVIII   XX. -, 1999. .4755.




38


         Settling the Past: Soviet Oriental Projects in Leningrad and Alma-Ata ( , 2013).

This article was written within the program The Russian Language of Islam, supported by the Dutch Scientific Organization.




39


Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public, ed. by G.G. Fagan (London and New York: Routledge, 2006); Archaeology, Ideology and Society. The German Experience, ed. by H. Harke (Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 2000); Controlling the Past, Owning the Future: The Political Uses of Archaeology in the Middle East, ed. by R. Boytner, L.S. Dodd, and .J. Parker (Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 2010); Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity, ed. by S. Shennan (Boston, MA, Sydney and Wellington: Unwin Hyman, 1989)   .




40


. : U. Veit. Gustaf Kossinna and His Concept of a National Archaeology, Archaeology, Ideology and Society: The German Experience, ed. by H. Harke, p. 44.




41


S. Jones. The Archaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing Identities in the Past and Present (London and New York: Routledge, 1997), p. 2.




42


S. Jones. Discourses of Identity in the Interpretation of the Past, S. Jones, The Archaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing identities in the Past and Present (London and New York: Routledge, 1997), p. 72.




43


   : Nationalism and Archaeology: Scottish Archaeological Forum, ed. by J.A. Atkinson, I. Banks, and J. OSullivan (Glasgow: Cruithne Press, 1996).




44


P.L. Kohl and C.F. Fawcett, Archaeology in the Service of the State: Theoretical Considerations, Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology, ed. by P. Kohl and C. Fawcett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 4-17.




45


S. Jones. The Archaeology of Ethnicity, p. 5.




46


Svetlana Gorshenina. Samarkand and Its Cultural Heritage: Perceptions and Persistence of the Russian Colonial Construction of Monuments, Central Asian Survey, 33:2 (2014), 246269; Idem. Larcheologie russe en Asie centrale dans une situation coloniale: quelques approaches, in P. Burgunder (dir.), Etudes pontiques. Histoire, historiographie et sites archeologiques du bassin de la mer Noire, Lausanne: Universite de Lausanne, Institut darcheologie, Etudes de lettres, n 290, 12, 2012, pp. 183219.

         -: http://www.svetlana-gorshenina.net/projets-en-cours.




47


. Chernykh. Russian Archaeology after the Collapse of the USSR, Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology, ed. by P. Kohl and

C. Fawcett, pp. 139148; P. Dolukhanov. Archaeology and Nationalism in Totalitarian and Post-Totalitarian Russia, Nationalism and Archaeology, ed. by J. Atkinson, I. Banks and J. OSullivan, pp. 200213;  A.A.     :  . .: , 2006; L.S. Klejn. Das Phanomen der sowjetischen Archaologie. Geschichte, Schulen, Protagonisten, iibersetzt aus dem Russischen von

D. Schorkowitz (Frankfurt am Mein: Peter Lang, 1997); V. Slmirelman. From Internationalism to Nationalism: Forgotten Pages of Soviet Archaeology in the 1930s and 1940s, Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology, ed. by Kohl and Fawcett, pp. 120138.




48


  :  A.K.    :     //  vs. : .  / . . . .. , .. . .: , 2016. .108166.




49


 ..  -   -    XVHI    XIX.      ... , 2007. .4757.




50


I.W. Campbell. Settlement Promoted, Settlement Contested: the Shcherbina Expedition of 18961903. Central Asian Survey 30, 3/4 (2011), p. 425.




51


M.Khodorkovsky. Russias Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 15001800 (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2002), p. 12; Y. Malikov. The Kenesary Kasymov Rebellion (18371847): A National-Liberation Movement or a Protest of Restoration?, Nationalities Papers 33, 4 (2005), pp. 576578; M.B. Olcott. The Kazakhs (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2nd ed. 1995), p. 18.




52


V. Martin. Law and Custom in the Steppe: The Kazakhs of the Middle Horde and Russian Colonialism in the Nineteenth Century (Richmond: Curzon Press, 2001), pp. 3637.




53


 A.B. ,       // Ab Imperio 1/ 2011. .169205.




54


I. Oyahon. La Sedentarisation des Kazakhs dans IURSS de Staline. Collectivisation et Changement Social (19281945) (Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 2006), pp. 174175.




55


..       1867. .:  . . , 1870.




56


 ..  [1927] //  .. . . 9.., 1977. . 791.




57


                   () .:  ..,  ..         //    (18591917):  150-   .        . .:  , 2009. .783812.




58


 . . 11.




59


Vera Tolz. Orientalism, Nationalism, and Ethnic Diversity in Late Imperial Russia, The Historical Journal 48, 1 (2005), pp. 137, 144.




60


Vera Tolz. Russias Own Orient: The Politics of Identity and Oriental Studies in the Late Imperial and Early Soviet Periods (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 56, 101.




61


Bakhtiyar Babajanov, How Will We Appear in the Eyes of Inovertsy and Inorodtsy? Nikolai Ostroumov on the Image and Function of Russian Power, Central Asian Survey, 33:2 (2014), 270288.




62


 B.A.    :     //           . 1.1996. .9097;  ..        .     (18951917). : -   , 1958.          .: V. Shnirelman. Aryans of Proto-Turks? Contested Ancestors in Contemporary Central Asia, Nationalities Papers 37, 5 (2009), pp. 557587.




63


 ..       . : , 1979. .4451.




64


 ..   .   //    16. :  , 1894.




65


 .. /   /              ---   (  ) //      2007/2. . 14.




66


. : V. Tolz. Russias Own Orient, p. 61.




67


    ..         :  ..        //   5. ., ., 1948. .313320. . :  ..  //  ..        XVIII.//       /   . .. . . 1.       (19411944). .:  , 2011. .134139.




68


 .. : -  // -.       .. . , 1923. .4656 (    . 55,  3).




69


 .        //  -. ..    ,   . , 1927. .151164.




70


      .: Devin DeWeese. Sacred History for a Central Asian Town: Saints, Shrines, and Legends of Origin in Histories of Sayram, 18


  19


 Centuries, Figures mythiques des mondes musulmans, ed. by D. Aigle (Aix-en-Provence, France: Edisud, 2000), pp. 245295.




71


 .. . . 46;  .     . . 151.




72


 .     (      XIX.) //      . ., ., 1939. . 92.




73


 ..,  ..    (- ). .: , 1971. . 9.




74


 ..,  ..    (- ). .: , 1971. . 40.




75


 ..       .     1922.//     ,   ,   . . 1. , 1926. .121130.




76


 ..,  ..    (- ). .: , 1971. .8385.




77


 ..     // :  . , 1925. .113150.




78


 ..     // :  . , 1925. .119127.




79


 . . 118.     . : Sergey Abashin. Ethnogenesis and Historiography: Historical Narratives for Central Asia in the 1940s and 1950s, in: An Empire of Others: Creating Ethnographic Knowledge in Imperial Russia and the USSR, ed. by Roland Cvetkovsky and Alexis Hofmeister. Budapest  New York, 2014, pp. 145168.




80


         ( ), . 2, on. 1, 1936, . 49,    , . 376.




81


         ( ), . 2, on. 1, 1936, . 49,    , . 376.




82


. /  / . . 40.




83


 ..      . ., 1962. .56.  -    .: ?. Velidi-Togan. Documents on Khorezmian Culture, vol. 1. Muqaddimat al-adab, with translation in Khorezmian (Ankara: n.d., 1999), pp. 23, 2935.




84


      :  ..     //       . .. . ., 1949. .517,    ..   . .67.    1946.   :  ..       30  //    3 (1947). .8192,   S. Gorshenina, . Rapin. De Kaboul a Samarkande: Les Archeologues en Asie Centrale (Paris: Gallimard, 2001).




85


G. Frumkin. Archaeology in Soviet Central Asia (Leiden: Brill, 1970), p. 11.




86


 B.M.         ( 90-   ) // . . 9 (2002). .270281.




87


 ..   .   //   .   ,  100-    .. . , 2010. .922.




88


  .. ,    , , 24  2009.




89


  ,   , :    , . 93, on. 1, . 32,   ,           IXXVI.. 2.,  .




90


 ..    IXXVI.       //   ,       . -, 1960. .7292.   .:  ..    . .131136.




91


 , . 2, on. 1,1936, . 86,  , .

5-6.


